新疆-甘肃北山金矿南带的成矿流体演化和成矿机制

北山金矿南带是西北5省区规模最大的金矿带。选择北山南带的新金厂、老金厂和小西弓金矿床，在矿床地质和岩相学研究的基础上，对脉石英的流体包裹体进行了显微温度计和激光拉曼探针气体成分测定；对石英和矿石黄铁矿的包裹体H2O，CO2和CH4进行了H和C同位素组成测定，对石英和黄铁矿分别做了O和S同位素组成测定。3个金矿床的脉石英含有富CO2＋CH4、H2O溶液以及H2O-CO2＋CH4包裹体。小西弓金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于270℃-450℃，一部分H2O溶液包裹体圈闭了高盐度流体（16．43—18．63wt．％NaCl equiv．），大部分H2O溶液包裹体和全部富CO2＋CH。包裹体代表了中-低盐度（2．8％-13．6％）流体。新金厂金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于210℃-346℃；一部分流体包裹体圈闭了高盐度（10．98％～14％NaCl equiv．）流体，一部分H2O溶液包裹体和绝大多数富CO2＋CH4包裹体圈闭了中-低盐度（2．9％-8．81％NaCl equiv．）流体。老金厂金矿床H2O溶液包裹体的均一化温度主要分布于141℃-400℃，含盐度介于1．4％-8．28％，属于中-低盐度流体。进行了大气降水-围岩^18O／^16O、D／H交换反应模拟。小西弓矿床早期硫化物-石英脉金矿成矿流体对应较高的水／岩比（=0．01—0．05），其^18O／^16O和D／H组成更受钾长花岗岩者控制，硫化物的δ^34S值也接近钾长花岗岩的黄铁矿者，指示热液流体围绕着钾长花岗岩的对流淋滤。成矿晚期，围绕着花岗岩侵入体的热液对流崩溃，矿区围岩内发育更大尺度的彼此分离的弥漫性流体渗透淋滤；相应地，小西弓矿床晚期蚀变岩金矿成矿流体的8D值对应低水／岩比（0．005-≈0．01），其δ^18O值变化范围较宽，受当地中元古界变质岩控制，蚀变岩型金矿黄铁矿的δ^34S值也接近中元古界长英质片岩的黄铁矿者。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿成矿流体的δD值和δ^18O值对应的水／岩值分别介于0．004—0．01和0．007～0．02，与岩浆流体或者下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩和英安岩围岩具有更密切的关系。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿黄铁矿样品的δ^34S值介于-2．58‰和-6．32‰，指示S来源于下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩、英安岩和碳质板岩围岩。3个金矿的石英包裹体CO2（δ^13C=-2．20‰--9．14‰），以及石英和黄铁矿包裹体CH4（δ^13C=013．10‰--27．40‰）不平衡；前者来源于幔源岩浆去气，后者来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或者中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳。3个金矿黄铁矿包裹体的CO（δ^13C=-10．79‰--23．62‰）主要来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳，但是，也混合了较少的岩浆CO2。包裹体CO2和CH4δ^13C值的系统变化，也反映了从岩浆侵位和去气、流体对流，到围岩中流体大面积弥漫性渗透淋滤的演化过程。CH4介入成矿流体，导致流体不混溶和金的沉淀。北山金矿南带的形成既不同于典型的造山带型金矿床，也不同于与侵入岩有关的金矿床。我们提出北山金矿南带的成矿模式为：岩浆去气和流体对流、岩石挤压破碎、流体弥漫性渗透淋滤。     

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床年代学、氦氩碳氧同位素特征及其地质意义

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿位于西南天山西端，受NNE向脆韧性剪切带控制。对绢云母化蚀变岩进行了^40Ar／^39Ar法年龄测定，表明金主成矿时代为三叠纪。根据黄铁矿流体包裹体氦、氩同位素、石英流体包裹体的碳、氧同位素组成，讨论了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿成矿流体的来源。结果表明石英流体包裹体中δ^18OSMOW变化于14．5100-24．2‰，CO2的δ^CPDB变化范围较大，为-8．69‰～＋4．98‰，暗示成矿流体中的碳来源于地幔和海相碳酸盐岩。黄铁矿流体包裹体的^3He／^4He变化较大，为0．04～1．11R／Ra，^40Ar／^36Ar变化较小，介于301～348。综合分析认为萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的成矿流体为地幔流体和地壳流体混合的产物，以地壳流体为主。     

