北海某工程项目建设区污染气象特征分析

根据2005年8月14日至28日在北海某工程项目建设区观测所取得的大气边界层污染气象资料,并利用北海市气象站近年的相关气象资料,对建设区地面风场、低空风场、低空温度场、混合层特征、大气稳定度分布、各风向风速下的稳定度联合频率等作了分析,得出建设区的污染气象特征和变化规律。     

北海某工程项目建设区污染气象特征分析

根据2005年8月14日至28日在北海某工程项目建设区观测所取得的大气边界层污染气象资料，并利用北海市气象站近年的相关气象资料，对建设区地面风场、低空风场、低空温度场、混合层特征、大气稳定度分布、各风向风速下的稳定度联合频率等作了分析，得出建设区的污染气象特征和变化规律。     

呼和浩特市大气稳定度分析

利用呼和浩特市近5年（2001—2005年）的地面常规气象资料和部分环境影响评价低空探测资料，使用修订的Pasquill-Turner稳定度分类法（又称P-T-C法），对呼和浩特地区的大气稳定度进行了统计分析，最后得出呼和浩特地区的大气稳定度年、季、日频率变化特征，并分析了不同高度层稳定度频率分布的特征，为进一步研究大气扩散、污染物浓度分布计算等提供科学依据。     

应用灰色关联分析法研究气象因子对大气降尘的影响程度

气象因子、大气降生及其作用影响构成了一个信息不完全的灰色系统，在这个系统中，分析各气象因子对大气降尘的影响，也需采用灰色理论。本文应用灰色理论中关联分析方法研究气象因子对营口市大气降尘的影响程度。其基本思想是将大气降尘作为参考数列时，各气象因子作为比较数列，在各不同时刻将两数列形成的曲线进行比较，得出关联系数，然后将其信息做集中处理，得到关联度，以此评判各气象因子对大气降尘的影响程度。     

气象观测的新阶段—大气遥感探测

近年来,在气象业务和研究领域里,一系列新型的探测大气的技术系统正陆续出现,例如微波气象雷达,激光雷达、声雷达、以及气象卫星和微波、红外、可见光辐射等等,这类探测技术统称为大气遥感探测。它已经为我们提供了一系列丰富多采的大气图     

桂平市近50年早稻高温热害发生规律

利用桂平国家气象站1968-2017年地面气象观测日平均气温、日最高气温数据和2009-2018年桂平市农业气象观测站早稻观测数据,以日平均气温≥30℃和日最高气温≥35℃为指标,运用数理统计方法分析高温热害过程发生规律。结果表明:影响桂平市早稻高温热害出现的概率达到78%,其中轻度出现了32次,中度出现了16次,重度出现了5次。     

上海市近15 a大气稳定度和混合层厚度的研究

利用了上海市1990~2004年逐日4个时次的气象资料,运用修正的Pasquill稳定度分类方法和国家标准GB/T13201-91规定的混合层厚度的计算方法计算得出了逐日四个时次的稳定度等级和混合层的厚度,分析了各类稳定度频率和混合层厚度的逐年、逐月和不同时次的变化规律。结果表明:云量对该地区大气稳定度的影响较大;风速对该地区混合层厚度影响较大。     

增强气象灾害防御能力 促进社会经济发展

从气候变暖、社会经济发展角度论述了气象灾害发生频率增加，灾害造成的损失增大，灾害种类增多。提出了陕西气象防灾减灾的对策：加强气象监测和探测系统建设，建设新一代天气雷达监测网，建成大气自动化监测网，建立和完善卫星遥感监测系统，获取高密度多层次的大气信息，提高灾害性天气的预报准确率；加强气象灾害防御工程手段的研究，降低气象灾害的危害程度。     

地面气象要素对GPS反演大气可降水量结果的影响

简要介绍了利用GPS技术计算大气可降水量的原理及方法,以西宁GPS水汽站为例介绍了利用GAMIT软件对大气可降水量的反演流程,利用西宁站观测数据计算了有地面气象数据参与解算和无地面气象数据参与解算的大气可降水量结果,并对两种反演结果进行了对比分析,得出两种计算结果相近、具有很好的相关性,相关系数为0.921,两种反演结果在数值上最大相差5mm、平均相差1.54mm,在总体趋势上两者一致。分析了GPS技术计算大气可降水量的误差,其中地面气象要素对计算结果有重要作用,但影响不大,在不需要精度太高的计算结果及没有条件获得地面气象数据时,可以直接用GAMIT对大气可降水量进行解算,这为探测大气可降水量提供了一种可行的方法。     

