Discussion on heat source mechanism and geothermal system of Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin

The Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin together with the alternatively distributed mountainous region shows characteristics that the conductive geothermal resource of the basin has high geothermal gradient, the granite occurs in the bottom of borehole for geothermal exploration, and the convective hot springs in the basin-edge uplift fracture are in zonal distribution and with high-temperature geothermal water. There are still some divergences about the heat source mechanism of the basin. In this paper, queries to the view of mantle-derived heat source have been put forward, coming up with geochemical evidences to prove that the radiogenic heat of granite is the heat source within the mantle. Additionally, temperature curve is drawn based on the geothermal boring and geochemical geothermometer has been adopted for an estimation of the temperature and depth of the geothermal reservoir, it has been found that the surrounding mountains belong to the medium-temperature geothermal system while the area within the basin belongs to the high-temperature geothermal system with the temperature of borehole bottom reaching up to 175-180 ℃. In this paper, discussions on the problems existing in the calculation of geothermal gradient and the differences generated by the geothermal system have been carried out.     

Apatite Geochemical and Nd Isotopic Insights into Trachyte Petrogenesis in the Tianchi Volcanic Area of Changbai Mountain, NE China

We report the oxide, element geochemistry and Nd isotopic geochemical data of apatite in the middle Pleistocene medium- and fine-grained trachyte in the Tianchi volcanic area (TVA) of Changbai Mountain, discussing the relationship between apatite and the composition of the whole rock. The purpose is to use the apatite geochemical data to constrain the evolutionary process of trachytic magma and the petrogenesis of trachyte in the cone-forming period of the Tianchi volcano. Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH, F, Cl)) is a common accessory mineral that occurs widely in volcanic rocks in the TVA. The apatites in the trachyte are mainly subhedral–anhedral, having the characteristics of magmatic apatite. In terms of oxide and element geochemistry, they have homogeneous Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, P2O5, K2O, CaO and heterogeneous TiO2, with high F content. They are generally enriched in Th, U and LREEs, depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and HFSEs, showing negative Ba, Sr and Ti anomalies, similar to those of the whole-rock host trachytes. The ratios of high (La/Yb)N, low δEu (Eu/Eu*), Sr/Y value and ΣREE content in apatite, and the F, Sr, Y, Th/U, La/Sm, and Nd/Tb with ΣREE and δEu anomalies showed a linear correlation, all of those indicating that the host magma has the characteristic of high differentiation. The apatite grains generally having 147Sm/144Nd, 143Nd/144Nd ratios and εNd(t) values of 0.1072–0.1195, 0.5123–0.5126 and ?3.49 to ?0.10, respectively, are similiar to those of the host rock. The Nd model ages TDM1 are 949–803 Ma in apatite. Combined with the εNd(t) value of the apatite core (?7.06 to ?3.49), we conclude that the initial magma of the host trachyte was derived from the partial melting of Proterozoic crustal material and there was an assimilation of wall rocks during its evolution.     

Abstracts of Acta Geologica Sinica (Chinese Edition) Vol.72, No.1,1998

Establishment and Evolutionary Successions of Entomofaunas in the North of ChinaHONG Youchong (Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing, 100050)Terrestrial strata are widely distributed in China, especially in the North of the Chinese palaeocontinent,yielding abundant fossil insects associated with other fossil biotas. Through acumulation of nationwide in-sect specimens and their systematic study for several decades it has been found that the stratigraphic rangeof these fossi1 insects is Upper Carboniferous to Miocene in northern China. In various geological periodsthere appeared various unique insects. According to the history of their appearance, development, flour-ishing and disappearance in geological ages three (Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary) evolutionary     

地质体中氨基酸的研究

A clearer idea about the distribution of total amino acid content has been obtained through its quantitative determination in various geological bodies. Because amino acid content is strongly correlated with organic carbon content in the same sedimentary rock, therefore, an attempt has been made to use their ratio to distinguish the primary types of biological debris in sediment. In addition, the quantitative determination of individual amino acids has been also carried out on several specimens from ancient sedimentary rocks, and the results show that their amino acid pattern is almost similar to that of the recent sedimentary muds.     

Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Exhumation History of the L(u|¨)liang Mountains,North China Craton:Constraint from Fission-track Thermochronology

<正>The Liiliang Mountains,located in the North China Craton,is a relatively stable block,but it has experienced uplift and denudation since the late Mesozoic.We hence aim to explore its time and rate of the exhumation by the fission-track method.The results show that,no matter what type rocks are,the pooled ages of zircon and apatite fission-track range from 60.0 to 93.7 Ma and 28.6 to 43.3 Ma,respectively;all of the apatite fission-track length distributions are unimodal and yield a mean length of～13μm;and the thermal history modeling results based on apatite fission-track data indicate that the time-temperature paths exhibit similar patterns and the cooling has been accelerated for each sample since the Pliocene(c.5 Ma).Therefore,we can conclude that a successive cooling,probably involving two slow(during c.75-35Ma and 35-5Ma) and one rapid(during c.5 Ma-0 Ma) cooling,has occurred through the exhumation of the Liiliang Mountains since the late Cretaceous.The maximum exhumation is more than 5 km under a steady-state geothermal gradient of 35℃/km.Combined with the tectonic setting,this exhumation may be the resultant effect from the surrounding plate interactions,and it has been accelerated since c.5 Ma predominantly due to the India-Eurasia collision.     

Geology and Geochemistry of K-feldspar Veins in Lamprophyre at the Zhenyuan Gold Deposit, Yunnan, Southwest China: Implications for Gold Mineralization

Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits. The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely. Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mineralization, whereas others hypothesize that the formation of lamprophyres increases the fertility of mantle sources and ore-forming fluids. K-feldspar veins, with ages between those of lamprophyres and gold deposits, appear in lamprophyres in Zhenyuan. Therefore, K-feldspar veins are ideal for investigating the relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits. Phlogopite in K-feldspar veins has lower Mg#, Ni, and Cr contents and higher TiO2, Li, Ba, Sr, Sc, Zr, Nb, and Cs contents than phlogopite in lamprophyres. The in-situ Sr isotopic values of apatites (0.7063–0.7066) in K-feldspar veins are within the range for apatites (0.7064–0.7078) from lamprophyres. High large-ion lithophile element concentrations and low Nb and Ta concentrations in phlogopite from lamprophyres, in addition to high (87Sr/86Sr)i values of apatite (0.7064–0.7078), indicate that the magma parental to these phlogopite and apatite crystals is derived from an enriched mantle. K-feldspar veins are genetically correlated with lamprophyres, whereas sulfide mineral assemblage and trace element compositions of pyrite in K-feldspar veins suggest that K-feldspar veins in lamprophyres are not directly related to gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan deposit.     

Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Exhumation History of the Lüliang Mountains, North China Craton: Constraint from Fission-track Thermochronology

The Lüliang Mountains, located in the North China Craton, is a relatively stable block, but it has experienced uplift and denudation since the late Mesozoic. We hence aim to explore its time and rate of the exhumation by the fission-track method. The results show that, no matter what type rocks are, the pooled ages of zircon and apatite fission-track range from 60.0 to 93.7 Ma and 28.6 to 43.3 Ma, respectively; all of the apatite fission-track length distributions are unimodal and yield a mean length of ~13?μm; and the thermal history modeling results based on apatite fission-track data indicate that the time-temperature paths exhibit similar patterns and the cooling has been accelerated for each sample since the Pliocene (c.5 Ma). Therefore, we can conclude that a successive cooling, probably involving two slow (during c.75-35 Ma and 35-5 Ma) and one rapid (during c.5 Ma-0 Ma) cooling, has occurred through the exhumation of the Lüliang Mountains since the late Cretaceous. The maximum exhumation is more than 5 km under a steady-state geothermal gradient of 35°C/km. Combined with the tectonic setting, this exhumation may be the resultant effect from the surrounding plate interactions, and it has been accelerated since c.5 Ma predominantly due to the India-Eurasia collision.     

