Waveshapes of continuing currents and properties of M-components in natural positive cloud-to-ground lightning

This work analyses the waveshapes of continuing currents and parameters of M-components in positive cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes through high-speed GPS synchronized videos. The dataset is composed of only long continuing currents (with duration longer than 40 ms) and was selected from more than 800 flashes recorded in São José dos Campos (45.864°W, 23.215°S) and Uruguaiana (29.806°W, 57.005°S) in Southeast and South of Brazil, respectively, during 2003 to 2007 summers. The videos are compared with data obtained by the Brazilian Lightning Location System (BrasilDAT) in order to determine the polarity of each flash and select only positive cases. There are only two studies of waveshapes of continuing currents in the literature. One is based on direct current measurements of triggered lightning, in which four different types of waveshapes were observed; and the other is based on measurements of luminosity variations in high-speed videos of CG negative lightning, in which besides the four types above mentioned two additional types were observed. The present work is an extension of the latter, using the same method but now applied to obtain the waveshapes of positive CG lightning. As far as the authors know, this is the first report on M-components in positive continuing currents. We also have used the luminosity-versus-time graphs to observe their occurrence and measure some parameters (duration, elapsed time and time between two successive M-components), whose statistics are presented and compared in detail to the data for negative flashes. We have plotted a histogram of the M-components elapsed time over the total duration of the continuing current for positive flashes, which presented an exponential decay (correlation coefficient: 0.83), similar to what has been observed for negative flashes.     

广东野外雷电综合观测试验十年进展

雷电野外科学试验是认识雷电发生、发展物理过程及其致灾机理的重要途径,也是开展真实雷电电磁环境下雷电防护技术测试的重要方式。自2006年开始,中国气象科学研究院和广东省气象局在广州野外雷电试验基地,持续合作开展了雷电野外综合观测试验,在人工触发闪电和自然闪电物理过程及其雷电防护技术测试试验等方面取得了若干研究结果。十年期间共成功触发闪电94次,回击电流峰值最大值为42 kA,平均值为16 kA;分析给出了自然闪电预击穿过程电场变化脉冲特征类型和差异;观测发现高建筑物上行连接先导可达几百米甚至超过1 km,其发展速度可达106 m/s量级,下行先导与上行连接先导的连接呈多样性;雷电防护技术测试试验表明人工触发闪电近距离电磁场耦合在架空线路上的感应电压达到千伏量级,多回击、长连续电流和地电位抬升是造成浪涌保护器(SPD)损害的主要因素;闪电定位系统探测性能的评估结果显示粤港澳闪电定位系统的闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%和89%,定位误差算术平均值为532 m,回击电流强度的估算值约为真实值的0.63倍。     

In situ measurements of contributions to the global electrical circuit by a thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil

The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280 kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30–35 km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ± 1.25 A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical − CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit.     

Continuing current in multiple channel cloud-to-ground lightning

In this study we analyze the effects of continuing current initiated by strokes following a new channel to ground in multiple stroke flashes using high-speed video records, electric field measurements from a fast antenna and lightning detection network data. We observed that the long continuing current initiated by a stroke that follows a new channel also obeys the pattern in the initiation of long continuing current suggested by Rakov and Uman [Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., 2003. Lightning: Physics and Effects, 687pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.]. We also verify that the statement of Rakov and Uman [Rakov, V.A. and Uman, M.A., 1990. Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes versus stroke order, Journal of Geophysical Research. 95, 5447–5453.] reporting that: “...strokes initiating long continuing currents tend to have lower initial electric field peak than regular strokes” is valid for strokes that create a new channel to ground and are followed by long continuing current (CC). Apparently the reduction of peak current value (I_p) when the stroke is followed by a long CC is stronger than the I_p increase that is commonly observed when strokes follow a new channel. We also find that the “exclusion zone” proposed by Saba et al. [Saba, M.M.F., Pinto, O. Jr., Ballarotti, M.G., 2006a. Relation between lightning return stroke peak current and following continuing current, Geophysical Research Letters 33, L23807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027455.] is valid for new channels initiating CC, and finally we verify that a number of strokes in the same channel larger than four or the existence of a long CC current do not always consolidate the channel in a multiple stroke flash.     

