ANSYS在土洞演化预警中的应用

以桂林某高速公路为工程依托点,在全面分析现有高速公路覆盖地区的岩溶土洞的监测预警技术的基础上,选取TDR监测技术作为主要研究手段,并用ANSYS模拟了TDR监测全过程。模拟结果表明,在基岩面以上厚5.0 m左右的土层中发育有土洞且直径3.0 m以上时,可能对地面造成破坏,当土层厚度不变（5.0 m）,梁的截面尺寸一定（8 cm×6.5 cm）,土洞沿基岩面慢慢往上发育时,随着土洞发育直径的不断增大,地面变形也就越明显,且变形趋势呈缓慢的直线型; 当土洞直径为2.0 m,埋深为4.0 m,或土洞直径为4.0 m,埋深为3.0 m时,梁埋深从2.0 m开始,其变形趋于平缓;当土洞直径为3.0 m时,埋深为3.5 m,梁埋深从1.0 m到3.0 m,其变形量基本相当;当土洞直径为5.0 m,土洞顶板埋深为2.5 m,梁埋深分别为1.0 m、2.0 m,其基本保持一致,分别为6.74×10－2 m、6.75×10－2 m,即达到极限平衡状态,说明监测梁布设在距离土洞顶板2 m范围内时,可比较有效地监测到土洞变形破坏的演化趋势。      

人工抽水引起土洞扩展条件的分析

土洞的形成与扩展是产生覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷的前提条件之一。为研究人工抽水引起的岩溶地面塌陷的机理,用解析法分析了土洞扩展的条件,提出了剥落力的概念,认为土洞的扩展条件是剥落力大于土体抗拉强度。土洞周边不同的点,受抽水引起的剥落力是不同的。随着土洞的不断扩大,剥落力增大。当土洞一旦开始向外围扩展,由于剥落力越来越大,土洞呈现发展趋势。     

基于FLAC3D不同降雨速率下土洞致塌规律研究

针对桂林市临桂区岩溶塌陷易发区域,采用FLAC3D模拟不同降雨速率下的强降雨入渗过程,探究不同直径土洞在强降雨作用下的致塌规律,结果表明:（1）强降雨条件下,不同直径土洞最大位移均出现在洞顶部。降雨速率相同,洞顶竖向位移增长速率随土洞直径的增加呈整体加快的特点;加快降雨速率,竖向位移增长明显,竖向位移与土洞大小呈正相关。（2）相同降雨速率下,土洞直径增大会引起土洞底部剪切破坏区域进一步扩展。上覆土层在强降雨初期主要受到潜蚀作用,加快降雨速率,土洞底部水位剧烈波动对上覆土体产生的水击气爆成为主导作用,剪切破坏速率加快,洞趾剪切应变明显增加,当土洞直径达到3 m时,水位波动愈加剧烈,加速上覆土层破坏。（3）降雨速率的变化对土洞塑性区拓展范围具有不同程度的影响,较大直径的土洞在加快降雨速率时塑性区拓展范围明显扩大,即土洞大小、降雨速率对上覆土层稳定性具有较大的影响。研究结果为定量研究强降雨与上覆土层塌陷的关系提供了依据,对有效、合理地预警岩溶塌陷具有一定的意义。      

膨胀土地区地裂的形成发育及其危害防治

我国膨胀土多分布在丘陵、岗地.膨胀土地区地裂发育强烈地带,严重危害工业民用建筑的安全使用.通过调查研究,对膨胀土地区地裂的形成发育,勘察评价及防治进行了探讨.     

浅层土（溶）洞的地震探测问题探讨

对埋深≤30m的土(溶)洞做了理论模型,并对其进行研究(高斯射线束法),再依据三维地震勘探方法,根据我院在工作中的实测成果,指出了土(溶)洞异常的解释理论要点和解释依据,说明了土(溶)洞在实际工作中的复杂多变性。     

广西来宾凤凰变电站土洞塌陷形成机理及其治理

凤凰变电站位于广西来宾市北部凤凰工业园规划区,占地面积约170 m×160 m。场地属岩溶残丘缓坡地貌,并为土层覆盖。勘察时钻探、物探均未发现土洞等不良地质现象,但在之后的施工期间却产生了十余处土洞塌陷,土洞塌陷密度6.81个/hm2,塌陷总面积489 m2。这类土洞不仅形成速度快,而且形成滞后于勘察工作,很容易造成评价上的遗漏从而引发工程事故。本文从场地岩土结构、水文气象和工程活动等方面阐述了土洞的形成机理,认为场平清除表层粉质黏土,暴露地下峰林及松散岩土,使降雨集中入渗侵蚀,是塌陷形成的原因。根据变电站土洞塌陷机理,提出了增加截水和排水沟、硬化场地等切断水动力条件的预防措施,并对浅层塌陷区采用了毛石混凝土换填、深层塌陷区采用了静压固结灌浆加固的综合治理方法,治理取得了预定的效果。      

岩溶区不同土洞探测方法的对比研究——以桂阳高速公路K23+100～K23+190路段为例

岩溶土洞及塌陷严重影响高速公路建设和安全运营,是覆盖型岩溶区高速公路路基面临而且又难以解决的主要岩溶病害问题。本文在桂阳高速公路K23+ 100～ K23+ 190路段利用地质雷达、浅层地震反射法、高密度电阻率法三种常规物探方法对土洞探测进行对比实验,结果表明: 地质雷达具有精度和效率高、成本低、成果直观等特点,是探测浅埋藏( < 10m)、小尺寸( < 3m)土洞的最佳方法。      

广西武宣土洞发育水动力条件评价

本文分析了武宣土洞发育的地质背景、水动力诱发土洞的过程,在理想条件下,建立了土体渗透破坏形成土洞的管道流机理模型,根据管道流理论,分析得出土洞发育水动力条件表达式。通过自行设计的管道流测试仪装置,进行管道流模拟试验,计算得出研究区土洞发育的临界切应力为21.20 Pa。运用电子扫描电镜技术,测试研究区孔隙等效直径为31.6 nm,计算得出研究区土洞发育的临界水流为0.530 cm/min。对比临界水流和现场监测的实际地下水流,评价土洞发育的可能性。结果表明,目前情况下,地下水流未达到临界值,不具备引起黏土流失形成土洞的水动力条件。     

隆尧地裂的成因

在野外调查和槽探的基础上,分析周张庄一东店马地裂的地质环境、基本特征和形成机制。发现该地裂属于构造地裂。隆尧南断裂活动反映在地表形成潜伏裂缝;连年地下水超采引起地下水下降,受降雨和农灌水渗流的冲蚀和搬运影响,致使地面开裂。建议该区地裂防治以避让为主,并限制承压水开采,加强灾害监测和预警。     

岩溶土洞稳定临界深度的初步研究

在岩溶土洞发育地区进行工程建设时需要确定土洞是否会发展成地面塌陷和对工程结构物稳定性有影响,分析表明土洞临界深度可作为评价土洞稳定和加固深度的依据。本文采用有限元分析方法,以土洞塑性区贯通至地面或路基表面作为土洞发展成地面塌陷和临界深度的标准。研究表明,土洞的临界深度与土洞形状、土洞尺寸、位置和路基填土厚度有关;土洞断面形状为圆形时临界深度最小,土洞尺寸越大,路基填土越厚,相应土洞临界深度越大。      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).