Discussion on Geodynamics of Three-body Motion

To determine the Earth's dynamics and their equations, which are crucial for Earth science research, this paper analyzes the interaction forces in the motion of a three-body system(namely, fixed, active, and passive points), based on the orbital motion. The mathematical derivation has been conducted strictly according to trigonometric functions with time and space as variables. In spatial transformation, related data items are simplified and replaced reasonably and necessarily according to the physical phenomenon to conduct derivations of planar to spatial transformation, through which the motion point has universal significance. Moreover, the polynomial equation for the dynamics has been obtained. Results indicate that the polynomial expression for the dynamics comprises the tidal force, the powerful mid-latitude Force(PML Force), and gravitation. Gravitation analysis shows that it is proportional to the dynamics quality, the size of the angular velocity of their deviation from the progenitor–paternal orbital plane's center position, and the square of the progenitor orbital plane's distance. However, it is inversely proportional to the distance of the paternal orbital plane and not related to another body's quality. Some past errors are addressed and some constructive conclusions are offered in the discussion of gravitation.     

Research on Effect of SMA Damper in Passive Control

In this article, mechanics model of SMA center tension from damper is developed. According to the theory of Brinson constitutive model and thermodynamics first law, damper thermodynamics non-linear equation has been developed. Dynamics non-linear equation of frame structure under operation of SMA damper and its solution have been worked out; the software of seismic response analysis for frame structure and of damper characteristic analysis have been compiled with MATLAB software, andthe examples have been computed with it. The result indicates that SMA damper has obvious damp characteristics and it can provide with obvious restraint effect for seismic response of frame structure. Decreasing rate of displacement and velocity on top of frame structure reaches 50％-60％. The result is in accordance with other pundits experimentation results, which indicates that the above methods are correct and useful.     

Aqueous geochemistry of rare-earth elements in karst lakes, southwestern China

Due to the unique chemical properties that are similar but still progressively change, the rare earth elements （REEs） are useful tracers of various geochemical processes in the lithosphere and hydrosphere. However, despite many studies of REE geochemistry in the ocean, the aqueous geochemistry of REEs in lake waters has been poorly documented. In the present study, two special karst lakes are chosen as case studies to investigate the distributions of dissolved REEs in lake water. Although the two lakes, Hongfeng and Aha, are both alkaline and have high pH from 7.9 to 8.7 and high carbonate concentrations, the Aha Lake has been more severely affected by acidic mining drainage with high Fe, Mn and SO42 concentrations. In the present study, the concentrations of dissolved rare-earth elements in lake waters were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The result shows that the concentrations of dissolved REEs in the studied alkaline karst lakes, as compared to the concentrations of REEs in seawater, are much lower than the other investigated terrestrial surface waters in previous studies. The key factor controlling dissolved REE distributions is pH value which is negatively correlated with REE concentrations. Due to high concentration of carbonate ion and alkaline character of water chemistry, the shale （PAAS） normalized patterns of dissolved REEs show marked HREE enrichment in all water samples. This is primarily the result of the preferential formation of stronger carbonate complexes with the HREEs. In alkaline or intermediate waters, REE-carbonate complexes are the dominant and typical species, which account for about more than 90% of the total dissolved REEs.     

Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis coupled with chromatography as a thermal simulation experimental method and its application to gaseous hydrocarbons from different source rocks

