Consistent floor response spectra for performance-based seismic design of nonstructural elements

The achievement of adequate performance objectives for buildings under increasing seismic intensities is not only related to the performance of structural members but also to the behavior of nonstructural elements. The need to properly design nonstructural elements for earthquakes has been largely demonstrated in the last few years and has become an important objective within the earthquake engineering community. A crucial aspect in the proper design of nonstructural elements is the definition of the seismic demand in terms of both absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. In the first part of this study, relative displacement and absolute acceleration floor response spectra were computed for four reinforced concrete moment-resisting archetype frames via dynamic time-history analyses and were compared with floor response spectra predicted by means of two recent simplified methodologies available in the literature. It was observed that one of the existing methodologies is generally unable to predict consistent absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. An improved procedure is developed for estimating consistent floor response spectra for building structures subjected to low and medium-high seismic intensities. This new procedure improves the predictions of a relative displacement floor response spectrum by constraining its ordinates at long nonstructural periods to the expected peak absolute displacement of the floor. The resulting acceleration and relative displacement response spectra are then consistently related by the well-known pseudo-spectral relationship over the entire nonstructural period range. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was appraised against floor response spectra computed from nonlinear time-history analyses.     

Seismic demand on light acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural components in European reinforced concrete buildings

In this paper, a parametric study is conducted in order to evaluate the seismic demand on light acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural components caused by frequent earthquakes. The study is motivated by the inconsistent approach of current building codes to the design of nonstructural components; the extensive nonstructural damage recorded after recent low‐intensity earthquakes also encouraged such a study. A set of reinforced concrete frame structures with different number of stories, that is, 1 to 10 stories, are selected and designed according to Eurocode 8. The structures are subjected to a set of frequent earthquakes, that is, 63% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Dynamic nonlinear analyses are performed on the reference structures in order to assess the accuracy of the equations to predict seismic forces acting on nonstructural components and systems in Eurocode. It is concluded that the Eurocode equations underestimate the acceleration demand on nonstructural components for a wide range of periods, especially in the vicinity of the higher mode periods of vibration of the reference structures; for periods sufficiently larger than the fundamental period of the structure, instead, the Eurocode formulation gives a good approximation of the floor spectra. Finally, a novel formulation is proposed for an easy implementation in future building codes based on the actual Eurocode provisions. The proposed formulation gives a good estimation of the floor spectral accelerations and is able to envelope the floor spectral peaks owing to the higher modes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Acceleration response modification factors for nonstructural components attached to inelastic moment‐resisting frame structures

A statistical analysis of the peak acceleration demands for nonstructural components (NSCs) supported on a variety of stiff and flexible inelastic regular moment‐resisting frame structures with periods from 0.3 to 3.0 s exposed to 40 far‐field ground motions is presented. Peak component acceleration (PCA) demands were quantified based on the floor response spectrum (FRS) method without considering dynamic interaction effects. This study evaluated the main factors that influence the amplification or decrease of FRS values caused by inelasticity in the primary structure in three distinct spectral regions namely long‐period, fundamental‐period, and short‐period region. The amplification or decrease of peak elastic acceleration demands depends on the location of the NSC in the supporting structure, periods of the component and building, damping ratio of the component, and level of inelasticity of the supporting structure. While FRS values at the initial modal periods of the supporting structure are reduced due to inelastic action in the primary structure, the region between the modal periods experiences an increase in PCA demands. A parameter denoted as acceleration response modification factor (R_acc) was proposed to quantify this reduction/increase in PCA demands. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单点支撑非结构构件抗震减震研究综述

首先介绍了非结构构件的分类;评述了单点支撑非结构构件抗震计算方法,指出等效侧力法缺乏系统的理论和实验研究支持,而楼面反应谱法不便于工程人员应用;讨论了单点支撑非结构构件隔震问题的特殊性和研究现状;最后指出对于一般单点支撑非结构构件,除了探索简单准确的抗震计算方法还应注重制定有效的构造措施;对于重要设备,应该在充分考虑设备隔震减震特殊性的基础上开发专门的隔震减震器,并应重视半主动,主动控制技术应用的研究。     

Evaluation of ASCE 7 equations for designing acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural components using data from instrumented buildings

