佛坪自然保护区植物群落物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系

用多元统计分析方法研究了佛坪自然保护区植物群落多种性及群落各生长型多样性特征沿海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：1）植物群落的Shannon指数与Simpson指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈显著负相关关系;2）乔木层的物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化则体现了“中国高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上多样性高而低海拔和高海拔多样性较低;3）灌木层丰富度指数在1600-1700m之间有个很不明显的峰值,而其它4个指标沿海拔呈单调的下降趋势;4）草本层植物多样性呈先降后升的趋势,在中等海拔高度较低。     

贺兰山灌丛群落物种多样性海拔格局及环境解释

贺兰山是一条重要的草原与荒漠的自然地理分界线,也是我国西北地区一道重要的生态屏障。灌木是贺兰山最主要的植被组成,但对贺兰山灌木多样性的分布格局及其影响因素却很少有专门研究。本文对内蒙古贺兰山西坡沿不同海拔分布的13类主要灌丛群落进行了野外调查,探讨物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局及其与海拔、土壤、人为干扰等环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)灌木层与草本层的物种丰富度随海拔上升总体呈微弱的单峰格局,Shannon-Wiener指数(H')、Simpson指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)随着海拔上升均未表现出明显的垂直分布格局。(2)除Pielou均匀度指数外,灌木层郁闭度与下层草本植物的物种多样性呈显著的二项式回归关系,最大值出现在约40%的灌木层相对盖度处。(3)海拔、坡度和土壤质地等多种环境因子共同影响着贺兰山灌丛群落的物种组成及其多样性垂直分布格局,其中海拔是主要的限制因素。本研究有望实现对该地区灌丛群落研究的扩展和完善,并为灌丛资源的科学保育及管理提供参考。     

河南宝天曼化香林特征及物种多样性

根据10块样地的野外调查材料,对河南宝天曼化香林的土壤性质、植物区系成分、群落外貌、群落结构以及物种多样性特征进行了初步分析。结果表明:(1)化香林土壤较贫瘠,区系组成较丰富,其属的分布类型以温带性质的属最多,热带性质的属也占一定比例;(2)化香林的生活型以高位芽为主,叶级谱中以中型叶为主;(3)化香林的垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层,亦有少量的层间植物;(4)化香林的优势种显著,群落物种的丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数的总趋势为灌木层>草本层>乔木层,但在海拔梯度上的分布并未表现出明显的规律性。     

长白山区泥炭沼泽植物多样性研究

选择长白山区处于不同发育阶段的泥炭沼泽,对其植被进行样地调查,并计算植物群落的α、β多样性指数,探讨泥炭沼泽发育过程中植物群落多样性的变化规律。研究发现,处于不同发育阶段的个体泥炭沼泽中,植物群落的α多样性沿湖岸到湖心梯度上都呈现减少趋势,反映出在个体泥炭沼泽发育过程中,植被向着多样性更加丰富的方向发展;β多样性在此梯度上变化规律性不明显,说明泥炭沼泽发育过程中植物群落生态环境发生变化,物种也随环境变化出现增减,但变化幅度不一;群落过渡地带,草本层α多样性大于群落内部,说明群落过渡地带植物多样性比群落内部更加丰富。在整个泥炭沼泽演替序列上,随着演替水平的升高,植物群落草本层物种丰富度指数呈现明显的增加趋势,而Simpson指数和ShannonWiener指数呈现出微弱的减少趋势,这是由于处于较高演替阶段的沼泽,植物群落的草本层虽然物种较为丰富,但优势度指数较高,均匀度指数较低,从而使得植物群落α多样性指数偏低。从植物群落的结构来看,随着演替水平的升高,呈现出草本层-(草本层 地被层)-(灌木层 草本层 地被层),由简单到复杂的发展趋势。因此综合来看,泥炭沼泽是向着植物群落结构复杂化,多样性丰富化的方向进行演替的。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘群落天然化发育过程中植物物种多样性研究