In this paper a thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis method coupled with chromatography （TG-DTA-GC） has been adopted to simulate the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons from different hydrocarbon source rocks such as coals, mudstones, and carbonate rocks with different maturities. The temperature programming for thermal simulation experiment is 20℃/min from ambient temperature to 700℃. As viewed from the quantities and composition of generated gaseous hydrocarbons at different temperatures, it is shown that low-mature coal has experienced the strongest exothermic reaction and the highest loss of weight in which the first exothermic peak is relatively low. Low-mature coal samples have stronger capability of generating gaseous hydrocarbons than high-mature samples. The amounts and composition of gaseous hydrocarbons generated are closely related not only to the abundance of organic carbon in source rocks, but also to the type of kerogen in the source rocks, and their thermal maturity. In the present highly mature and over-mature rock samples organic carbon, probably, has already been exhausted, so the production of gaseous hydrocarbons in large amounts is impossible. The contents of heavy components in gaseous hydrocarbons from the source rocks containing type- Ⅰ and - Ⅱ kerogens are generally high ; those of light components such as methane and ethane in gaseous hydrocarbons from the source rocks with Ⅲ-type kerogens are high as well. In the course of thermal simulation of carbonate rock samples, large amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons were produced in a high temperature range.     

Multiple Uplift and Exhumation of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from Low-Temperature Thermochronology

Since the Cenozoic, the Tibetan Plateau has experienced large-scale uplift and outgrowth due to the India–Asia collision. However, the mechanism and timing of these tectonic processes still remain debated. Here, using apatite fission track dating and inverse thermal modeling, we explore the mechanism of different phases of rapid cooling for different batholiths and intrusions in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In contrast to previous views, we find that the coeval granitic batholith exposed in the same tectonic zone experienced differential fast uplift in different sites, indicating that the present Tibetan Plateau was the result of differential uplift rather than the entire lithosphere uplift related to lithospheric collapse during Cenozoic times. In addition, we also suggest that the 5–2 Ma mantle-related magmatism should be regarded as the critical trigger for the widely coeval cooling event in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, because it led to the increase in atmospheric CO2 level and a hotter upper crust than before, which are efficient for suddenly fast rock weathering and erosion. Finally, we propose that the current landform of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau was the combined influences of tectonic and climate.     

旋针主折射率计算法的改进及其误差的讨论

Several simplified equations are presented for the spindle-calculation method in measuring the refractive indices of minerals. By two (uniaxial) or three (biaxlal)measurements in two different immersion media, the principal indices of refraction of a mineral can be calculated according to the I.R. of immersion media and the oricntational angles of the nonprincipal refractive incices which I. R. are equivalent to that of immersion media. This method will he applicable also for measurements in solid immersion media. Precision of this spindle-calculation method has been discussed. In general, it sprecision can be compared with traditional immersion method. The author suggests that the major factors effecting the precision of this method are birefringence of the determined minerals and errors in measurements. A table is given of permissible deviation angles for extinction position determination.     

Reliability analysis of geotechnical infrastructures: Introduction

正In the design of geotechnical infrastructure, engineers have to deal with naturally occurring soils and rocks which are subjected to spatial variability as well as other uncertainties such as errors in measurement and in modeling methods. Reliability assessment which provides a systematic approach for quantifying the risk of failure has been shown to be a promising tool for solving these     

湿热水解法测定岩矿中的氯

In this paper, a procedure of pyrohydrolysis-spectrophotometric determination has been estahlished for chlorine in ores and rocks.The catalyst selection and its required quantity,the time and temperature of sample decomposition and the influence of interferring elements and others are also discussed in detail. Because samples are usually fused with alkali, higher blank is an insurmountable problem. However, with our procedure, the above-mentloned drawback can be effectively overcome, and the determination of trace chlorine either in large or in minor quantities of samples also is rather ideal. The determined results indicate that the relative standard deviation in the former is 8.7%, and 4.5% in the latter case. This procedure is simple, rapid and well reproduceable. The detection limit of the method is 10ppm. The results obtained by our procedure are in good agreement with the proposed values from two reference samples in China (DZ∑-1 and DZ∑-2) and one international geochemical reference sample (RGM-1). This method has been proved to be reliable.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115300050