应用灰色关联分析法研究气象因子对大气降尘的影响程度

1引言气象因子、大气降尘及其作用影响构成了一个信息不完全的灰色系统，在这个系统中，分析各气象因子对大气降尘的影响，也需采用灰色理论。本文应用灰色理论中关联分析方法研究气象因子对营口市大气降尘的影响程度。其基本思想是将大气降尘作为参考数列时，各气象因子作为比较数列，在各不同时刻将两数列形成的曲线进行比较，得出关联系数，然后将其信息做集中处理，得到关联度，以此评判各气象因子对大气降尘的影响程度。2灰色关联分析法的步骤2．1建立参考数列和比较数列设几（K）为参考数列，X（K）为比较数列，则22数据处理一般采…     

气象参证站的选取对AERMOD模型结果的影响分析

选取南昌经济技术开发区规划大气环境影响预测工作为案例,分析了当选取不同气象参证站,输入同期两套不同的气象数据参数对AERMOD模型计算结果的影响,探究气象条件的差异对大气扩散的影响程度。分析结果表明,气象参证站的选取对大气环境影响预测的结果有较大的影响,使用两个距离相近的地面气象站进行预测,污染物浓度计算结果相差可达数倍以上。对比风速、风向、气温、湿度、压力、云量这些单个的气象因子,稳定边界层(SBL)湍流高度和莫宁-奥布霍夫长度这些边界层参数更能综合地反映当时的气象扩散条件,对污染扩散模型的响应更为直接。翔实的有代表性的气象数据是环境影响评价至关重要的基础。在日常的大气环境影响评价中,应全面调查了解项目周边的地面气象站的数量、类型、距离、地形特征,经过专业的气象分析,选取最能代表评价项目所在地气象条件的气象站作为气象参证站,用于该项目的环评和浓度预测。各地气象部门还应加强城市与郊区大气边界层垂直结构变化规律的观测与研究,从而为提高各地空气质量预报的精度,改善大气污染治理措施和优化城市布局提供更为科学的依据。     

Characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the atmospheric boundary layer on the southern coast of Bulgaria

The characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the boundary atmospheric layer measured at the meteorological station in Akhtopol (Bulgaria) are presented. The measurements were carried out with the Scintec sodar and MK-15 automatic meteorological station. The sodar measurement data on wind parameters at different heights in different months are presented as well as the frequency of inshore and offshore wind directions, that enables to trace the intensity of the breeze circulation. The frequency of calms and wind speeds at the heights of 50, 100, and 200 m according to gradations for different months and the probability of wind of various speeds depending on the direction are also given. The breeze front characteristics in June–September of 2009 are computed from the speed and direction of surface wind measured with the acoustic anemometer of MK-15 complex.     

Association among geomagnetic activity,atmospheric electric field and selected meteorological parameters

The association among the geomagnetic activity (Ap index) and atmospheric electric field, meteorological parameters was investigated using a long series of continuous data set available for Colaba (18o53’N, 72o48’E, 11m ASL) for the period 1936-1966. The meteorological parameters used for the investigation are the surface pressure, temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity. The results of the above study indicate that the atmospheric electric field and the meteorological parameters are associated with the geomagnetic storms with Ap > 100. The atmospheric electric field shows an increasing trend after the geomagnetic storm. The surface pressure dips and surface tempera-tures increase after a geomagnetic storm. The wind velocity shows a decreasing trend and the relative humidity shows an increasing trend after the geomagnetic storm.     

Temporal and spatial variations of fog in the Western Sudety Mts., Poland

The ridges of the Western Sudety are well exposed to the humid maritime air masses that are mainly associated with westerly atmospheric circulation. Fog is the most frequently observed atmospheric phenomenon, being present on average 45% of the time, with 250–300 days with fog per year. This study on temporal variation of fog in both daily and annual cycles is based on 30 years of measurements (1961–1990) made on Mt. Szrenica at 1362 m a.s.l.Based on the data from 51 meteorological stations and the results of fog deposition field measurements, a digital model of fog frequency in the Western Sudety was prepared using a Geographic Information System. The model shows that altitude is not the only important factor controlling fog frequency. Such parameters as slope aspect and position of a particular site in relation to local and regional morphology are also of crucial importance.     