运用空间代替时间的方法,对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同发育阶段(3 a、8 a、15 a、25 a)的沙棘人工林群落内植物的种类、盖度、密度等进行调查,并分析了沙棘人工林群落天然化发育过程中物种多样性动态变化。结果表明:1.沙棘人工林群落天然化发育过程中主要以菊科、禾本科、豆科植物为主。其生活型变化为:一年生草本群落→多年生草本群落→半灌丛群落→灌丛群落。2.不同发育阶段沙棘群落灌木层物种丰富度呈增加趋势,草本层的物种丰富度呈先减少后增加的趋势;灌木层和草本层的S impson指数和Shannon-W iener指数在不同阶段沙棘群落中表现出大致相同的趋势,即草本层>灌木层。同一层次的物种多样性指数D和H′虽然数值不同,但在不同发育阶段有基本一致的趋势。草本层多样性指数在荒草地阶段较高,其他阶段的沙棘群落随发育时间的增加而减少;灌木层物种多样性指数随发育时间的增加而呈波动性增加。3.随着群落发育,群落相似性增加。总体上,随着沙棘群落的发育,不同科属的植物种类在增加,群落生态优势度增加,到15 a时群落趋向稳定。     

太岳山森林群落物种多样性

根据 8个样地的调查资料 ,用丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西太岳山 10个森林群落多样性进行研究 ,结果表明 :1)同一群落不同层次的物种多样性指数存在一定的波动范围 ;不同群落间 ,物种多样性指数也存在差异 ,这种差异与群落所处的演替阶段相关 ;当群落处于演替的顶级阶段时乔、灌、草 3个层次的物种多样性和均匀度指数多为乔木层 <灌木层 <草本层 ;演替先锋阶段和进展阶段多为乔木层 <灌木层 >草本层或乔木层>灌木层 <草本层。 2 )分布在不同海拔高度的森林群落的物种多样性呈连续性波动的变化 ,表现为随海拔高度的增加 ,物种多样性指数呈上升趋势。 3)群落物种多样性在空间上的差异不仅决定于物种丰富度指数 ,更与各物种间的均匀度指数密切相关 ;进而影响不同层次的物种多样性对群落总体物种多样性的贡献     

贺兰山针叶林物种密度的通径分析

通径分析是研究变量间复杂关系的一种有效方法。在沿海拔梯度进行群落调查的基础上,对贺兰山针叶林物种密度进行通径分析,结果表明:1)贺兰山东西坡针叶林物种密度的海拔格局基本一致。物种密度的主要影响因子是海拔,而海拔反映了综合的气候梯度。2)针叶林的物种密度明显随着海拔的升高而降低,表层土壤有机质含量的增高对于物种密度有促进作用。3)针叶林的物种密度主要由草本种类的多少决定。草本和灌木层物种密度都明显受到海拔和土壤有机质含量的影响。坡向对于灌木层物种密度也有一定影响。     

岷江干旱河谷豆科植物多样性及其空间格局

为研究岷江干旱河谷的豆科植物物种多样性及其在纬度和海拔梯度上的分布格局,在从四川汶川到松潘的干旱河谷两岸选择了7个地点,通过204个样方 (2 m×2 m) 调查,分析了不同纬度和海拔豆科物种组成、高度、盖度与根系结瘤的空间分布特点.结果表明:(1) 在所有样方中共出现乡土豆科植物16属,38种,其中灌木7属19种;草本植物7属17种,1或2 a生草本 6种,多年生草本11种.仅刺槐 (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) 和葫芦巴 (Trigonellae foenum-graecum L.) 为栽培物种.灌木在该地区豆科植物中占较大优势,50%以上灌木的频度与盖度均＞10%,尤其白刺花 (Sophora davidii)、小马鞍羊蹄甲 (Bauhinia brachycarpa var.microphylla)、岷谷木蓝 (Indigofera lenticellata) 等灌木频度＞20%,而所有草本植物的频率及盖度都＜10%. (2) 豆科植物丰富度及生长具有较为明显的空间差异,干旱河谷核心地区的干热、贫瘠环境中,总物种丰富度较高,但是其盖度与高度较小.随着纬度升高,灌木丰富度和频度均减少,草本丰富度与和频度增加.随着海拔上升,灌木丰富度与总物种丰富度都减小,草本植物丰富度变化不明显;植物平均高度与盖度高度也无明显的垂直变化规律.(3) 植物根系结瘤能力很低,66%物种未结瘤,并且幼苗结瘤能力显著大于成株.这一结果可为豆科植物资源的保护和开发利用提供科学依据.     