The intense study of coleopteran inclusions from Spanish(Albian in age) and French(Albian-Santonian in age) Cretaceous ambers,both of Laurasian origin,has revealed that the majority of samples belong to the Polyphaga suborder and,in contrast to the case of the compression fossils,only one family of Archostemata,one of Adephaga,and no Myxophaga suborders are represented.A total of 30 families from Spain and 16 families from France have been identified(with almost twice bioinclusions identified in Spain than in France);13 of these families have their most ancient representatives within these ambers.A similar study had previously only been performed on Lebanese ambers(Barremian in age and Gondwanan in origin),recording 36 coleopteran families.Few lists of taxa were available for Myanmar(Burmese) amber(early Cenomanian in age and Laurasian in origin).Coleopteran families found in Cretaceous ambers share with their modern relatives mainly saproxylic and detritivorous habits in the larval or adult stages,rather than wood-boring behavior.Fifteen of the coleopteran families occur in both the Lebanese and Spanish ambers;while only five are present in both Spanish and French.Considering the paleogeographic proximity and similarity of age of the Spanish and French ambers,the small number of taxa found in common at both areas is surprising.The ancient origin for the Lebanese and Spanish ambers,the paleogeography(including some barriers for terrestrial biota) and the local paleohabitats are factors that may explain the dissimilarity with the French specimens.Wildfires are believed to be a more likely cause of resin production during the Cretaceous than infestation by beetles.Current knowledge of the beetle species found in the Cretaceous ambers is introduced.     

Evolution of mine-pool chemistry at the Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada, and its implications for mine decommissioning

The Sydney Coalfield is the largest in Atlantic Canada in which about 100 coal mines with varied lifespan have been opened since 1720. In the Glace Bay sub-basin, coal seams subcrop close to the Atlantic coast and dip seaward. Coal has been mined at 〉1200 m depth and 11 km from the coastline. Deposited possibly under a marine influence, the coals are enriched in pyrite. During mining abundant acidic sulfates such as melanterite, rozenite, copiapite and halotrichite have accumulated in the underground workings due to pyrite oxidation. The dissolution of these efflorescent salts upon mine flooding at closure gives rise to acidic mine pools wherever insufficient acid-neutralizing materials are present. A major challenge of mine decommissioning in the area is to prevent the discharge of this acidic water into the open ocean. Water monitoring in the 1B Hydraulic System, which consists of ten mines connected at various depths by natural or man-made conduits, shows that the mine pool chemistry varies with the mining practice employed. Although coal has invariably been mined by the room and pillar method, the extent of pillar removal varies from mine to mine. In mines with minimal pillar removal, coal extraction could be as low as 45%, leaving much pyrite for oxidation prior to eventual flooding and an acidic mine pool occurs. In contrast, in mines with extensive pillar removal, coal extraction could amount to 85%, leaving much less pyrite for oxidation. Moreover, the extensive pillar removal caused the collapse of the overlying strata which in some areas include limestone. The infilling of mine workings with carbonate-rich material offsets the effects of acidic effiorescent salts and a mine pool with near-neutral pH results. Geochemical modeling has affirmed the control of local water chemistry by the prevalent mineral assemblage.     

Volatile Constituents in Magmatic Inclusions

Laser Raman microprobe has been applied to the analysis of volatile components in shrinkage gas bubbles of individual magmatic inclusions in quartz crystal fragments and phenocrystals from the Mesozoic volcanic complexes of Tonglu and Shouchang,Zhejiang Province.Quantitative analyses are given for CO2,CH4,H2O,CO,H2 N2,H2S, and SO2.In conjunction with the microthermometry and microbarometry data and the chemical composition of magmatic inclusions,the results permit one to calculate the physico-chemical parameters Ptotal,?O2,?CO2,?CH4,?H2O,?CO,and ?H2 at the time individual magmatic inclusions were trapped.Based on the data obtained,some physico-chemical conditions for the Mesozoic volcanic magma evolution in the Tonglu and Shouchang areas are discussed.This work shows that this type of studies has become an indispensable new and rising domain in modern magmatic petrology,especially modern volcanic petrology.It can help us to reconstruct the physico-chemistry of the crystallization-evolution of a natural magma.     