Atmospheric Blockings in Western Siberia. Part 2. Long-term Variations in Blocking Frequency and Their Relation with Climatic Variability over Asia

This paper studies the long-term variability of frequency of atmospheric blockings over Western Siberia in 1948–2015 based on the data of three reanalysis projects. We revealed a decreasing blocking frequency for eight of twelve months. However, since the estimated trends of blocking frequency are small comparing to the significant amplitude of interannual variations, we proposed to divide the entire studied period into several quasi-decadal intervals that differ both in the amplitude of interannual fluctuations of blocking frequency and in trends. The effect of Western Siberian blockings imposed on synoptic and climatic variability of meteorological parameters in Asia was studied. The study demonstrated that in summer teleconnection patterns in temperature and precipitation fields are of the close sign-alternating structure; this indirectly indicates that in Western Siberia the blocking is a part of a large-scale wave mechanism. Like the Ural blockings, the blockings occurring over Western Siberia affect meteorological characteristics within the East Asian monsoon area. In winter time they contribute to lower surface temperature and decreased precipitation in Southeast Asia. In summer during blocking events over Western Siberia, precipitation increases in the East Asian monsoon area.     

Influence of internal gravity waves on sound propagation in the lower atmosphere

Summary The effects of internal waves on the propagation of acoustic pulses in the lower atmosphere were studied theoretically and by acoustic pulse sounding of the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Due to a control in the experiments of the stratification and time variations of meteorological parameters, such as wind speed, temperature and atmospheric pressure, we were able to observe the influence of the variations of these parameters on a pulse wave form, travel time and time duration. For the travel time and wind speed variations we obtained statistical characteristics (variances, frequency spectra and coherences) in the range of periods from 1 min to 1h and found several dominant periods, which are inherent to the trapped internal waves in the lower atmosphere. Using a nonlinear model of internal wave spectrum in the atmosphere described here we have made the calculations of variances, frequency spectra and structure functions of travel time fluctuations, which allowed us to interpret some of the observed data.     

Review and Development on the Studies of Chinese Meteorological Satellite and Satellite Meteorology

Meteorological satellite and satellite meteorology are the fastest developing new branches in the atmospheric sciences. Today the meteorological satellite has become a key element in the global atmospheric sounding system while the satellite meteorology is covering the main components of earth's system science. This article describes the major achievements that China has made in these fields in the past 30 years. The following contents are involved: (1) History and present status of China's meteorological satellites. It covers the development, launch, operation, technical parameters of China's polar and geostationary meteorological satellites. (2) Major achievements on remote sensing principle and method. It describes the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, cloud character retrieval, aerosol character retrieval, precipitation retrieval as well as the generation of cloud wind. (3) Achievement on the studies of meteorological satellite data application. This part covers the applications of meteorological satellite data to weather analysis and forecast, numerical forecast, climate monitoring, and prediction of short-term climate change. Besides, the new results on data assimilation, climate monitoring, and forecast are also included.     

Long-term variations of long-wave radiation in Moscow

Using the data of long-term (1958–2012) actinometric and meteorological observations of the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University, the observed and computed long-wave fluxes and the factors defining their variability are estimated. Obtained are the normals and determined are the limits of variability of effective radiation. Analyzed are the peculiarities of atmospheric back radiation. Demonstrated is the trend towards the decrease (in absolute value) in effective radiation caused by the increase in the atmospheric back radiation flux (E _a). The trend towards the increase in the atmospheric back radiation is determined by the increase in the values of meteorological parameters: cloudiness, atmospheric moisture content, and temperature. The content of aerosol and carbon dioxide does not affect the long-term variations of E _a registered in Moscow. Derived empirical formulae can be recommended for estimating the atmospheric back radiation and effective radiation of the Earth surface using meteorological observations.     

珠江三角洲地区FY-3卫星MERSI影像的大气校正方法研究

利用广东省86个气象站的观测数据为大气校正简化算法(Simplify Method for Atmospheric Correction,SMAC)提供校正参数,对中分辨率光谱成像仪(Medium Resolution Spectral Imager,MERSI)的250 m分辨率数据进行了大气校正处理研究。通过对各波段反射率直方图、归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetable Index,NDVI)直方图及气象站反射率的分布特征进行分析,检验SMAC算法进行MERSI数据大气校正的效果。结果表明:大气校正后MERSI各波段反射率区间变宽,站点反射率更接近实际,校正后的NDVI直方图曲线较平滑,NDVI峰值向高值移动,临近日期的NDVI直方图曲线更相近,说明本文采用的大气校正处理方法可得到合理的结果。