冲积河流的河相关系

根据河流床沙的运动情况,将天然河流区分为三种类型,并分析其沿程河相关系。     

Magnetotelluric image of the crust and upper mantle in the backarc of the northwestern Argentinean Andes

Magnetotelluric data from the backarc of the Central Andes in NW Argentinawere re-examined by employing impedance tensor decomposition and 2-D inversion and modelling techniques. The data in the period range of 50–15 000 s were collected on a profile of 220 km length reaching from the Eastern Cordillera across the Santa Barbara System to the Andean foreland of the Argentinean Chaco.
After a dimensionality analysis, data from most sites were treated as regional 2-D. The exception was the eastern section of the profile, where the magnetotelluric transfer functions for periods ≤ 1000 s reflect a 3-D earth. Application of two tensor decomposition schemes yielded a regional strike direction of N–S, which is the azimuth of the Central Andean mountain chains. Several 2-D models were obtained by pseudo- and full 2-D Occam inversion schemes. Special emphasis was placed on the inversion of phase data to reduce the influence of static shifts in the apparent resistivity data. The smooth inversion models all show a good conductor at depth. A final model was then calculated using a finite element forward algorithm.
The most prominent feature of the resulting model is a conductor which rises from depths of 180 km below the Chaco region to 80 km beneath the Santa Barbara System and the Eastern Cordillera. Its interpretation as a rise of the electrical asthenosphere is supported by seismic attenuation studies. Magnetotelluric results, surface heat-flow distribution in the area, and the electrical properties of crustal and mantle rocks suggest that the upper mantle is predominantly ductile beneath the Eastern Cordillera and the western Santa Barbara System. This generally agrees with anelastic seismic attenuation models of the area and is useful in discriminating between models of Q quality factor distribution.     

海南岛东部铜鼓岭岸段港湾岸滩沉积特征

海南岛东部铜鼓岭岬角南、北两侧的淇水湾和月亮湾海岸海滩均为中粗砂海滩,其中值粒径和平均粒径主要分布在0~2 Ф之间,反映了海南岛东部动力作用整体较强。月亮湾近岸20 m水深处沉积物的中值粒径主要分布在-1~-3 Ф之间,主要以砾石为主;10~20 m水深处沉积物中值粒径分布在-1~0 Ф之间,以极粗砂为主;铜鼓岭南部淇水湾,以粗砂为主,部分区域出现细砂,反映海滩受到的动力条件不如北部月亮湾海岸海滩显著。造成这种差异的主要原因是铜鼓岭岬角对东北向(主风向)风浪的阻挡和岬角南部港湾有宽广的珊瑚礁平台对波浪的消能。而且,淇水湾海岸北部和南部也有差异,北部珊瑚礁平台受到破坏,对波浪的消浪较弱,从而表现同一海滩滩面物质分布的南北差异。     

Joint traveltime inversion of wide-angle seismic data and a deep reflection profile from the central North Sea

We report results from the Seismic Wide-Angle and Broadband Survey carried out over the Mid North Sea High. This paper focuses on integrating the information from a conventional deep multichannel reflection profile and a coincident wide-angle profile obtained by recording the same shots on a set of ocean bottom hydrophones (OBH). To achieve this integration, a new traveltime inversion scheme was developed (reported elsewhere) that was used to invert traveltime information from both the wide-angle OBH records and the reflection profile simultaneously. Results from the inversion were evaluated by producing synthetic seismograms from the final inversion model and comparing them with the observed wide-angle data, and an excellent match was obtained. It was possible to fine-tune velocities in less well-resolved parts of the model by considering the critical distance for the Moho reflection. The seismic velocity model was checked for compatibility with the gravity field, and used to migrate and depth-convert the reflection profile. The unreflective upper crust is characterized by a high velocity gradient, whilst the highly reflective lower crust is associated with a low velocity gradient. At the base of the crust there are several subhorizontal reflectors, a few kilometres apart in depth, and correlatable laterally for several tens of kilometres. These reflectors are interpreted as representing a strike section through northward-dipping reflectors at the base of the crust, identified on orthogonal profiles by Freeman et al. (1988) as being slivers of subducted and imbricated oceanic crust, relics of the mid-Palaeozoic Iapetus Ocean.     