通道感应电荷对放电活动特征的影响

为探究闪电放电后电荷重置方案中异极性电荷植入法对雷暴云放电效应的影响,利用已有的三维雷暴云起放电模式,结合2011年8月12日发生在南京地区一次典型的雷暴个例,通过控制倍数改变闪电通道感应电荷量进行大量敏感性试验。模拟结果表明:闪电通道感应电荷量对空间电荷结构分布和云闪通道长度有明显影响。通道感应电荷量增加,即空间异极性电荷堆增多,加大空间电荷结构复杂程度;云闪通道在发展过程中难以穿越与自身极性相同的电荷堆,导致短通道云闪频次增加。通道感应电荷累积总量相同,不同闪电通道感应电荷量下云闪频次与通道电荷平均累积量呈负相关,即通道感应电荷平均累积量增大,云闪频次减少。而地闪频次、类型与通道感应电荷量相关性不明显。     

一次多回击自然闪电的高速摄像观测

2006年8月1日在广东省从化市利用成像率为5000幅/s的高速摄像系统观测得到了一次包含有13个回击过程的自然负地闪, 其梯级先导的传播速度为106 m/s的量级; 一次企图先导的传播速度随高度的降低而减小; 一次直窜先导的传播速度随高度的降低而增加。有3次继后回击相对积分亮度的峰值大于首次回击相对积分亮度的峰值。研究发现:此次自然闪电的继后回击及紧跟其后的连续电流过程的发光总量与该次继后回击之前闪电通道的截止时间有关, 较大的发光总量对应于较长的截止时间, 较小的发光总量对应于较短的截止时间, 但两者没有固定的比例关系。     

闪电起始过程时空特征的宽带干涉仪三维观测

闪电的起始位置和起始阶段发展速度是闪电研究中的重要问题。2010年夏季,使用架设在广州市从化区的两套甚高频 (VHF) 宽带干涉仪对闪电的起始阶段放电过程进行三维定位观测。对观测数据给出的地闪和云闪的起始高度分布特征以及起始阶段击穿过程的时空发展特征进行统计和对比分析,结果表明:闪电的起始高度分布呈双峰值特征,分别在5.0 km和8.8 km有两个明显的分布峰值,符合雷暴云三极性总体电荷结构的描述。对起始阶段闪电放电发展速度的计算表明,云闪和地闪在起始阶段的前15 ms内的平均发展速度均在104~105 m·s-1量级之间;多数云闪、地闪起始阶段前15 ms内的平均发展速度表现出减速趋势,但云闪个例中起始阶段前10 ms存在减速趋势的比例更高,且其中在前15 ms一直保持减速趋势个例所占比例也大于地闪。云闪和地闪的起始阶段放电过程的发展方向有向上、向下和水平发展3种情形,可用于指示闪电始发位置的环境电场方向。     

Transient currents in the global electric circuit due to cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning

Intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes produce transient changes in the electric field (E) above a thundercloud which drive transient currents in the global electric circuit (GEC). Using in-cloud and above-cloud E data from balloons, ground-based E data, and Lightning Mapping Array data, the above-cloud charge transfers due to lightning transients are estimated for five IC and five CG flashes from four thunderstorms that occurred above the mountains in New Mexico, USA, in 1999. For the five CG flashes (which transferred − 4 to − 13 C to the ground), the transient currents moved + 1 to + 5 C of charge upward from cloudtop toward the ionosphere, with an average transient charge transfer of about 35% of the charge transferred to ground. For the five IC flashes (which neutralized 6 to 21 C inside the cloud), the transient currents moved − 0.7 to − 3 C upward, with an average transient charge transfer of about 12% of the lightning charge. Estimates for three thunderstorms indicate that the transient currents made only a small GEC contribution compared to the quasi-stationary Wilson currents because of the offsetting effects of IC and CG flashes in these storms. However, storms with extreme characteristics, such as high flash rates or predominance of one flash type, may make a significant GEC contribution via lightning transients.     

天津地区雷电流幅值及累积概率分布特征

为研究天津地区雷电流幅值特征,选取2008—2018年ADTD闪电定位数据,研究分析了雷电流幅值时间分布特征和累积概率分布特征。结果表明:天津地区11 a间共计发生闪电106474次,负闪占比89.26%,远高于正闪;雷电流幅值主要集中在2—100 kA,占闪电总数的97.76%,160—200 kA范围内的闪电次数较少,平均正闪电流强度明显大于负闪电流强度;雷电流强度季节特征较为显著,正闪雷电流强度呈双峰分布,负闪雷电流强度分布较为平均,春季正闪活动频繁,秋季次之,夏季负闪频发,冬季雷电活动发生较少,以正闪居多;雷电流高于25 kA时,正闪电流幅值累积概率显著高于负闪,低于25 kA时,负闪电流幅值累积概率高于正闪。负闪电流幅值的累积概率分布与总闪更为接近,与正闪分布差异显著,闪电总数电流累计概率分布主要受负闪影响。通过对比分析发现IEEE工作组(电气与电子工程师协会)推荐的累积概率分布函数更适合于天津地区,特别是雷电流幅值在25—55 kA范围内时,累积概率与推荐公式基本相同。将天津地区雷电流幅值累积概率公式尝试应用于雷电灾害风险评估中,可为精准确定雷电灾害风险评估参数P_(B)取值,精确计算雷击建筑物损失风险提供参考。     