云南大红山层状铜矿床成矿流体研究

云南大红山层状铜矿是大红山铁铜矿床的一部分。其成矿主要分为两个阶段：早期火山喷流作用形成了层状铜矿矿胚。而后期热液对原先的矿胚进行了改造和富集。本文选取大红山层状铜矿中石英脉型铜矿石石英样品系统地进行了流体包裹体的研究,主要发现了富液相（L＋V）、舍子晶多相（L＋S±V）和纯CO2三类主要包裹体。显微测温结果表明,其均一温度在103-456℃之间;盐度范围为0．53％～59．76％NaCl equiv．,密度为0．80～1．45g/cm^3;纯CO2包裹体均一温度为-34．3-20．8℃,对应密度为0．77-1．09g／cm^3。稳定同位素测定结果表明,硫化物δ^34S分布范围为-0．6‰～＋10．9‰,表明岩浆硫和海水硫酸盐还原成因硫参与了早期成矿过程。方解石δ^13 CPDB值范围为-5．6‰～-3．1‰,与地幔碳同位素值（-5．0±2‰）完全吻合,暗示了热液中碳质有地幔来源。根据氧同位素方解石-水及石英-水之间的分馏方程,计算得到成矿流体中水的δ^18 OSMOW值在-1．9‰-13．7‰之间,与火成岩δ^18O范围（5‰～15‰）基本一致。根据矿体地质特征、岩相学、流体包裹体以及稳定同位素等方面的综合研究,本文认为在喷流沉积之后的挤压环境下,从地幔分异出来的高温、中-高盐度并富含CO2的流体和海水一起改造了原岩,形成了变质火山-沉积岩,并使原先的铜矿矿胚活化富集。     

甘肃省文县阳山金矿床地质地球化学研究

对阳山金矿床进行的地质学，地球化学研究表明，矿石中金主要以微细粒金（2－3μm）包裹于毒砂，黄铁矿等矿物之中；矿石中As,Sb及有机碳含量较高，且Au与Ag,As,Hg,Sb等低温热液元素相关性明显，流体包裹体均一温度为150－250℃、盐度w(NaCleq）为1．6％－6．5％，流体包裹体成分为H2O和CO2为主，含少量CO、CH4、H2。黄铁矿，辉锑矿δ^34S值为－3.47‰-- 13.23‰，石英δ^18O值为－3．09‰－＋0．41‰，δD值为－92．4‰－－62．9‰，全岩δ^13C值为－2．19‰--9．14‰，δ^18O值为－13．54‰--9．06‰，反映了成矿流体为低温，低盐度热液，其组成以大气降水为主，并有岩浆热液参与，成矿物质来自泥盆系地层及燕山期岩浆岩体，矿床为受构造直接控制的，与沉积作用及燕山早期岩浆活动有成因联系的叠加改造型微型细浸染型金矿床。     

云南南秧田钨矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

对南秧田矽卡岩型钨矿床的石英和石榴石流体包裹体的岩相学特征研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有3类:富液相、富气相和含子晶的多相包裹体。石英包裹体均一温度范围为232～337℃,盐度w(NaCl)=0.53%～9.98%;石榴石包裹体的均一温度范围为228～306℃,盐度w(NaCl)=6.45%～14.04%。激光拉曼探针分析表明,南秧田白钨矿的成矿流体中气相成分以H2O为主,含少量CO2、CH4、H2S和N2等气体,液相成分以H2O为主,属NaCl-H2O流体体系。成矿溶液的密度为0.72～0.87g/cm3,表明形成这种矽卡岩型矿床的成矿流体均属于中温、低盐度、低密度的流体。成矿压力为18～32MPa,成矿深度约为0.6～1.2km。石英包裹体水的δD为-72.16‰～-65.10‰,δ18O为7.98‰～8.45‰,钨矿床中硫化物δ34S为6.6‰。成矿流体主要来自燕山晚期的岩浆热液作用。     