Simultaneous velocity and interface tomography of normal-incidence and wide-aperture seismic traveltime data

A tomographic inversion technique that inverts traveltimes to obtain a model of the subsurface in terms of velocities and interfaces is presented. It uses a combination of refraction, wide-angle reflection and normal-incidence data, it simultaneously inverts for velocities and interface depths, and it is able to quantify the errors and trade-offs in the final model. The technique uses an iterative linearized approach to the non-linear traveltime inversion problem. The subsurface is represented as a set of layers separated by interfaces, across which the velocity may be discontinuous. Within each layer the velocity varies in two dimensions and has a continuous first derivative. Rays are traced in this medium using a technique based on ray perturbation theory, and two-point ray tracing is avoided by interpolating the traveltimes to the receivers from a roughly equidistant fan of rays. The calculated traveltimes are inverted by simultaneously minimizing the misfit between the data and calculated traveltimes, and the roughness of the model. This 'smoothing regularization' stabilizes the solution of the inverse problem. In practice, the first iterations are performed with a high level of smoothing. As the inversion proceeds, the level of smoothing is gradually reduced until the traveltime residual is at the estimated level of noise in the data. At this point, a minimum-feature solution is obtained, which should contain only those features discernible over the noise.
The technique is tested on a synthetic data set, demonstrating its accuracy and stability and also illustrating the desirability of including a large number of different ray types in an inversion.     

Error propagation in non-linear delay-time tomography

Delay-time tomography can be either linearized or non-linear. In the case of linearized tomography, an error due to the linearization is introduced. If the tomography is performed in a non-linear fashion, the theory used is more accurate from the physical point of view, but if the data have a statistical error, a noise bias in the model is introduced due to the non-linear propagation of errors. We investigate the error propagation of a weakly non-linear delay-time tomography example using second-order perturbation theory. This enables us to compare the linearization error with the noise bias. We show explicitly that the question of whether a non-linear inversion methods leads to a better estimation of the model parameters than a linearized method is dependent on the signal-to-noisc ratio. We also show that, in cases of poor data quality, a linearized inversion method leads to a better estimation of the model parameters than a non-linear method.     

A method of obtaining a velocity-depth envelope from wide-angle seismic data

Summary. Due to the non-uniqueness of traveltime inversion of seismic data, it is more appropriate to determine a velocity-depth ( v-z ) envelope, rather than just a v-z function. Several methods of obtaining a v-z envelope by extremal inversion have been proposed, all of which invert the data primarily from either x-p , or T-p , or both domains. These extremal inversion methods may be divided into two groups: linear extremal and non-linear extremal. There is some debate whether the linearized perturbation techniques should be applied to the inherently non-linear problem of traveltime inversion. We have obtained a v-z envelope by extremal inversion in T-p with the constraint that the inversion paths also satisfy x-p observations. Thus we use data jointly in r-p and x-p , and yet avoid the linearity assumptions.
This joint, non-linear extremal inversion method has been applied to obtain a v-z envelope down to a depth of about 30 km in the Baltimore Canyon trough using x-t data from an Expanding Spread Profile acquired during the LASE project. We have found that the area enclosed by the v-z envelope is reduced by about 15 per cent using x-p control on the T-p inversion paths, compared to the inversion without x-p control.     

Quantifying the relationship between structural deformation and the morphology of submarine channels on the Niger Delta continental slope

The processes and deposits of deep‐water submarine channels are known to be influenced by a wide variety of controlling factors, both allocyclic and autocyclic. However, unlike their fluvial counterparts whose dynamics are well‐studied, the factors that control the long‐term behaviour of submarine channels, particularly on slopes undergoing active deformation, remain poorly understood. We combine seismic techniques with concepts from landscape dynamics to investigate quantitatively how the growth of gravitational‐collapse structures at or near the seabed in the Niger Delta have influenced the morphology of submarine channels along their length from the shelf edge to their deep‐water counterpart. From a three dimensional (3D), time‐migrated seismic‐reflection volume, which extends over 120 km from the shelf edge to the base of slope, we mapped the present‐day geomorphic expression of two submarine channels and active structures at the seabed, and created a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A second geomorphic surface and DEM raster—interpreted to closer approximate the most recent active channel geometries—were created through removing the thickness of hemipelagic drape across the study area. The DEM rasters were used to extract the longitudinal profiles of channel systems with seabed expression, and we evaluate the evolution of channel widths, depths and slopes at fixed intervals downslope as the channels interact with growing structures. Results show that the channel long profiles have a relatively linear form with localized steepening associated with seabed structures. We demonstrate that channel morphologies and their constituent architectural elements are sensitive to active seafloor deformation, and we use the geomorphic data to infer a likely distribution of bed shear stresses and flow velocities from the shelf edge to deep water. Our results give new insights into the erosional dynamics of submarine channels, allow us to quantify the extent to which submarine channels can keep pace with growing structures, and help us to constrain the delivery and distribution of sediment to deep‐water settings.     

