非平稳空间相关多点地震动合成方法研究

根据地震波的传播特点,在现有的非平稳空间相关多点地震动合成方法的基础上进行了改进。通过修正随机相位角,使生成的多点地震动在局部场地上具有收敛性。给出了未知和已知相位差谱统计规律2种情况下非平稳多点地震动的合成方法。进一步提出了基于实际地震纪录的空间相关多点地震动合成方法。这些方法可用于大尺度结构的多点输入分析。     

Discussion on the influence of truncation of ground motion residual distribution on probabilistic seismic hazard assessment

Recent studies on assessment of a very low annual probability of exceeding (APE) ground motions, 10-4 or less, have highlighted the importance of the upper bound of ground motions when very low probability results are acquired. The truncation level adopted in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) should be determined by an aleatory uncertainty model (i.e., distribution model) of ground motions and the possible maximum and minimum ground motion values of a specific earthquake. However, at the present ...     

A modified method for simulating non-stationary multi-point earthquake ground motion

A spectral-representation-based algorithm is proposed to simulate non-stationary and stochastic processes with evolutionary power,according to a prescribed non-stationary cross-spectral density matrix. Non-stationary multi-point seismic ground motions at different locations on the ground surface are generated for use in engineering applications. First,a modified iterative procedure is used to generate uniformly modulated non-stationary ground motion time histories which are compatible with the prescribed power spectrum. Then,ground motion time histories are modeled as a non-stationary stochastic process with amplitude and frequency modulation. The characteristic frequency and damping ratio of the Clough-Penzien acceleration spectrum are considered as a function of time in order to study the frequency time variation. Finally,two numerical examples are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed method,and the results show that this method can be effectively applied to the dynamic seismic analysis of long and large scale structures.     

Selection and ranking of ground motion models for seismic hazard analysis in the Pyrenees

The issue addressed in this paper is the objective selection of appropriate ground motion models for seismic hazard assessment in the Pyrenees. The method of Scherbaum et al. (2004a) is applied in order to rank eight published ground motion models relevant to intraplate or to low deformation rate contexts. This method is based on a transparent and data-driven process which quantifies the model fit and also measures how well the underlying model assumptions are met. The method is applied to 15 accelerometric records obtained in the Pyrenees for events of local magnitude between 4.8 and 5.1, corresponding to moment magnitudes ranging from 3.7 to 3.9. Only stations at rock sites are considered. A total of 720 spectral amplitudes are used to rank the selected ground motion models. Some control parameters of these models, such as magnitude and distance definitions, may vary from one model to the other. It is thus important to correct the selected models for their difference with respect to the magnitude and distance definitions used for the Pyrenean data. Our analysis shows that, with these corrections, some of the ground motion models successfully fit the data. These are the Lussou et al. (2001) and the Berge-Thierry et al. (2003) models. According to the selected ground motion models, a possible scenario of a magnitude 6 event is proposed; it predicts response spectra accelerations of 0.08–0.1 g at 1 Hz at a hypocentral distance of 10 km.     

Study on the severest real ground motion for seismic design and analysis

How to select the adequate real strong earthquake ground motion for seismic analysis and design of trucures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering research and practice.In the paper the concept of the severest design ground motion is proposed and a method is developed for comparing the severity of the recorded strong ground motions.By using this method the severest earthquake ground motions are selected out as seismic inputs to the structures to be designed from a database that consists of more than five thousand significant strong ground moton records collected over the world.The selected severest ground motions are very likely to be able to drive the structures to their critical response and thereby result in the highest damage potential.It is noted that for different structures with diffferent predominant natural periods and at different sites where structures are located the severest design ground motions are usually different.Finally.two examples are illustrated to demonstrate the rationality of the concept and the reliability of the selected design motion.     

非平稳人造地震动反应谱拟合的震记录应用研究

利用天然地震记录数据提取其非平稳相位数据的方法、论证人造地震动方法的可行性和合理性,并以呼和浩特市基岩场地非平稳人造地震动预测拟合应用为例,进行人造地震动反应谱拟合.本研究方法明显加强地震监测数字化记录与结构地震动输入预测模拟的密切联系,使地震动预测因充分利用近场地震观测资料而得到质的飞跃.     

Spatial correlation of earthquake ground motion: non-parametric estimation

A non-parametric method, called multidimensional correlation mapping (MCM), is used to describe the local spatial correlation of different components of earthquake ground acceleration. The method estimates spatial correlation without presuming homogeneity or isotropy of the phase-aligned local ground motion fields. For selected events recorded by the SMART1 accelerograph array, we obtain contour plots of equal correlation of ground acceleration, with respect to the center of the array. Displacement time-histories are also computed from the accelerograms and the spatial correlation of the displacements is estimated for comparison with that of the accelerations.     