河南洛宁段河金矿流体包裹体研究和矿床成因

河南省洛宁县段河石英脉型金矿主要包括石寨沟和岭东两个矿区,分别由3～4条含金石英脉构成。矿化过程从早到晚包括石英-黄铁矿、石英-多金属硫化物和石英-碳酸盐等3个阶段．其中中阶段金矿化最强,次为早阶段。各阶段石英中流体包裹体以气液两相包裹体为主．次为纯液体包裹体。激光拉曼测试表明,气液两相包裹体的液相为H2O,气相主要为Ho和CO2混合、纯H2O,次为纯CO2;纯液体包裹体为纯H2O。石寨沟矿区包裹体均一温度从早到晚依次为240．9～315．9℃．188．7～304．5℃,137．3～259．3℃：流体盐度变化依次为（6．74～12．85）wt%NaCl．eq,（2．41～8．68）wt％NaCl．eq,（2．24-7．86）wt%NaCl．eq。岭东矿区均一温度从早到晚依次为303．7-343．1℃,251．8-325．4℃,305．7～355．0℃：流体盐度变化依次为（5．11～11．70）wt％NaCl．eq,（2．74-10．11）wt％NaCl．eq,（0．53-6．74）wt％NaCl．eq。两矿区主成矿期流体均为中温、低盐度,早阶段流体为改造热液和变质热液的混合体,含一定量CO2,且流体CO2含量和盐度从早到晚逐渐降低。石寨沟矿区包裹体均一温度逐渐降低,而岭东矿区包裹体均一温度先降后升,加之岭东矿区各阶段成矿温度均高于石寨沟矿区．表明成矿流体系统主要受岩浆热驱动,岭东矿区更靠近岩体,且在晚阶段又有脉动性的岩浆加热．段河金矿区南部存在隐伏岩体。     

广西乐业林旺金矿床成矿流体包裹体研究

林旺金矿床是滇黔桂地区典型的复合型金矿床之一,具有层位控矿和断裂控矿的双重特点,为揭示矿床成矿流体的性质和来源,对两类矿体中主成矿阶段的石英进行了流体包裹体岩相学观察、显微测温和氢氧同位素测试分析。结果表明:两类矿体中的石英流体包裹体以水溶液包裹体为主,其次是CO_2-H_2O包裹体,水溶液包裹体的均一温度范围为134℃～394℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eqv))范围为1.05%～10.98%,密度范围为0.79～0.94g/cm~3。石英中流体包裹体水的δD_(H2O)范围为-71‰～-57‰,石英的δ~(18) O_(V-SMOW)范围为21.7‰～26.5‰,计算得到流体的δ~(18)O_(H2O)范围为11.7‰～16.5‰,表明成矿流体来源于混合的变质水。成矿流体总体属于中低温、低盐度、中低密度的流体,具有的典型卡林型金矿床的成矿流体特征。     

新疆阿合奇县布隆金矿床成矿流体及成矿作用

新疆阿合奇县布隆石英重晶石脉型金矿床是一个少见的金矿新类型 ,其中流体包裹体类型主要有NaCl H2 O型、CO2 H2 O±CH4型和CO2 H2 O NaCl型。均一温度变化范围大 ,从 1 5 9～ 390℃ ,金主成矿阶段温度集中于 2 0 0～ 340℃ ,流体盐度为 2 .4 2 %～ 1 9.2 9%NaCleq ,但各阶段含石盐子晶多相包裹体的盐度高达 2 9.0 2 %～ 4 6 .2 %NaCleq。成矿流体密度为 0 .731～ 1 .1 32g/cm3 。成矿流体气相成分中以H2 O和CO2 为主 ,含少量N2 ,CH4,C2 H6,H2 S等 ;液相成分以Na+ 、Cl-为主 ,其次是Ca2 + ,K+ ,Mg2 + ,SO2 -4。布隆金矿床石英中流体包裹体的δ1 3 CPDB值为 - 4 .6‰～ - 1 .4‰ ,δ1 8OSMOW 为 1 7.2‰～2 1 .1‰ ,δ1 8O水 值为 6 .7‰～ 1 4 .7‰ ,δD变化于 - 70‰～ - 5 5‰ ,表明成矿流体主要来源于建造水 ,并混合少量岩浆水和大气降水 ,流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩。物理化学条件和流体组成的改变以及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）HP-UHP变质岩中石英脉流体包裹体δD-δ^18O同位素组成及其意义