黄河下游河床纵剖面形态及其地文学意义

本文通过河床比降和凹度两个指标,研究黄河下游河床纵剖面形态的自动调整作用,结果发现比降和下凹度多年平均值分别为1.28和1.35,偏离均值为1～2%,变化很小,说明黄河下游河床纵剖面以近于平行抬升的形态调整,标志着河道已进入了老年期发育阶段。对于研究河道发育史和老年期河道的特点,以及在治河上均有重要的理论和现实意义     

Approximate depth averages of electrical conductivity from surface magnetotelluric data

This paper presents a simple non-linear method of magnetotelluric inversion that accounts for the computation of depth averages of the electrical conductivity profile of the Earth. The method is not exact but it still preserves the non-linear character of the magnetotelluric inverse problem. The basic formula for the averages is derived from the well-known conductance equation, but instead of following the tradition of solving directly for conductivity, a solution is sought in terras of spatial averages of the conductivity distribution. Formulas for the variance and the resolution are then readily derived. In terms of Backus-Gilbert theory for linear appraisal, it is possible to inspect the classical trade-off curves between variance and resolution, but instead of resorting to linearized iterative methods the curves can be computed analytically. The stability of the averages naturally depends on their variance but this can be controlled at will. In general, the better the resolution the worse the variance. For the case of optimal resolution and worst variance, the formula for the averages reduces to the well-known Niblett-Bostick transformation. This explains why the transformation is unstable for noisy data. In this respect, the computation of averages leads naturally to a stable version of the Niblett-Bostick transformation. The performance of the method is illustrated with numerical experiments and applications to field data. These validate the formula as an approximate but useful tool for making inferences about the deep conductivity profile of the Earth, using no information or assumption other than the surface geophysical measurements.     

风速正弦变化下的非平稳跃移风沙流模拟

 采用有限体积法模拟了风速正弦变化下的一维非平稳跃移风沙流发展过程。考虑风沙流跃移系统的4个子过程,沙粒的流体起动、沙粒的运动、击溅过程和沙粒对风场的反作用。给出在风速正弦变化时,风速变化频率和振幅对于沙粒输运的影响以及输沙率、风速廓线、床面剪切应力以及起跳沙粒数的变化规律。结果表明,输沙率随着振幅增大而增大,随着周期增大而减小;在初始的overshoot现象之后,床面剪切应力变化很小,但起跳的沙粒数随风速呈现类正弦周期变化。     

Tectonic evolution of the North Sea basin: crustal stretching and subsidence

Summary. The lithospheric stretching model for the formation of sedimentary basins was tested in the central North Sea by a combined study of crustal thinning and basement subsidence patterns. A profile of crustal structure was obtained by shooting a long-range seismic experiment across the Central Graben, the main axis of subsidence. A seabed array of 12 seismometers in the graben was used to record shots fired in a line 530 km long across the basin. The data collected during the experiment were interpreted by modelling synthetic seismograms from a laterally varying structure, and the final model showed substantial crustal thinning beneath the graben. Subsidence data from 19 exploration wells were analysed to obtain subsidence patterns in the central North Sea since Jurassic times. Changes in water depth were quantified using foraminiferal assemblages where possible, and observed basement subsidence paths were corrected for sediment loading, compaction and changes in water depth through time. The seismic model is shown to be compatible with the observed gravity field, and the small size of observed gravity anomalies is used to argue that the basin is in local isostatic equilibrium. Both crustal thinning and basement subsidence studies indicate about 70 km of stretching across the Central Graben during the mid-Jurassic to early Cretaceous extensional event. This extension appears to have occurred over crust already slightly thinned beneath the graben, and the seismic data suggest that total extension since the early Permian may have been more than 100km. The data presented here may all be explained using a simple model of uniform extension of the lithosphere.     