The limit properties of spatial coherence of seismic ground motion

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A ground motion selection procedure for enforcing hazard consistency and estimating seismic demand hazard curves

This paper develops a procedure to select unscaled ground motions for estimating seismic demand hazard curves (SDHCs) in performance‐based earthquake engineering. Currently, SDHCs are estimated from a probabilistic seismic demand analysis, where several ensembles of ground motions are selected and scaled to a user‐specified scalar conditioning intensity measure (IM). In contrast, the procedure developed herein provides a way to select a single ensemble of unscaled ground motions for estimating the SDHC. In the context of unscaled motions, the proposed procedure requires three inputs: (i) database of unscaled ground motions, (ii) I M , the vector of IMs for selecting ground motions, and (iii) sample size, n; in the context of scaled motions, two additional inputs are needed: (i) a maximum acceptable scale factor, SF_max, and (ii) a target fraction of scaled ground motions, γ. Using a recently developed approach for evaluating ground motion selection and modification procedures, the proposed procedure is evaluated for a variety of inputs and is demonstrated to provide accurate estimates of the SDHC when the vector of IMs chosen to select ground motions is sufficient for the response quantity of interest. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of spatial correlation of strong ground motion on uncertainty in earthquake loss estimation

In addition to the mean values of possible loss during an earthquake, parameters of the probability distribution function for the loss to a portfolio (e.g. fractiles and standard deviation) are very important. Recent studies have shown that the proper treatment of ground‐motion variability and, particularly, the correlation of ground motion are essential for the estimation of the seismic hazard, damage and loss for distributed portfolios. In this study, we compared the effects of variations in the between‐earthquake correlation and in the site‐to‐site correlation on seismic loss and damage estimations for the extended objects (hypothetical portfolio) and critical elements (e.g. bridges) of a network. A scenario earthquake approach and a portfolio containing a set of hypothetical building and bridges were used for the purpose. We showed that the relative influences of the types of correlation on characteristics of loss distribution and the probability of damage are not equal. In some cases, when the median values of loss distribution or the probability that at least one critical element of a lifeline will be damaged are considered and when the spatial correlation of ground motion is used, the possible variations in the between‐earthquake correlation may be neglected. The shape of the site‐to‐site correlation function (i.e. the rate of decrease of the coefficient of spatial correlation with separation distance) seems also to be important when modelling spatially correlated ground‐motion fields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ground motion selection for simulation‐based seismic hazard and structural reliability assessment

This paper examines four methods by which ground motions can be selected for dynamic seismic response analyses of engineered systems when the underlying seismic hazard is quantified via ground motion simulation rather than empirical ground motion prediction equations. Even with simulation‐based seismic hazard, a ground motion selection process is still required in order to extract a small number of time series from the much larger set developed as part of the hazard calculation. Four specific methods are presented for ground motion selection from simulation‐based seismic hazard analyses, and pros and cons of each are discussed via a simple and reproducible illustrative example. One of the four methods (method 1 ‘direct analysis’) provides a ‘benchmark’ result (i.e., using all simulated ground motions), enabling the consistency of the other three more efficient selection methods to be addressed. Method 2 (‘stratified sampling’) is a relatively simple way to achieve a significant reduction in the number of ground motions required through selecting subsets of ground motions binned based on an intensity measure, IM. Method 3 (‘simple multiple stripes’) has the benefit of being consistent with conventional seismic assessment practice using as‐recorded ground motions, but both methods 2 and 3 are strongly dependent on the efficiency of the conditioning IM to predict the seismic responses of interest. Method 4 (‘generalized conditional intensity measure‐based selection’) is consistent with ‘advanced’ selection methods used for as‐recorded ground motions and selects subsets of ground motions based on multiple IMs, thus overcoming this limitation in methods 2 and 3. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes(I)

Introduction Up to now,simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes in engineering usually is bygenerating stationary ground motion processes,then making them non-stationary by an enve-lope function(Amin and Ang,1968);and the envelope function is usually calculated based on sta-tistical analysis of ground motion records,and the stationary ground motion processes are simu-lated using filtering method,spectral representation method,or time domain method,etc.Because the envelope function …     

工程随机地震动物理模型的参数统计与检验

利用PEER强震记录数据库,确定了一类实用的随机地震动模型的参数概率分布。依据GB50011-2010规定的场地类别,对4438条实测地震动记录进行分组。引用系统识别方法对不同场地上的地震动记录进行参数识别,据此结果,对工程地震动物理随机函数模型的基本参数进行了统计分析,给出了随机地震动模型参数的概率分布密度。对基本随机参数的概率空间进行剖分,结合波群叠加方法生成地震动时程,计算获得了随机地震动反应谱。通过比较随机反应谱和实测地震动反应谱的统计特征量,验证了地震动物理随机函数模型及基本随机参数统计结果的正确性。     

