2004年9月2～6日川渝持续性暴雨过程初步分析

2004年9月初,四川省东北部和重庆地区出现了大范围的持续性暴雨和大暴雨天气过程。对这次暴雨过程的持续性原因及其与低涡的关系诊断分析结果表明,(1)8月底从孟加拉湾向东北传播的西南季风的低频振荡使大量来自热带洋面的暖湿空气向四川盆地输送,从青藏高原不断有短波槽东移到盆地上空,使干冷空气和暖湿气流不断在盆地的东部交汇,为持续性暴雨的发生提供了稳定的环流背景和充足的水汽;(2)中尺度对流云团的强烈发展导致强降雨的发生,当中尺度对流系统合并发展为中α尺度低涡后,低涡的发展引起更强的辐合上升运动,为暴雨的持续发生提供了持续的上升运动和有利的中尺度环境场;(3)对流层低层的暖平流和对流层中层的正涡度平流的维持使低涡持续发展。     

一次西南低涡诱发四川盆地持续性暴雨的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°日4次再分析资料,针对2011年7月3—6日四川盆地持续性暴雨过程的影响系统和各物理量作了分析研究。结果表明:暴雨过程中不断有低压短波槽东移南下,西太平洋副高西伸至高原边缘,形成了有利的大尺度环流背景。对流层高层的强辐散与中层低涡的配合,低层强劲的南风暖湿急流与北风干冷气流在四川盆地内交汇,促使西南低涡发展和维持。高低层辐合辐散、对流运动强烈,持续强劲的水汽输送为暴雨维持起到了重要作用,暴雨持续期间产生不稳定能量释放从而又造成强烈的对流活动。螺旋度对暴雨落区及维持有较好的指示意义,暴雨落区与该地区上空中低层正、高层负局地垂直螺旋度中心有较好的对应关系。     

副高断裂前后四川盆地一次暴雨过程的比较分析

利用NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对副热带高压与西风槽典型环流形势配合下发生的一次四川区域性暴雨过程的不同阶段进行对比分析。结果表明,前期暴雨天气过程,其动力条件占到了主导地位,具有明显的经向垂直环流圈和垂直上升运动支,而在副高断裂后较强冷空气作用下,在副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程受西风带槽前的能量锋区影响,动力强迫作用和热力强迫作用激发的次级环流,进一步加强了四川盆地垂直运动的发展;冷空气作用前期的暴雨过程和冷空气进入后副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程中暴雨区域内的假相当位温均强于高层,大气处于对流性不稳定层结状态,对四川盆地暴雨的增强也起了不可忽视的作用,但由副高控制到副高逐渐断裂,湿位涡的斜压扰动是逐渐增强的过程,导致倾斜垂直涡度发展,激发更为强烈的上升运动;副高与西风槽环流形势相配合的暖区暴雨过程水汽主要来自中低层孟加拉湾;而副高断裂后发生在副高边缘的区域性暴雨过程,水汽主要来自850hPa层南海和孟加拉湾,从对流层中到低层,四川盆地东部恰恰是冷暖气流的交汇处,偏南气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到盆地东部,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件,并与对流层低层秦岭附近的东北冷气流交汇。     

副高断裂前后四川盆地一次暴雨过程的比较分析

利用NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对副热带高压与西风槽典型环流形势配合下发生的一次四川区域性暴雨过程的不同阶段进行对比分析。结果表明,前期暴雨天气过程,其动力条件占到了主导地位,具有明显的经向垂直环流圈和垂直上升运动支,而在副高断裂后较强冷空气作用下,在副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程受西风带槽前的能量锋区影响,动力强迫作用和热力强迫作用激发的次级环流,进一步加强了四川盆地垂直运动的发展;冷空气作用前期的暴雨过程和冷空气进入后副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程中暴雨区域内的假相当位温均强于高层,大气处于对流性不稳定层结状态,对四川盆地暴雨的增强也起了不可忽视的作用,但由副高控制到副高逐渐断裂,湿位涡的斜压扰动是逐渐增强的过程,导致倾斜垂直涡度发展,激发更为强烈的上升运动;副高与西风槽环流形势相配合的暖区暴雨过程水汽主要来自中低层孟加拉湾;而副高断裂后发生在副高边缘的区域性暴雨过程,水汽主要来自850hPa层南海和孟加拉湾,从对流层中到低层,四川盆地东部恰恰是冷暖气流的交汇处,偏南气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到盆地东部,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件,并与对流层低层秦岭附近的东北冷气流交汇。     

四川盆地西部与东部持续性暴雨过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料、风云卫星资料和NCEP再分析资料等,探讨了四川盆地的盆西暴雨个例(2013年7月)和盆东暴雨个例(2007年7月)发生的环流背景条件、冷空气和水汽来源、高原对流和西南涡的特征及差异。结果表明:盆西与盆东暴雨过程相比,盆西暴雨200 hPa急流位置更偏北,西风槽位置偏西,副热带高压的位置偏北、强度偏强,西南涡位置也较偏西南;盆西暴雨过程对流层中层有来自青藏高原以西的中亚地区和青藏高原西部的冷空气,低层水汽输送以来自孟加拉湾的西南气流为主,盆东暴雨过程对流层中层只在前期有来自中高纬度的冷空气,中后期在对流层中层无中高纬度地区冷空气影响,主要以来自孟加拉湾和青藏高原南侧的偏西气流为主,低层水汽输送以来自南海的东南气流为主;盆西和盆东暴雨过程的对流活动都有明显的日变化,对流下午在川西高原发展,后半夜至早晨在盆地发展,区别在于盆西暴雨过程有川西高原对流东移与盆地对流合并发展的过程,而盆东暴雨过程中川西高原对流在东移过程中减弱,无与盆东对流合并发展的过程。     