Interpretation of long-offset transient electromagnetic data from the Odenwald area, Germany, using two-dimensional modelling

The standard 1-D inversion approach for the interpretation of transient electromagnetic (TEM) data usually fails in the presence of near-surface conductivity anomalies. Since multidimensional inversion codes are not routinely available, the only alternative to discarding the data may be trial-and-error forward modelling. We interpret data from a long-offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) survey which was carried out in 1995 in the Odenwald area, using 2-D finite-difference modelling. We focus on a subsegment of the LOTEM profile, which was shot with two different electric dipole transmitters. A model is found which consistently explains the electric and magnetic field data at eight locations for both transmitters. First, we introduce a conductive dyke under the receiver spread to explain sign reversals in the magnetic field transients. A conductive slab under one of the transmitters is required to obtain a reasonable quantitative fit for that transmitter. Consideration of the electric field data then requires a modification of the layered earth background. Finally, we study the response of a crustal conductor, which was the original target of the survey. The data are sensitive to the conductor, and for the investigated subset of the data the fits are slightly better without the conductive layer.     

Focused fluid flow systems of the Zhongjiannan Basin and Guangle Uplift,South China Sea

In this article, we document a large number of focused fluid escape structures using high quality 2D seismic reflection data and multibeam bathymetry data from a poorly known area at the intersection of the northern South China Sea (SCS) and the western SCS. Three types of focused fluid escape systems are identified and described: mud volcanoes, pipes and associated pockmarks. The mud volcanoes occur singly or as clustered groups. The overpressure driving the mud volcanism is argued herein to be related to the generation of thermogenic hydrocarbons. The clustered distributions are related to localized tectonic uplift in the basin. Pipes mainly occur within the Guangle Uplift or accompany the mud volcano clusters. The pipes located within the Guangle Uplift are attributed to carbonate dissolution caused by hydrothermal fluids. Fluids ascended through these structures and were expelled at the palaeo‐seabed or present seabed forming palaeo‐pockmarks and present‐day pockmarks. Some ‘mega‐pockmarks’ show evidence of enlargement due to bottom currents. The marginal basins of the SCS are petroliferous, with attention gradually shifting to the deep‐water area. Our results show that fluid migration must be taken into account when assessing seabed stability. This analysis also improves our understanding the petroleum geology in the study area, and is also useful for predicating where chemosynthetic ecosystems may be located.     

乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区近地层比湿分布和廓线特征

利用乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区的5座100 m气象铁塔10层比湿数据和乌鲁木齐气象站L波段探空雷达资料,详细分析了边界层2 km内比湿廓线特征,城区和郊区近地层比湿季节变化和日变化特征,揭示了乌鲁木齐逆湿的原因,得出以下结果：（1） 乌鲁木齐市比湿季节差异明显,冬季最小,春季、秋季稍大,夏季最大,夏季比湿约为冬季的4~5倍,但秋季仅比春季大1 g·kg^–1。除冬季外,比湿均随高度增加而趋于减小,夏季减小最显著,冬季比湿的垂直变化很小。比湿廓线极小值白天和夜间出现高度相近,且有多个极小值。夏季和冬季比湿日变化最大,且位相相反;夏季夜间大、白天小,冬季与之相反。冬季,郊区比湿小于城区;其余季节城、郊比湿差异不明显。（2） 2 km内存在逆湿现象,逆湿出现概率高于35%,概率1月最大、7月最小。1月逆湿最大高度超过1 500 m,7月逆湿最大高度可达到1 900 m,且最大厚度可达到1 550 m。逆湿强度最大在7月和10月可达2. 5 g·kg^–1·（100 m）^–1,而1月最小。（3） 1月逆湿往往与逆温相伴随,逆温层改变了水汽的垂直分布结构,从脱地逆温层顶起出现逆湿现象,逆湿还与水汽输送有关。本研究可以有效地揭示空气湿度的季节特征,为研究城市大气污染形成的气象因素提供了一个思路。     

