如何判定俯冲增生杂岩中的高度肢解的洋底高原-海山系统

巨型洋底高原或海山系统到达俯冲带发生俯冲以后会在俯冲过程中发生肢解,在增生杂岩带中形成面目全非的小型洋底高原-海山系统的断块或碎片,使得在增生杂岩带中识别古老洋底高原-海山系统变得十分困难.为此,本文提出了基于洋板块地层、岩石学和地球化学联合研究的新方法及其识别标志,重新审定增生杂岩中洋底高原或海山的成因.     

青藏铁路格拉段机车乘务制度采用随乘制探讨

针对青藏线格拉段的特殊性, 提出机车乘务制度采用随乘制. 对随乘方式、随乘制机车乘务员定员、随乘制机车与宿营车整备作业方式进行研究探讨, 在技术、经济上对随乘制和轮乘制进行比较分析, 阐述了能够适应于青藏铁路特长交路及高原、冻土特点的乘务制度. 它能够保护高原环境, 尽量减少高原作业、停留对人体身心健康的不良影响, 突出以人为本的设计思想.     

青藏铁路站场路基排水探讨

结合青藏高原的特点, 指出青藏铁路高原站场路基排水的重要性, 认为水源是影响站场路基工程病害的主要因素之一, 并针对各种条件提出了高原站场路基排水所采取的措施.     

世界盐湖卤水型锂矿特征、分布规律与成矿动力模型

卤水锂矿在世界探明的锂矿总资源量中占比达65％,由于其易于开采,成本较低,其锂盐产品占总锂盐产品的75％左右.世界卤水锂矿主要产于现代盐湖,这些盐湖分布于世界三大高原:中国青藏高原、南美西部安第斯高原和北美西部高原,形成了三大盐湖卤水锂成矿区.中国青藏高原盐湖主要包括西藏中北部和柴达木盆地盐湖,卤水锂(LiCl)资源量为2330万t;南美西部安第斯高原盐湖,涵盖玻利维亚、智利和阿根廷盐湖,锂(Li2 O)资源量为2300万t;北美西部高原盐湖卤水锂矿(Li2 O)资源量为550万t.同时,中国华南地区在中生代晚期可能也是高原环境,高原地貌孕育了大量盐湖,并形成了一些富锂卤水矿.这些高原的形成与隆升都起因于板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞:南美安第斯高原和北美西部高原是太平洋板块向美洲板块俯冲-增生造山形成的,中国青藏高原是印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲-陆陆碰撞形成的,而中国华南古高原则可能与古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲作用有关.板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞作用,一方面形成高原地貌,挡住了来自大洋的水汽,从而导致高原内部降水减少,形成干旱气候,引发强烈蒸发作用;洋壳俯冲至上地幔之后,由于脱水和部分熔融导致其中的氯、钾、锂和溴等挥发分进入岩浆并被带到地壳浅部富集;板块俯冲-碰撞作用形成大量构造盆地,同时,岩浆活动又引起大量温热泉水活动,高温水-岩反应将地壳中大量锂等成矿物质释放出来,汇入盆地并通过蒸发浓缩形成富锂盐湖.上述构造、气候和物源等成矿要素的耦合,最终导致高原盐湖卤水富锂成矿.综合世界卤水锂矿特征与成矿作用,提出盐湖卤水锂成矿动力学模式.     

青藏高原气象学的研究进展和问题

分高原天气学、高原气候学、高原及邻近地区的大气环流、以及高原数值预报和模拟四方面简要回顾了新中国成立以来我国（也兼及国外）青藏高原气象学的主要进展，也提出今后研究中应注意的有关问题。     

青藏高原南北降水变化差异研究

利用青藏高原1960-2004年近45 a气象台站年降水记录, 对高原中东部年降水做了空间变化分析, 发现高原以唐古拉山为界, 高原南北降水变化存在明显差异, 特别是高原南部和东北部降水几乎成相反的变化. 进一步分析5个重建的长时间降水序列, 发现青藏高原南北降水在百年时间尺度上也存在明显的差异. 在百年时间尺度上, 过去600 a高原南北降水变化都在1740年和1850年左右发生突变. 1740年以前, 整个高原北部降水都在波动中增加, 而高原南部在减小;1740-1850年期间, 高原北部降水在波动中减小, 而高原南部在增加;1850年以后, 高原北部降水又在波动中增加, 而高原南部降水在减小. 高原南北降水变化的空间差异主要是由季风和西风带决定的.     