福建省永安市贡川镇低产丝栗栲次生林特征

福建省永安市贡川镇丝栗栲次生林为强度人为干扰下形成的低产林分,林分平均胸径、树高、密度、单位面积蓄积量和平均年生长量分别为19.3 cm、12.2 m、600 N/hm2、114.0 m3/hm2和2.07 m3/(hm2.a)。林分郁闭度达0.8以上,群落明显分乔木层、灌木层及草本层;灌木层植物25种,其中乔木幼树11种。乔木层分两亚层;乔木层物种丰富度R、多样性指数SW、均匀度E和生态优势度ED分别为30、3.92、0.8和0.1。灌木层中的乔木幼树有11种,株数密度为10 600 N/hm2;林分相对直径分布范围0.31~2.59,直径分布为反J型,表现为异龄林特征。     

宁化县紫色土侵蚀区治理年限对不同治理模式植物多样性的影响

以宁化县紫色土侵蚀区4种主要治理模式的植物群落调查资料为基础,采用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数对其进行分析。研究结果表明：1）与对照区相比,各治理样地植物群落物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均有不同程度提高,植物群落结构趋于复杂稳定。2）随着演替的进展,群落多样性指数在乔灌草混交及封禁治理模式增大,但在油茶园改造模式中变化不明显。3）经济林模式治理年限短,受人为干扰强烈,植物多样性差异较大,其随治理年限的变化有待于进一步观察。4）植物多样性与植物生长型的关系：物种丰富度和多样性指数在治理初期为草本层大于灌木层,随着群落演替的进展,灌木层逐渐大于草本层;均匀度指数的变化,在油茶园改造及乔灌草混交模式中草本层大于灌木层,而在经济林和封禁模式中,多表现为灌木层大于草本层。因此,后续治理应注意：侵蚀劣地的生态恢复必须进行科学的人为干预,生物措施应合理配置乔灌草物种数和个体数,对树种单一的群落需进行补植修复;针对不同治理阶段和治理模式,生态恢复侧重点要有差异。     

湖南省种子植物物种丰富度与地形的关系

为探讨区域尺度物种丰富度与地形的关系,利用湖南省地方植物志资料和地形图,借助GIS软件等手段,在定量分析湖南省地形的海拔分异特征的基础上,研究了湖南省种子植物的物种丰富度和物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化趋势,以及他们与地形复杂度的关系,得到如下结果：(1) 随着海拔的升高,科、属、种丰富度和物种密度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,也即物种丰富度和物种密度均在中海拔地区达到最高;(2) 随地形复杂度的增加,物种丰富度和物种密度呈现先增大后减少的趋势,即中等复杂程度的地形,具有较高的丰富度和物种密度。     

Species Diversity Characteristics of a Natural Pinus taiwanensis Community with Different Diameter Classes and Forest Densities

Pinus taiwanensis is a species endemic to China. This study selected four typical plots of Pinus taiwanensis in the natural secondary forest around Macheng City, in order to reveal the characteristics of and the relationships between different diameter classes (determined based on the diameter at breast height or DBH), forest densities and species diversity, as well as the similarities of species diversity of different plots within the community. The result showed that Pinus taiwanensis was the dominant species in the community. The ratio of Pinus taiwanensis trees of diameter class IV reached a peak of 19.46% of the total followed by diameter class VII at 18.92%. The study recorded 156 species of vascular plants from 130 genera of 71 families; Pinus taiwanensis was the dominant species in the community. When the forest density was 1200 trees ha ^-1 with the largest average diameter of DBH=36.779±4.444 cm, the diversity (Shannon index H'=1.6716) and the evenness (Pielou index E=0.6727) of the tree layer was the highest. When the forest density reached 1525 trees ha ^-1 with the lowest average diameter of DBH=18.957±5.141 cm, the richness (D_ma=5.4308), the diversity (H'=2.9612) and the evenness (E=0.8985) of all shrub layers climbed to the maximum. When the forest density was 1325 trees ha ^-1, the richness (D_ma=5.8132), the diversity (H'=3.0697) and the evenness (E=0.9025) of all herb layers peaked. In terms of vertical structure, the average diversity indexes were herb layer>shrub layer>tree layer. High canopy density weakened light intensity in the community, causing a reduction in the species diversities of herbs and shrubs. The average similarity coefficient between the sample plots was 0.3356, which was at the medium dissimilarity level. External disturbances and improper management were major contributors to the low species diversity of the community. The implementation of scientific management measures is urgently needed to optimize the forest structures of Pinus taiwanensis, create a benign community environment, and promote species diversities and establish a stable forest community structure.     