粘性泥石流阻力规律初探

用曼宁公式分析泥石流阻力时,不同地区和不同流域之是的糙率ｎ值相差很大,即是同一条沟的ｎ值也很分散,若考虑单宽固体物质重量和粗、细颗粒含量之比沿垂线分布的不均习性之后,则使单沟的ｎ值点群分布趋于集中,且能将不同泥石流相差数倍数的ｎ值用统一的表达式加以描述。     

东濮凹陷文西斜坡古盐湖沉积的油气储层预测

早第三纪的东濮凹陷是一个典型的盐湖含油气盆地。与传统的“干盐湖”理论沉积模式相比 ,东濮凹陷下第三系沉积组合明显具有砂岩储集层层薄而且少的特点。作者讨论了在高分辨率层序地层研究基础上 ,使用地震岩性反演技术等方法预测东濮凹陷古盐湖沉积超薄储集层分布的实例。在层序地层解释的基础上 ,利用稳定泥岩的区域展布特点 ,使用JASON软件系统的储层反演功能可预测潜在的储集层分布情况 ,追踪含油气砂岩储集层的展布特征 ,预测文西斜坡的储集层展布。     

Analysis of potential field data in the wavelet domain

Various Green's functions occurring in Poisson potential field theory can be used to construct non-orthogonal, non-compact, continuous wavelets. Such a construction leads to relations between the horizontal derivatives of geophysical field measurements at all heights, and the wavelet transform of the zero height field. The resulting theory lends itself to a number of applications in the processing of potential field data. Some simple, synthetic examples in two dimensions illustrate one inversion approach based upon the maxima of the wavelet transform (multiscale edges). These examples are presented to illustrate, by way of explicit demonstration, the information content of the multiscale edges. We do not suggest that the methods used in these examples be taken literally as a practical algorithm or inversion technique. Rather, we feel that the real thrust of the method is towards physically based, spatially local filtering of geophysical data images using Green's function wavelets, or compact approximations thereto. To illustrate our first steps in this direction, we present some preliminary results of a 3-D analysis of an aeromagnetic survey.     

Inversion of seismic attributes for velocity and attenuation structure

We have developed an inversion formuialion for velocity and attenuation structure using seismic attributes, including envelope amplitude, instantaneous frequency and arrival times of selected seismic phases. We refer to this approach as AFT inversion for amplitude, (instantaneous) frequency and time. Complex trace analysis is used to extract the different seismic attributes. The instantaneous frequency data are converted to t * using a matching procedure that approximately removes the effects of the source spectra. To invert for structure, ray-perturbation methods are used to compute the sensitivity of the seismic attributes to variations in the model. An iterative inversion procedure is then performed from smooth to less smooth models that progressively incorporates the shorter-wavelength components of the model. To illustrate the method, seismic attributes are extracted from seismic-refraction data of the Ouachita PASSCAL experiment and used to invert for shallow crustal velocity and attenuation structure. Although amplitude data are sensitive to model roughness, the inverted velocity and attenuation models were required by the data to maintain a relatively smooth character. The amplitude and t * data were needed, along with the traveltimes, at each step of the inversion in order to fit all the seismic attributes at the final iteration.     

Velocity structure of upper-mantle transition zones beneath central eurasia from seismic inversion using genetic algorithms

We present velocity constraints for the upper-mantle transition zones beneath Central Siberia based on observations of the 1982 RIFT Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profile. The data consist of seismic recordings of a nuclear explosion in north-western Siberia along a 2600 km long seismic profile extending from the Yamal Peninsula to Lake Baikal. We invert seismic data from the mantle transition zones using a non-linear inversion scheme using a genetic algorithm for optimization and the WKBJ method to compute the synthetic seismograms. A statistical error analysis using a graph-binning technique was performed to provide uncertainty values in the velocity models.
Our best model for the upper-mantle velocity discontinuity near 410 km depth has a two-stage velocity-gradient structure, with velocities increasing from 8.70–9.25 km s⁻¹ over a depth range of 400–415 km, a gradient of 0.0433 s⁻¹, and from 9.25–9.60 km s⁻¹ over a depth range of 415–435 km, a gradient of 0.0175 s⁻¹. This derived model is consistent with other seismological observations and mineral-physics models. The model for the velocity discontinuity near 660 km depth is simple, sharp and includes velocities increasing from 10.15 km s⁻¹ at 655 km depth to 10.70 km s⁻¹ at 660 km depth, a gradient of 0.055 s⁻¹.