流体包裹体δD-δ^18O同位素测定显示CCSD石英脉具有较稳定的氢同位素（8D=-97‰～-69‰）和相对较低且变化较大的氧同位素组成，其矿物δ^18O为-1．9‰-9．6‰，相应流体的δ^18O为-11．66‰～0．93‰，说明其变质岩围岩在板块俯冲前曾在地表与大气降水发生过程度不同的水／岩反应，而石英脉继承了其各自寄主变质岩的δ^18O组成；在CCSD纵向上，石英脉的δ^18O同位素组成出现“∑”型变化，分别在900m～1500m和2700m出现极低值，而在1770m和4000m出现高正值，说明CCSD变质岩原岩在俯冲前与大气降水间的水／岩反应受到局部侵入的岩浆岩带来的高温和构造空间的控制；CCSD中石英脉δ^18O在纵向上的变化基本同步于其寄主围岩变质矿物的δ^18O组成变化，说明石英脉与其他变质矿物一样．也经历了HP，甚至UHP变质，但其主体应形成于板块折返过程中HP-UHP岩石的减压重结晶及退变质；CCSD石英脉、东海地表石英脉或水晶矿的δD-δ^18O同位素值分布的不均一性，说明HP-UHIP岩石在板块折返及其后退变质中释放出的流体活动范围有限，没有经历大规模的流动或迁移。东海水晶的流体包裹体δD-δ^18O组成与CCSD石英脉相似，显示它们的成因基本一致，主要形成于晚三叠世板块折返过程。     

豫西双河金矿流体包裹体及稳定同位素研究

双河金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的卢氏金多金属矿集区,为一石英脉型金矿;矿体呈脉状产于中元古代宽坪群石英二云母片岩切层断裂中;金主要产在黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英/铁白云石脉中。以含金石英矿脉为中心由内到外围岩蚀变主要发育硅化、黄铁矿化及碳酸盐化。流体成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以无矿白石英、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物-铁白云石组合和石英-方解石组合为标志,矿石矿物主要沉淀于中阶段。双河金矿流体包裹体类型丰富,不同成矿阶段的流体包裹体主要有H_2O-CO_2包裹体、H_2O包裹体、含子晶(NaCl、CaCO_3)包裹体和含C单质包裹体。显微测温学研究表明,成矿早阶段乳白色石英中包裹体类型有H_2O-CO_2包裹体和H_2O包裹体,H_2O-CO_2包裹体均一温度为220～350℃,盐度为3. 89%～16. 55%NaCleqv; H_2O包裹体均一温度介于220～285℃之间,盐度为1. 40%～1. 70%NaCleqv。成矿主阶段烟灰色石英中包裹体类型包括H_2O-CO_2包裹体、H_2O包裹体、含NaCl子晶包裹体和含C单质包裹体,其中H_2O-CO_2包裹体均一温度为189～345℃,盐度为3. 33%～20. 23%NaCleqv; H_2O包裹体的均一温度介于180～348℃之间,盐度为0. 88%～14. 97%NaCleqv;含NaCl子晶包裹体均一温度为210～359℃,盐度为30. 92%～42. 50%NaCleqv。氢氧同位素研究表明成矿流体来自岩浆水与变质水(δ~(18)O_水=5. 3‰～8. 6‰,δD=-72. 6‰～-38. 4‰);热液碳酸盐的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值为-7. 5‰～-5. 2‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值为14. 7‰～17. 0‰。包裹体及C-H-O同位素的研究表明,流体的沸腾及水岩反应可能是双河金矿金沉淀的主要原因。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.