Diffusion of Sm-Nd in Scheelite and its Significance to Isotopic Dating and Tracing

As the principal ore mineral in various tungsten (-gold) deposits, scheelite (CaWO4) plays an important role in directly dating the timing of ore formation, and in tracing associated material sources through the study of its Sm-Nd geochronology and Nd isotopic characteristics. Since the retention of Sm-Nd systematics within scheelite is presently unconstrained, equivocal interpretations for isotopic data resulting from this method have occurred quite often in previous studies that apply these isotopic data. In order to better elucidate the closure of Sm-Nd in scheelite, the kinetics of Sm and Nd within this mineral lattice were investigated through calculation of diffusion constants presented herein. The following Arrhenius relations were obtained: DNd = 4.00exp(?438 kJ·mol–1/RT) cm2/s DSm = 1.85exp(?427 kJ·mol–1/RT) cm2/s showing diffusion rate of Nd is near identical to Sm in scheelite when at the same temperature. However, compared to other rare earth elements (REEs), which have markedly different atomic radii to either Nd or Sm, these are shown to exhibit a great variation in diffusivities. The observed trends in our data are in excellent agreement with the diffusion characteristics of REEs in other tetragonal ABO4 minerals, indicating that ionic radius is a key constraint to the diffusivity of REEs in the various crystal lattices. With this in mind, the same substitution mechanism and a very slight discrepancy in radii will allow us to infer that significant Sm/Nd diffusional fractionation in scheelite is unlikely to occur during most geological processes. Based upon the diffusion data determined herein, Sm and Nd closure temperatures and retention times in scheelite are discussed in terms of diffusion dynamics. Those results suggest that closure temperatures for Sm-Nd within this mineral are relatively high in contrast to the temperature ranges of ore-formation responsible for scheelite-related deposits, and any later thermal environments. It is likely, therefore, that relevant isotopic information could be easily retained under most geological conditions, since initial crystallization of the scheelite. In addition, comparison of this mineral-element pair over a range of temperatures with some other common minerals used as geochronometers (e.g., zircon and apatite) indicates that Sm-Nd system has a slower diffusive rate in scheelite than for Sr in apatite or Ar in quartz, and only a little faster than for Pb in zircon. It should be noted, within most hydrothermal deposits where zircon has crystallized, its size is typically no more than 100 μm, whereas scheelite commonly occurs as macroscopic grains. For this reason, the larger dimensions of scheelite would provide a robust Sm-Nd system more able to resist perturbations, relating to any later thermal process. As such Sm-Nd investigations of scheelite are akin to U-Pb within zircon samples used in isotopic dating. These observations indicate that Sm-Nd age and isotopic information can provide reliable data in all but the most extreme case, especially when data are extracted from macroscopic grains of scheelite that are chosen to be “pristine” (i.e., free of surface alteration and/or fractures).     

Permeability Heterogeneity in a Fractured Sandstone–Mudstone Rock Mass in Xiaolangdi Dam Site, Central China

Abstract: Heterogeneity of permeability in fractured media is a hot research topic in hydrogeology. Numerous approaches have been proposed to characterize heterogeneity in the last several decades. However, little attention has been paid to correlate permeability heterogeneity with geological information. In the present study, several causes of permeability heterogeneity, that is, lithology, tectonism, and depth, are identified. The unit absorption values (denoted as ω), which are results obtained from the packer test, are employed to represent permeability. The variability of permeability in sandstone–mudstone is so significant that the value of unit absorptions span 3–4 orders of magnitude at any depth with several test sections. By declustering, it has been found that under a similar tectonic history, the means of permeability differ greatly at different formations as a result of different mudrock contents. It has also been found that in the same formation, permeability can be significantly increased as a result of faulting. The well-known phenomenon, the decrease in permeability with depth, is found to be caused by the fractures in the rock mass, and the relationship between permeability and depth can be established in the form of logω–logd. After subtracting the trend of ω with absolute depth, the mean of the residual value at each relative depth can be well correlated with the distribution of mudstone. The methods proposed in this paper can be utilized to research in similar study areas.