2008年6月广西持续性暴雨的诊断与数值模拟

用NCEP/NCAR全球逐日再分析格点资料和广西区域日降水资料,对2008年6月12—13日发生在广西的持续性暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,并利用中尺度数值模式WRF进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:暴雨过程的水汽来源主要为孟加拉湾南部和南海北部;在强降水期间,暴雨区上空低层为较强的大气层结不稳定区,中高层为大气层结相对稳定区,不稳定能量与降水强度有着很好的对应关系;西南急流作为对流系统上升的触发机制,为广西持续性暴雨过程的发生和发展提供了水汽条件和动力条件。WRF模式成功模拟出本次暴雨过程的大尺度环流形势的演变及中尺度降雨分布,本次暴雨与850hPa上一个β中尺度低涡的生成和强烈发展直接关联。     

干侵入对陕西“2008.07.21”暴雨过程的影响分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年7月21日发生在陕西西南部一次暴雨过程的大尺度环流背景和水汽条件,运用相对湿度、风矢量、湿位涡和垂直涡度等多种物理量场,研究了该暴雨过程中干侵入的机制和特征,以及对暴雨发生、发展和维持的影响.结果表明,此次强降水过程是在高空槽和低空气旋的有利形势下产生的.水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,持续的高层辐散、低层辐合的环流配置保证了低层源源不断的水汽辐合并抬升凝结,有利于转化为降水.受高空低槽发展东移的影响,干侵入在垂直层次上表现为由对流层中高层向低层的注入,水平方向上主要表现为由西向东的侵入,其中在103°E以西地区存在较强的下沉运动是干侵入的载体.应用湿位涡与倾斜涡度发展理论分析表明,当对流层中高层具有高值位涡的干空气侵入到低层时,由于湿位涡守恒特性,引起倾斜涡度发展,进而导致低层垂直涡度的急剧发展,有利于上升运动将水汽向上层输送,冷暖空气相遇,产生此次暴雨过程.     

四川盆地一次暖性西南低涡大暴雨的中尺度分析

利用常规观测、FY-4A TBB资料和ERA5再分析资料,从环流背景、中尺度特征、水汽和动力条件、能量和不稳定条件等方面,对2020年8月14—18日发生在四川盆地西部的一次持续性极端暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：西太平洋副热带高压稳定少动,导致高原低槽东移受阻而稳定维持在四川盆地西部,中低层有切变线和急流维持,配合地面冷空气南下,为持续性极端暴雨提供了有利的环流背景。中尺度对流云团生成、合并、加强,受地形阻挡及副热带高压外围气流、切变线和中尺度低涡的持续影响,对流云团强中心维持在四川盆地西部,是暴雨过程的直接影响系统。暴雨水汽来源于孟加拉湾和西太平洋,在地形辐合抬升作用下,四川盆地西部形成强水汽辐合中心,暴雨过程中各水汽物理量呈现极端性,为持续性极端暴雨的产生提供了充足的水汽条件。暴雨区上空始终有气流辐合与正涡度发展,有利于垂直上升运动加强;暴雨区位于假相当位温密集的锋区中,锋区的动力强迫有利于能量和水汽向上输送,使暴雨区持续维持高能、高湿环境,雨区上空有广义湿位涡异常。暴雨区位势不稳定主要由其散度分量造成,代表水平散度和位势稳定度的耦合作用,位势散度正值区由散度分量和垂直风切变分量共同决定,850 hPa位势散度高值区与强降雨落区有较好对应。

     

1996年7月洞庭湖流域持续性暴雨过程分析

1996年7月洞庭湖流域发生了严重的洪涝灾害。利用观测资料进行诊断分析表明：(1)这次大洪水是由梅雨锋西端高空槽前的持续性大面积暴雨引起;(2)引起持续性暴雨的直接原因是MCS形成后停滞少动,并在同一地区连续多次生消;(3)由于高空槽长时间维持在长江中游地区,对流层低层的暖平流等大尺度强迫使暴雨区能较长时间维持上升运动,同时低层持续强的水汽辐合和位势不稳定能量的输送为暴雨持续地发生提供了充足的水汽和能量。     

基于WRF模式的雅安暴雨数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式对2010年8月21日发生在雅安地区的一次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。对比分析模拟和实况发现,WRF模式较好的模拟了此次降水过程的时空分布,人而利用模式输出的高时空分辨率模拟资料对此次暴雨进行诊断分析。结果表明,青藏高原地形的阻挡作用使副热带高压西南缘的暖湿气流持续向四川盆地输送,在雅安地区上空700 hPa形成气旋性环流中心;主要降水时段内强降水中心从低层到高层均出现了强烈的上升运动,以及暴雨中心上空维持着高层辐散、低层辐合,高空为负涡度、低空为正涡度,且随暴雨过程发展对流层正涡度的加强作用为暴雨的生成和维持提供了有利的动力条件;对流层中低层接近饱和的空气、强烈的水汽输送以及水汽通量散度高低层的配置,为本次暴雨提供了充足的水汽条件;对流层低层大气存在明显的不稳定层结,中层为中性层结,这种对流性不稳定的维持为暴雨天气的发生提供了热力条件,有利于强降水过程的形成。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;