洪河自然保护区湿地主要植被类型物种多样性与表层土壤性质的相关性研究

对洪河湿地主要植被类型物种多样性特征、土壤性质特征及二者之间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:按沼泽—沼泽化草甸—湿草甸—灌丛草甸—岛状林的序列,物种丰富度呈逐渐增加的变化格局,物种多样性、均匀度呈先下降后上升的格局,优势度呈先上升后下降的格局;而土壤性质特征则呈不规则变化格局。植物物种多样性与土壤性质之间只有均匀度与速效氮之间存在着极显著正相关,其他均无显著相关。这说明在洪河湿地,土壤性质不是决定上述序列的植被类型的物种多样性的主要因素,而土壤速效氮含量是影响物种均匀度的关键因素,同时,对其他物种多样性特征也有一定影响。     

Riparian plant species richness along lateral and longitudinal gradients of water stress and flood disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA

Diversity theory predicts that species numbers should be highest at intermediate levels of both disturbance and environmental stress. We examined woody and herbaceous plant species richness and cover in the San Pedro River flood plain, along lateral gradients of water availability (ground-water depth), flood disturbance (inundation frequency), and distance from and elevation above the channel, and along longitudinal gradients of water availability (ground-water depth, surface flow permanence, and rainfall) and flood disturbance (total stream power). Herbaceous species were recorded during four sampling periods, and spatial patterns for this group were time-dependent, reflecting temporal variation in limiting factors. During the summer dry season of a dry year, when overall richness was low, richness and cover of herbaceous species declined laterally from the stream channel with increasing ground-water depth, consistent with the idea that low resource levels can limit species richness. Following the summer monsoon rains and floods, when water was less limiting and annuals were seasonally abundant, lateral patterns shifted such that herbaceous species richness and cover increased with increasing plot location above or from the channel. The relationship of herbaceous species richness with tree canopy cover also varied seasonally, shifting from positive (greater richness under canopy) in dry seasons to negative (lesser richness under canopy) in wet seasons. Longitudinally, herbaceous species richness and cover were limited primarily by stream flow and/or ground-water availability during the summer dry season of a dry year. Following the summer monsoon rains and floods, patterns were weighted by the seasonally abundant annuals, and richness increased among sites primarily with distance upstream (and related rainfall gradients). Richness and cover patterns also varied between years with different flood conditions. During the two sampling seasons in the year following a large flood, herbaceous species richness increased with flood disturbance intensity but declined at the few most intensely disturbed sites, consistent with intermediate disturbance theory.For woody species, richness within plant functional groups varied in opposing ways along the lateral gradients: hydromesic pioneer species decreased and hydromesic and xeric competitors increased with distance from or above the channel, with no overall change in species richness. Among sites, woody species richness patterns were related to water availability, but not to flood disturbance. However, richness of woody hydromesic pioneer species increased with both increasing site moisture and flood disturbance. Woody and herbaceous species richness both increased among sites as a function of increasing flood-plain width, likely due to species–area effects. Overall, results indicate that flood disturbance and water availability both influence species richness of riparian plants in the flood plain of this semi-arid region river, with the relative influence of each factor varying among plant groups and over time.     