Investigations of the development of thunderstorm with hail. Part 2. Analysis of methods for the forecast and diagnosis of the electrical properties of clouds

The results of observation of the development of a high-depth thunder-hail storm is presented. The measurements were carried out with the MRL-5 weather radar and LS8000 lightning detection system. The electrical parameters of the investigated cloud obtained with LS8000 as well as their relations to radar-derived cloud characteristics and to the indirect criteria of electrical conditions computed on their basis are analyzed. The possibility to forecast thunderstorm based on different thermodynamic criteria is investigated. The high correlation was revealed between the total lightning current in the LF range and the lightning flash rate in the LF and VHF ranges. The total charge transferred by negative lightnings from this cloud to the ground is equal to 387 C; the average value of charge per one lightning is 0.44 C. Regression equations linking the radar criteria of lightnings and the lightning flash rate are presented.     

架空线路年平均雷电闪击频数计算方法探析

分析了规范推荐的架空线路年平均雷击次数计算方法,提出方法中存在截收面积与雷击大地密度对应的雷电流幅值不匹配的问题。为解决该问题,文章以某一具体架空线路为例,介绍了针对全部雷电流幅值,应用积分法计算年平均雷击次数的方法,计算结果与规范推荐方法计算结果的比较说明了积分方法的精密性及结果的合理性。具体的分析、计算方法为：基于电气〖CD*2〗几何模型推导出与雷电流幅值有关的架空线路截收闪电宽度的计算公式,并通过对雷电流幅值频率分布规律的多项式拟合确定任意雷电流幅值的雷击大地密度,任一雷电流幅值对应的截收面积及对应的雷击大地密度的乘积即为该雷电流对应的年平均雷击次数,在该区域雷电流幅值的分布范围内对得到的雷击次数进行积分,即可得到考虑雷电流幅值分布特征的架空线路年平均雷击次数计算结果。     

广州地区雷暴过程云-地闪特征及其环境条件

应用雷电定位系统和高空观测资料并结合雷达回波资料, 对广州地区雷暴过程云-地闪特征进行分析, 并就有、无云-地闪出现的两组不同对流天气过程的环境条件进行了比较研究。结果表明:广州地区的雷暴过程以负的云-地闪为主, 负云-地闪所占比例在90%以上。云-地闪发生频率与雷暴系统强度演变有直接联系, 对于同一系统来说, 随着系统回波强度的增强, 云-地闪发生的频率也增高。但不同系统中, 云-地闪发生频率有很大不同, 回波强(弱)的对流系统并不意味着云-地闪发生的频率就高(低)。有云-地闪记录的对流天气过程具有更大的垂直切变、更高的相对风暴螺旋度以及更多的对流抑制能量, 云-地闪现象更易于出现在更加有组织和更强的对流系统中。研究还发现广州及周边城市区域对雷暴系统回波强度及云-地闪现象可能有影响, 两个典型个例分析表明, 雷暴系统移经城市区域时回波强度减弱, 云-地闪发生频率减小, 雷暴移过城市区域后, 强度可重新加强, 云-地闪发生频率增大。     

雷暴闪电活动特征研究进展

从一般雷暴、灾害性雷暴和台风的闪电活动特征以及雷暴闪电尺度特征四个方面对相关研究进行梳理.一般雷暴通常具有正常极性电荷结构,云/地闪比例在3左右(中纬度地区),地闪中正地闪占比为10％左右,负地闪位置往往更集中于对流区.灾害性雷暴倾向具有活跃的云闪,低比例的地闪,易出现反极性电荷结构,正地闪比例偏高.闪电活动与灾害性天...     

山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征

利用山东电力部门提供的雷电定位资料,对10次冰雹过程的地闪活动特征进行了分析。通过分析发现,雹暴中正地闪占总地闪的比例平均为57.39％,远高于当地正地闪比例的气候特征值13.48％。地面降雹区基本出现在正地闪密集（活跃）区或邻近区域。在雹云快速发展阶段,地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”;在减弱消散阶段,地闪频数显著减少,但正地闪比例有所提高。负地闪频数峰值的出现通常提前于降雹0～20 min,正地闪频数峰值的出现一般滞后于降雹发生时间。整个降雹阶段对应于正地闪的活跃阶段。另外,结合对卫星观测的总闪电资料分析,发现冰雹云的云闪与地闪的比值远高于一般的雷雨过程,其云闪密度也远高于雷雨过程。以上这些特征对于冰雹的识别和对冰雹的超短时预报具有指示意义。     