This study uses instrumented buildings and models of code‐based designed buildings to validate the results of previous studies that highlighted the need to revise the ASCE 7 F_p equation for designing nonstructural components (NSCs) through utilizing oversimplified linear and nonlinear models. The evaluation of floor response spectra of a large number of instrumented buildings illustrates that, unlike the ASCE 7 approach, the in‐structure and the component amplification factors are a function of the ratio of NSC period to the supporting building modal periods, the ground motion intensity, and the NSC location. It is also shown that the recorded ground motions at the base of instrumented buildings in most cases are significantly lower than design earthquake (DE) ground motions. Because ASCE 7 is meant to provide demands at a DE level, for a more reliable evaluation of the F_p equation, 2 representative archetype buildings are designed based on the ASCE 7‐16 seismic provisions and exposed to various ground motion intensity levels (including those consistent with the ones experienced by instrumented buildings and the DE). Simulation results of the archetype buildings, consistent with previous numerical studies, illustrate the tendency of the ASCE 7 in‐structure amplification factor, [1 + 2(z/h)] , to significantly overestimate demands at all floor levels and the ASCE 7 limit of to in many cases underestimate the calculated NSC amplification factors. Furthermore, the product of these 2 amplification factors (that represents the normalized peak NSC acceleration) in some cases exceeds the ASCE 7 equation by a factor up to 1.50.     

Uniform hazard floor acceleration spectra for linear structures

This paper presents a practical method to compute uniform hazard floor acceleration spectra for linear oscillators attached to a linear structure. The method builds on a probabilistic seismic demand model that relates the acceleration response of the oscillator with that of the generic mode of vibration of the supporting structure. Interaction between oscillator and structure is ignored. Independency of the model on the specific characteristics of seismic hazard at the site is shown. By using the method floor spectra are determined through a closed‐form expression, given the mean annual frequency of interest, the damping ratio of the oscillators, the modal properties of the structure, and three uniform hazard spectra representing seismic hazard at the site. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于建筑性能的非结构构件抗震设计研究

针对非结构构件在地震中破坏的现象、震害情况,分析破坏原因,给出了非结构构件的抗震设防目标。基于建筑物性能的基本思想,给出了非结构构件的性能设计要求;讨论了非结构构件和附属设备的抗震设计计算原则。对建筑的非结构构件提出了相应的抗震设防技术措施,以提高其抗震能力。     

Seismic fragility assessment of nonstructural components in unreinforced clay brick masonry buildings

The results of an investigation of the probability of earthquake damage to nonstructural unreinforced masonry (URM) components are presented. The components include parapets, chimneys, and out-of-plane loaded facades typical of low-rise pre-1940 construction in Australia and New Zealand. The study is based on a street survey of component geometry, in situ data on material strength, and simplified mechanical models. Uncertainties in capacity and demand were quantified based on, respectively, stochastic and deterministic approaches. The damage probabilities were compared with relevant guidelines and empirical damage data from three earthquakes. The study established a link between the qualitative damage states reported in existing guidelines and the quantitative URM component damage states. While some median damage state thresholds correlated well with the data from the guidelines, a larger dispersion value was found in the current study due to the large variations in component properties. Comparisons with empirical data suggest that the developed fragility data provide a realistic estimate of nonstructural component damage that occurred in similar buildings, with a reasonable level of conservatism. The outcome is useful in rapid assessment of the seismic risks due to nonstructural component collapse in URM precincts.     

Median floor acceleration spectra of linear structures with uncertain properties

Response parameters used to estimate nonstructural damage differ depending on whether deformation‐sensitive or acceleration‐sensitive components are considered. In the latter case, seismic demand is usually represented through floor spectra, that is response spectra in terms of pseudo‐acceleration, which are calculated at the floor levels of the structure where the nonstructural components are attached to. Objective of this paper is to present a new spectrum‐to‐spectrum method for calculating floor acceleration spectra, which is able to explicitly account for epistemic uncertainties in the modal properties of the supporting structure. By using this method, effects on the spectra of possible variations from nominal values of the periods of vibration of the structure can be estimated. The method derives from the extension of closed‐form equations recently proposed by the authors to predict uniform hazard floor acceleration spectra. These equations are built to rigorously account for the input ground motion uncertainty, that is the record‐to‐record variability of the nonstructural response. In order to evaluate the proposed method, comparisons with exact spectra obtained from a standard probabilistic seismic demand analysis, as well as spectra calculated using the Eurocode 8 equation, are finally shown. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.     