Strong ground acceleration seismic hazard in Greece and neighboring regions

In an early paper [Tectonophysics 117 (1985) 259] seismic hazard in Greece was analyzed using a relatively homogeneous earthquake catalogue spanning 1900–1978 and a strong motion attenuation relationship adapted to use in Greece. Improved seismic hazard analyses are obtained here using Gumbel's asymptotic extreme value distribution applied to peak horizontal ground acceleration occurrence, but now taking into account the increased length and quality of earthquake catalogue data spanning 1900–1999 and the burgeoning information on earthquake strong motion data and attenuation relationships appropriate for Europe and, explicitly, Greece. Seismic acceleration hazard results tabulated for six cities reveal (e.g. using arbitrarily the 50-year p.g.a. with 90% probability of not being exceeded) changes of about 10% in the new calculated values: two cities show an increase and four a decrease. These are relatively small and reassuring adjustments.Inspection of the available attenuation relationships leads to a preference for the models of Theodulidis and Papazachos, particularly with the model modification to produce a ‘stiff soil’ site relationship, as these relationships explicitly exploit the Greek strong motion database. Isoacceleration maps are produced for Greece as a whole from each attenuation relationship inspected. The final set of maps based on the Theodulidis and Papazachos models provide a foundation for comparison with the Seismic Hazard Zones adopted in the New Greek Seismic Code where scope can be found to modify zone shape and the level at which p.g.a.s are set. It should be noted that the generation of the present isoacceleration maps is based on a seismogenic zone-free methodology, independent of any Euclidean zoning assumptions.     

Spatial ground motion effect on relative displacement of adjacent building structures

This paper analyses earthquake ground motion spatial variation effects on relative linear elastic response of adjacent building structures. It studies the relative importance of ground motion spatial variations and dynamic characteristics of adjacent structures in causing relative responses. Random vibration method is used in the study. It is found that, besides ground-acceleration-induced dynamic responses, quasi-static responses induced by spatially varying ground displacements also contribute significantly to the relative structural responses. The effects of spatial ground motions are very pronounced to the relative displacements of adjacent low-rise structures, and to those of high-rise adjacent structures with similar vibration characteristics. The effect of vibration properties of adjacent structures are, however, more significant to those of high-rise adjacent structures if they poses noticeably different vibration periods. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震作用下立式储液罐罐壁“象足”变形仿真分析

基于ANSYS软件建立了考虑液体晃动和罐底提离立式储液罐有限元模型,分别进行了水平地震和竖向地震作用下罐壁“象足”变形分析。分析表明:立式储液罐罐壁“象足”变形主要是由罐壁纵向压应力超过临界应力而产生的局部屈曲破坏,并非强度破坏。因罐底提离导致的罐底与基础反复撞击加大了作用在罐壁上的应力,使罐壁底部“象足”变形不断发展,最终导致罐壁撕裂。在完全相同地震加速度作用下,水平地震作用比竖向地震作用罐壁更早更容易进入屈曲状态,产生“象足”变形。     

地震作用下立式储液罐罐壁"象足"变形仿真分析

基于ANSYS软件建立了考虑液体晃动和罐底提离立式储液罐有限元模型,分别进行了水平地震和竖向地震作用下罐壁"象足"变形分析.分析表明:立式储液罐罐壁"象足"变形主要是由罐壁纵向压应力超过临界应力而产生的局部屈曲破坏,并非强度破坏.因罐底提离导致的罐底与基础反复撞击加大了作用在罐壁上的应力,使罐壁底部"象足"变形不断发展,最终导致罐壁撕裂.在完全相同地震加速度作用下,水平地震作用比竖向地震作用罐壁更早更容易进入屈曲状态,产生"象足"变形.     

基于强度和能量控制的随机地震动模型

考虑地震动的随机性和频率与强度非平稳性,通过理论分析,提出了一般随机地震动模型,并给出了确定模型参数的原则和方法。该模型以地震动强度、地震动能量以及地震动持时等宏观指标作为控制随机地震动模型参数的指标,而对其内在的频谱组成等指标只要求满足一般地震动的特征。该模型可以用于描述平稳随机过程、强度非平稳随机过程以及强度和频率完全非平稳随机过程。通过与常用功率谱模型的比较,验证了该模型的合理性。     

考虑岩土介质随机特性的工程场地地震动相干函数研究

将随机结构正交展开理论和随机振动分析的虚拟激励原理运用于场地波动有限元分析，形成了一种可以考虑岩土介质随机特性对工程场地地震动相干函数影响的分析方法。实例分析表明，非严格均匀分布的随机介质场地对场地表面的迟滞相干函数值有重要影响，这种影响可由场地的随机影响因子来衡量，在进行工程场地地震动随机场研究时应当考虑场地介质随机特性的影响。     

估计和比较地震动潜在破坏势的综合评述

如何估计和比较地震动对结构的破坏作用，一直是国内外抗震研究中的一个至关重要的问题。本主要篇幅用于介绍这一领域迄今所取得的成果并作了简单的评述，并在此基础上，提出了一种可用来比较地震动潜在破坏势的综合评估法，提出该方法的目的并不在意去确定什么量更能代表地震动在潜在破坏势，而只是在考察现有的各种被认为能代表地震动的潜在破坏势的各种参数基础上，考虑采用什么方法才能更合理地判定和比较地震动的破坏势，为此本将通常作为地震动潜在破坏势的地震动参数分成两类：一类为直接由地震动本身得到的参数，另一类为地震动通过结构反应得到的参数，并分别对此进行了讨论和分析，在此基础上得出了一种在目前可认为是研究地震动潜在破坏势押送为合理的方法-地震动潜在破坏势综合评价法。