人工触发闪电连续电流过程与M分量特征

在广州野外雷电试验基地,对2008年和2011年夏季人工触发闪电回击之后的14个连续电流过程和43个M分量的通道底部电流、电场变化和通道亮度进行了同步测量和分析。结果表明:M分量的电流、快慢电场变化和亮度变化波形均近似对称;触发闪电连续电流过程的持续时间、转移电荷量、电流平均值的几何平均值分别为22 ms,6.0 C和273 A;M分量的幅度、转移电荷量、半峰值宽度、上升时间、持续时间的几何平均值分别为409 A,205 mC,520 μs,305 μs和1.6 ms;连续电流持续时间与M分量的个数、相邻M分量之间的时间间隔均存在显著的正相关关系。     

闪电定位资料对仪征储油罐雷灾成因的分析应用

本文根据多普勒天气雷达回波与闪电定位仪资料,结合雷电现场进行实地勘查的结果,探讨2006年8月7日发生在扬州市仪征油罐雷电灾害事故。综合分析发现当时强对流回波达55 dBz、顶高14 km;在距油罐1 km范围内有闪电13次,负电荷集聚、强度多在20~50 kA之间。此次雷灾事故的直接致灾原因是强大的感应雷电脉冲电流在储油罐罐体与浮顶两根连接电缆上产生较大的电压,导致储油罐罐体与浮顶之间在密封处产生闪络,引起油汽外泄燃爆成灾。为减少此类雷电灾害的发生,提出防护建议。     

DDW1闪电定位系统及性能评估

北京华云东方探测技术有限公司于2016—2018年在广东组网建设了DDW1闪电定位系统, 对一次雷暴过程的观测表明，DDW1定位数据与雷达回波强回波区之间在空间分布上具有较好的一致性。进一步利用2018年中国气象科学研究院在广州从化地区获得的触发闪电试验数据和全闪定位数据对DDW1闪电定位系统性能进行了评估，验证了其探测效率、定位精度等指标。结果表明：对于6次包含有回击过程的人工触发闪电事件，DDW1闪电定位系统全部探测到，地闪探测效率为100%；对于这6次触发闪电中的所包含的27次回击过程，该闪电定位系统共探测到17次，回击探测效率约为63%，对这些回击过程的平均定位误差约为464 m，电流反演误差为1149%；对比高精度全闪探测数据，DDW1的全闪探测效率为50%。     

大兴安岭林区地闪放电特征的观测与分析

利用2009年夏季在大兴安岭林区开展的雷暴及闪电的多站GPS同步观测资料,详细分析了该地区的地闪放电特征.通过对464次地闪资料的分析,发现具有单次回击的地闪所占的比例高达69,且正地闪比例较高,达到了22%.对连续电流的统计表明,约有27%的地闪伴随有连续电流过程且长连续电流过程主要出现在具有单次回击的负地闪中,其平...     

液态水含量和冰晶浓度对闪电频数影响的数值模拟研究

假定在软雹和冰晶碰撞的非感应起电机制为主要的起电机制成立的条件下，数值模拟研究了国际上公认的Fletcher和H—M冰晶产生机制以及云中的液态水含量对雷暴云放电过程（区分了云闪和地闪）的影响。结果表明，随着气压和温度的变化，在两种冰晶产生机制假定下，冰晶浓度分布有很大差异，这直接导致了雷暴云内电活动的差异。液态水含量的增加将使得首次放电时间延迟，同时将引起放电位置的下降和闪电频数的减少。     

2007—2019年湖北省地闪分布特征及雷电强度等级划分

根据2007—2019年地闪监测资料,采用数理统计方法,分析湖北省闪电活动时空分布特征,融合地闪密度和雷电流强度,提出雷电强度的概念,并完成湖北省雷电强度等级划分。结果表明：湖北省以负极性闪电为主,占94.7%,平均正地闪强度为50.2 kA、负闪36.0 kA、总闪37.0 kA。闪电活动主要集中在全年的3—9月、全天的14—20时,闪电活动较弱的月份、时段发生正地闪的比例较高。正地闪强度月变化大致呈“V”型,总闪电和负地闪强度逐月波动变化。雷电流强度日变化主要呈单峰单谷型,正地闪强度09时最大,15时最小,总闪电和负地闪13—14时雷电流强度最小,05时最大。地闪密度和雷电流强度存在地域性差异,整体呈东高西低分布特征。湖北省雷电强度可划分为高、中、低3个等级,高值区主要位于湖北东部的大别山、幕阜山与江汉平原交汇地带以及湖北西部山区向江汉平原的过渡地带;湖北西南、湖北西北以及湖北个别边缘区域雷电强度等级较低;中值区主要分布在湖北中部平原一带。