青藏高原苔原自然带谱及复式三维地带模式

首次依空间结构将青藏高原划分为外围高山、外缘高山、高原面高山、高原面及高原盆地等五种地貌体;厘清了高原不存在纬度地带性的误判,并结合作者前期高原苔原的论证,创建了高原苔原带谱体系及其三维仿真地带模型,分别为顶锥型(外围离散高山及高原面高山)、带型(外缘带状高山)和平面型(高原面).既具有一般高山苔原(alpine tundra)垂直带谱,又呈现高原山原苔原所特有的"复式三维地带性模式",在全球具有唯一性.首次编制了表征北极苔原与高原苔原关系的北半球苔原带模式图,指出长白山为东北亚高山苔原南界的论点不能成立,青藏高原苔原才是中国及东北亚苔原的南界.目前高原是第三极称谓皆无顶极生物带苔原带景观为前提,仅是高度上的寓意,从地理概念上明确了其与南北极并列的世界第三极定位.     

青藏高原近地层及北侧气压系统的季节性振荡变化

基于ERA-Interim逐日4次600 hPa位势高度再分析资料, 以及青藏高原和周边地区75个气象站日平均温度、降水和相对湿度资料, 对高原近地层及北侧气压系统的季节性振荡变化进行了分析. 结果表明: 高原近地层及北侧气压系统强度在围绕中心点顺时针运动时不断加强, 逆时针运动时不断减弱. 两气压系统呈明显的跷跷板式变化, 在600 hPa上表现为高度场空间结构沿经向上的调整; 低高压差负值的开始和结束时间与高原季风起讫时间吻合. 高原夏季降水的起讫不仅与高原及北侧气压系统结构密切相关, 而且与高原东南或南部水汽输送条件息息相关.     

青藏高原冬春季积雪异常与西南地区夏季降水的关系

选取1961-2007年青藏高原冬、春季积雪日数资料和西南地区夏季降水资料,对高原积雪和降水作奇异值分解(SVD)分析.结果表明:冬春季高原积雪对西南地区夏季旱涝有重要的影响.冬、春季高原积雪的不同分布将造成后期西南地区夏季降水分布出现差异.西南地区夏季降水对冬季高原积雪异常最敏感的区域主要是四川东北部、重庆、西藏中西部,对春季积雪异常最敏感的区域主要位于四川东部、重庆、贵州东北部,以及西藏中东部.与降水敏感区相对应的冬季高原积雪分布的关键区是西藏中西部和青海中南部至四川西北部地区,春季则转变为西藏西部和青海部分地区.总的来说,冬季高原积雪的异常变化比春季对西南地区夏季降水的影响更为明显.因此,前期青藏高原积雪是西南地区夏季降水预测中的一个重要信号,对夏季西南地区降水有一定的指示和预测意义;冬季高原积雪日数尤其具有预报指示意义,可作为一个重要的预测指标.     

论青藏高原苔原——成因、分布与分类的研究

通过分析青藏高原形成苔原的综合因素,论证了高原边缘高山和高原本体都发育有苔原,是全球中纬度独特的大陆苔原带.在划分高山苔原与山原苔原的基础上,将山原苔原进一步划分为湿地苔原、草甸苔原、草原苔原和荒漠苔原等4类,丰富了全球苔原结构.阐明青藏高原既有区域环境的独特性,也有适应全球地带性规律的统一性,使高原自然地带的定位更为准确,也有益于高原环境垂直带理论的完善.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.