考虑结构地震反应特性的非结构构件动力加载制度

我国在非结构构件抗震性能方面的实验研究尚处于起步阶段。首先介绍了美国纽约州立大学布法罗分校非结构构件模拟器的加载制度（UB-NCS加载制度）。在此基础上,为了考虑结构特性对非结构构件地震反应特性的影响,建议以结构在大量地震动作用下的非线性时程反应为依据,确定楼面峰值加速度和最大层间位移沿结构高度方向的分布函数。将其用于UB-NCS加载制度,可得到针对某一具体结构中位于某一楼层的非结构构件的位移时程加载曲线。该方法在对非结构构件进行检测加载时,能够考虑其所在结构的非线性地震反应特性,可用于研究不同的结构体系或地震损伤控制技术在减轻非结构震害方面的效果。     

中国古建筑抗震性能分析

本文根据我国古建筑在历次地震作用下的结构破坏状况,总结了古建筑结构的震害特点,介绍了古建筑抗震性能分析方法,结合泰安市古建筑实例进行了抗震性能分析并给出了抗震性能分析结果。     

Establishment of performance‐based seismic design factors for precast concrete floor diaphragms

This paper presents an analytical study used to establish design factors for a new seismic design methodology for precast concrete floor diaphragms. The design factors include diaphragm force amplification factors Ψ and diaphragm shear overstrength factors Ω_v. The Ψ factors are applied to the ASCE7‐05 diaphragm design forces to produce diaphragm design strengths aligned to different performance targets. These performance targets are based on diaphragm detailing choices, and include: (i) elastic diaphragm behavior or (ii) limiting inelastic deformation demand on the diaphragm reinforcement (connectors between precast units or reinforcing bars in a topping slab) to within their reliable deformation capacities. The Ω_v factors provide overstrength relative to the diaphragm bending strength for capacity protection against shear failure. The analytical study was performed by conducting nonlinear time history analyses of a simple evaluation structure, of which the dimensions and structural properties were varied. The analytical model used in the study is constructed and calibrated on the basis of extensive physical testing. The analytically obtained values of the diaphragm design factors are presented as functions of the geometric and structural properties of the building. The design factors presented here have been verified through evaluation of a set of realistic precast prototype structures. The diaphragm design methodology is currently in the codification process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Attenuation modeling of recent earthquakes in Turkey

This paper deals with the derivation of a consistent set of empiricalattenuation relationships for predicting free-field horizontal components ofpeak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5 percent damped pseudoacceleration response spectra (PSA) from 47 strong ground motion recordsrecorded in Turkey. The relationships for Turkey were derived in similarform to those previously developed by Boore et al. (1997) for shallowearthquakes in western North America. The used database was compiledfor earthquakes in Turkey with moment magnitudes (M_w) = 5 thatoccurred between 1976–1999, and consisted of horizontal peak groundacceleration and 5 percent damped response spectra of accelerogramsrecorded on three different site conditions classified as rock, soil and softsoil. The empirical equations for predicting strong ground motion weretypically fit to the strong motion data set by applying nonlinear regressionanalysis according to both random horizontal components and maximumhorizontal components. Comparisons of the results show that groundmotion relations for earthquakes in one region cannot be simply modifiedfor use in engineering analyses in another region. Our results, patternedafter the Boore et al. expressions and dominated by the Kocaeli andDüzce events in 1999, appear to underestimate predictions based ontheir curves for up to about 15 km. For larger distances the reverse holds.     

A method for the direct estimation of floor acceleration spectra for elastic and inelastic MDOF structures

This paper deals with floor acceleration spectra, which are used for the seismic design and assessment of acceleration‐sensitive equipment installed in buildings. In design codes and in practice, not enough attention has been paid to the seismic resistance of such equipment. An ‘accurate’ determination of floor spectra requires a complex and quite demanding dynamic response history analysis. The purpose of the study presented in this paper is the development of a direct method for the determination of floor acceleration spectra, which enables their generation directly from the design spectrum of the structure, by taking into account the structure's dynamic properties. The method is also applicable to inelastic structures, which can greatly improve the economic aspects of equipment design. A parametric study of floor acceleration spectra for elastic and inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) and multiple‐degree‐of‐freedom structures was conducted by using (non)linear response history analysis. The equipment was modelled as an elastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom system. The proposed method was validated by comparing the results obtained with the more accurate results obtained in a parametric study. Due to its simplicity, the method is an appropriate tool for practice. In the case of inelastic structural behaviour, the method should be used in combination with the N2 method, or another appropriate method for simplified nonlinear structural analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