河西走廊西段戈壁灌木群落多样性及其分布格局研究

通过野外样方调查河西走廊西段荒漠戈壁典型灌木群落多样性状况,研究探讨了8种典型灌木群落物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与地理因子的关系,对荒漠戈壁植物群落的多样性的保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。结果表明:(1) 8个典型灌木群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数从高到低为:盐爪爪群落>麻黄群落>合头草群落>红砂群落>梭梭群落>泡泡刺群落>多枝柽柳群落>沙拐枣群落;波动范围分别为0.314～1.355、0.179～0.666、0.334～1.222和0.051～0.218,说明荒漠戈壁灌木群落物种多样性指数偏低,群落结构简单,物种组成稀少。(2)不同灌木群落内物种数越多,群落间Jaccard相似性系数越大。大部分灌木群落类型间Jaccard相似性在0.20～0.60之间,群落间相似水平较低,群落相对稳定。(3)随着海拔的升高,Margalef指数、Pielou指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈先增加后降低的单峰型分布格局,最大值出现在海拔2 000 m,且与海拔显著相关(P<0....     

贺兰山针叶林结构特征与种类组成的比较

贺兰山针叶林是我国西北地区珍贵的森林生态系统,本文通过研究其结构特征和植物种类组成,为森林保育提供建议。基于森林结构特征,贺兰山针叶林可分为4类,分别为乔木径级组成以小于10cm为主,以10~20cm为主,径级组成较均衡和以大于30cm为主。分类的结果主要反映了砍伐后恢复时间的长短和海拔高度的影响。根据样方的物种组成分析,共得6个群丛,主要反映了海拔的影响。物种密度以云杉藓类林最低。云杉藓类林向上与高山灌丛草甸交错,物种密度增加。海拔降低,云杉林类型改变,物种密度增加。海拔最低的油松林,物种最为丰富。两种分类反映了贺兰山针叶林不同方面的特征,但也存在联系。海拔高度对于森林结构和物种组成的影响都是明显的,而当森林结构特征类似时,包含的群丛较多,但某一群丛则往往仅属于一种或两种结构类型。     

Biodiversity,roads, & landscape fragmentation: Two Mediterranean cases

The most pervasive threats to biological diversity are directly or indirectly linked to the road networks. For this reason, over the last few decades, interest in the study of the ecological characteristics of the edges associated with roads has increased. This work aims to investigate the effect of roads as a human-induced disturbance on the plant diversity in two managed Mediterranean forest sites, focusing on the responses of plants species richness, evenness, composition and taxonomic diversity.A stratified random sampling was performed in two protected areas located in Tuscany, Central Italy. The species richness, composition and abundance were measured in 53·20 × 20 m plots. Ordinary Least Square and quantile regressions were used to study the effect of the roads on species richness, evenness and taxonomic distinctness, and redundancy analysis was used to examine the species composition. Generalized linear models in conjunction with an Information Criterion-based approach to model selection were used to test the role of road distance in the structure of forest plant biodiversity.Our findings indicated a clear relationship between road distance and different plant biodiversity facets, which showed its maximum effect in the first 0–20 m forest-to-road segment and a mitigation after the 200 m threshold. Furthermore, the presence and abundance of many key forest species, such as Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, were influenced more by the road distance than by other environmental gradients. The few remnants of core forest habitats in the Mediterranean basin highlight the need to recognize that road construction and maintenance have several ecological implications and accordingly require long-term monitoring programs.     

Productivity alone does not explain species richness of ants – An example from Central Persian deserts

The existing literature proposes that productivity is responsible for biodiversity gradients in terrestrial habitats at large extents. At smaller spatial scales, however, other explanatory variables diminish or weaken the effect of the productivity predictor. These ideas have not been tested directly using ant communities. We studied a small extent of the geographical gradient of ant species richness in the Central Persian Desert ecoregion, Iran. We evaluated support for productivity and a series of alternative models with additional variables to examine determinants of ant species richness. Our results supported nine models. The productivity model and the tolerance–productivity model received the highest support. A curvilinear relationship was evident between ant species richness and productivity. In contrast to earlier work, we found that the ant species richness increased with increasing latitude. Our results suggest that in this desert ecosystem, plant productivity is the most important variable that controls ant species richness. Productivity did not completely explain the spatial gradient in ant species richness. At small spatial scales, other variables that co-vary with productivity have significant roles.