九寨沟7.0级地震中典型非结构构件震害特征

九寨沟7.0地震给九寨沟地区建筑结构及非结构构件造成了严重破坏。本文主要涉及调查区域包括漳扎镇、甲藩古城、若尔盖县阿西茸乡、求吉乡及包座乡等。主要调查框架结构、砖混结构、大跨空间结构以及木结构的非结构构件震害。此次调查的结构多数是2000年以后建造,8度设防,在2008年汶川地震中主体结构和非结构构件均未受到影响。在此次地震中,非结构构件大量损坏,破坏主要以框架、砌体填充墙开裂或变形或局部倒塌、吊顶脱落、地板隆起、吊顶设备掉落、玻璃震碎等震害为主。调查结果表明,与以往地震不同,Ⅷ度区内仅有的三个大跨度结构均发生不同程度的破坏,其中一个结构出现节点破坏,此次地震中大跨空间结构非结构构件震损尤为明显,非结构构件设备损失最为严重。另一个不同于以往地震震害的是位于Ⅵ度区山坡上的木结构非结构震害明显比坡下要严重一些。     

Modified consecutive modal pushover procedure for seismic investigation of one-way asymmetric-plan tall buildings

The effects of higher modes and torsion have a significant impact on the seismic responses of asymmetric-plan tall buildings.A consecutive modal pushover(CMP) procedure is one of the pushover methods that have been developed to consider these effects.The aim of this paper is to modify the(CMP) analysis procedure to estimate the seismic demands of one-way asymmetric-plan tall buildings with dual systems.An analysis of 10-,15-and 20-story asymmetric-plan buildings is carried out,and the results from the modified consecutive modal pushover(MCMP) procedure are compared with those obtained from the modal pushover analysis(MPA) procedure and the nonlinear time history analysis(NLTHA).The MCMP estimates of the seismic demands of one-way asymmetric-plan buildings demonstrate a reasonable accuracy,compared to the results obtained from the NLTHA.Furthermore,the accuracy of the MCMP procedure in the prediction of plastic hinge rotations is better than the MPA procedure.The new pushover procedure is also more accurate than the FEMA load distribution and the MPA procedure.     

基于地震动参数的城市建筑物震害模拟——以兰州市城关区为例

首先利用最短断层法烈度衰减模型分别模拟两次地震的地震动参数空间分布,并通过与实际地震的极震区对比,验证该模型模拟地震烈度的可靠性.然后,基于模拟的地震烈度空间分布和建筑物的结构类型、层高等信息,采用结构弹塑性时程分析方法对兰州市城关区建筑物进行三维震害模拟.研究结果表明:最短断层法是一个模拟历史地震烈度空间分布较好的模...     

An alternative approach for the seismic rehabilitation of existing RC buildings using seismic isolation

Usually, buildings with seismic isolation are designed to comply with an operational building performance level after strong earthquakes. This approach, however, may limit the use of seismic isolation for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings with low lateral strength or substandard details, because it often requires invasive strengthening measures in the superstructure or the use of expensive custom‐made devices. In this paper, an alternative approach for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings with seismic isolation, based on the acceptance of limited plastic deformations in the superstructure under strong earthquakes, is proposed and then applied to a real case study, represented by a four‐storey RC frame building. Nonlinear response‐time histories analyses of an accurate model of the case‐study building are carried out to evaluate the seismic performances of the structure, comparing different rehabilitation strategies with and without seismic isolation. Initial costs of the intervention and possible (future) repair costs are then estimated. Based on the results of this study, values of the behavior factor (i.e. response modification factor) higher than those adopted in the current codes for base‐isolated buildings are tentatively proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Code‐based record selection methods for seismic performance assessment of buildings

The recent concerns regarding the seismic safety of the existing building stock have highlighted the need for an improvement of current seismic assessment procedures. Alongside with the development of more advanced commercial software tools and computational capacities, nonlinear dynamic analysis is progressively becoming a common and preferable procedure in the seismic assessment of buildings. Besides the complexity associated with the formulation of the mathematical model, major issues arise related with the definition of the seismic action, which can lead to different levels of uncertainty in terms of local and global building response. Aiming to address this issue, a comparative study of different code‐based record selection methods proposed by Eurocode 8, ASCE41‐13 and NZS1170.5:2004 is presented herein. The various methods are employed in the seismic assessment of four steel buildings, designed according to different criteria, and the obtained results are compared and discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the number of real ground motion records selected on the estimation of the mean seismic response and, importantly, to the efficiency that is achieved when an additional selection criteria, based on the control of the spectral mismatch of each individual record with respect to the reference response spectrum, is adopted. The sufficiency of the methods with respect to the pairs of M–R of the selected group of records and the robustness of the scaling procedure are also examined. The paper closes with a study which demonstrates the suitability of a simplified probability‐based approach recently proposed for estimating mean seismic demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.