关于我国夏季气候年代际变化特征及其可能成因的研究

使用京津冀地区1970—2015年暖季(5—9月) 28个国家级自动气象观测站逐日和逐时降水资料,分析了该地区暖季及其各月降水量的变化趋势与逐时降水的日变化特征。结果表明:总降水量和极端降水在暖季前期(5—6月)呈现弱的增加趋势,而在暖季中期(7—8月)呈明显的下降趋势,后期(9月)则呈较明显的增加趋势;空间分布上,前期京津冀地区西部大部分站点降水略呈增多趋势,而东北部部分站点略呈减少趋势,中期大部分站点呈减少变化,其中西北部站点减幅较大,后期各站点基本皆呈增加趋势;暖季各月降水的日变化特征为,持续性降水(持续时间在6 h以上)午夜至凌晨多发,而短时降水(持续时间小于等于6 h)主要出现在午后至傍晚,且受气温逐月变化影响,午后短时降水在暖季前期较弱、中期增强、后期再次减弱;暖季前期午后短时降水事件次数增多,午后短时降水多因对流活动产生,有利于极端小时降水强度增大;暖季中期夜间至凌晨的累积降水量在1997年以来明显减少,而午后短时降水事件的降水量减少主要是降水事件次数减少造成的;2000年代初以来,暖季后期降水明显增多,夜间至凌晨持续性降水事件强度和次数都在增加,其中降水强度引起的雨量增量对降水量增加贡献更大。

     

Rainfall characteristics for periglacial debris flows in the Swiss Alps: past incidences�Cpotential future evolutions

Based on observational meteorological data since A.D. 1864 and tree-ring records of debris-flow activity, this paper assesses changes in rainfall characteristics and their impact on the triggering of geomorphic events in a high-elevation watershed of the Swiss Alps since the end of the Little Ice Age. No trends are visible in the frequency of heavy rainfall events, but we observe a reduced number of heavy, short-lived rainfalls in summer and a concentration of advective storms is recorded in late summer and early fall since the late 1980s. These changes in triggering meteorological conditions resulted in a cluster of debris flows in the early decades of the twentieth century and a lowering of debris-flow activity since the mid 1990s, and may be mirroring the observed changes in persistent high-pressure systems over the Alps. We also observe intra-seasonal differences in debris-flow system response reflecting the state of the permafrost body in the source area of debris flows, allowing for very small debris flows to be released by limited rainfall inputs (<20 mm) in June and July. The same quantities of rain will not trigger debris flows in August or September, when a thick active layer of the permafrost body is capable of absorbing water. With the projected amplitude of climatic change, seasonality, return intervals and volumes of debris flows are likely to be altered. RCM projections based on the IPCC A2 scenario suggest a decrease in heavy summer rainfalls which will most likely result in a (further) reduction of the overall frequency of debris flows, leaving more time for sediment to accumulate in the channel. Such an increase of channel accumulation rates along with the projected destabilization of the steep rock-glacier body is likely, in turn, to exert control ultimately on sediment volumes released from the source areas during future events. Observations from adjacent catchments suggest that extremely large debris flows, beyond historical experience, could occur at the study site and in similar debris-flow systems of the Valais Alps originating from periglacial environments.     

2012年4—10月我国主要暴雨天气过程简述

利用中国大陆2 400多站日降水资料和常规探空资料,以1981—2010年30 a平均降水量为气候态,统计2020年4—10月我国主要暴雨天气过程,概述各主要暴雨过程的降水分布和天气形势特征。结果表明：2020年4—10月我国共出现188个暴雨日、41次主要暴雨过程。2020年5—9月,月平均降水较常年同期平均值明显偏多,6—7月,长江中下游和江淮地区出现超强梅雨,月累计降水量较常年同期基本偏多5成以上,部分地区偏多2倍以上。2020年4—10月我国共出现28站次特大暴雨。8月四川强降水频发,引发内涝和山体滑坡等次生灾害。年内最大日降水量423.2 mm出现在8月10日的四川芦山。6月7—10日,广东龙门出现年内最大过程降水量667.9 mm。2020年共有8个台风影响我国,其中5个台风在我国登陆。台风整体偏弱,但8月下旬至9月上旬,东北地区连续遭受3个台风袭击。

     

Regional trends in recent precipitation indices in China

Summary Regional characteristics of recent precipitation indices in China were analyzed from a daily rainfall dataset based on 494 stations during 1961 to 2000. Some indices such as precipitation percentiles, precipitation intensity, and precipitation persistence were used and their inter-decadal differences were shown in this study. Over the last 40 years, precipitation indices in China showed increasing and decreasing trends separated into three main regions. A decreasing trend of annual precipitation and summer precipitation was observed from the southern part of northeast China to the mid-low Yellow River valley and the upper Yangtze River valley. This region also showed a decreasing trend in precipitation intensity and a decreasing trend in the frequency of persistent wet days. On the other hand, increasing trends in precipitation intensity were found in the Xinjiang region (northwest China), the northern part of northeast China, and southeast China, mainly to the south of the mid-low Yangtze River. The indices of persistent wet days and strong rainfall have contributed to the increasing frequency of floods in southeast China and the Xinjiang region in the last two decades. Persistent dry days and weakening rainfall have resulted in the increasing frequency of drought along the Yellow River valley including North China. Regional precipitation characteristics and trends in precipitation indices indicate the climate state variations in the last four decades. A warm-wet climate state was found in northwest China and in the northern part of northeast China. A warm-dry climate state extends from the southern part of northeast China to the Yellow River valley, while a cool-wet summer was found in southeast China, particularly in the mid-low Yangtze River valley over the last two decades.     

近50a华东地区夏季极端降水事件的年代际变化

利用中国华东地区90站点1960--2009年夏季（6—8月）逐日降水资料,分析了近50a来华东地区各类极端降水事件的强度和发生频次的年代际变化。结果表明：华东地区极端降水事件年代际变化特征明显。近20a来,不论是极端降水事件的平均强度还是发生次数都要明显高于前30a;1990年代是极端事件多发且强度较强的年代;华东区域极端强降水过程事件的连续降水日数多在9d以下,而极端连续降水日数事件基本在9d以上;较之华东地区其他区域,福建地区存在更多的强度大、持续久的降水过程;华东地区最大极端降水量出现在江西北部与安徽南部的交界区域。极端降水事件频发带存在南北摆动的年代际变化,这一特征在极端日降水事件和极端强降水过程事件上表现得更为明显。同时,存在两个极端事件频发带,分别位于长江流域附近。在后3个年代,这两个频发带呈现出分一合一分的年代际变化特征。     

四川省康定市泥石流灾害与降水预报阈值确定

通过对康定市历史泥石流灾害资料与历史气象降雨资料进行统计分析,揭示了康定市泥石流灾害与降雨的关系特征,并在此基础上,研制了康定市1h、3h降雨量诱发泥石流预警指标。结果表明：康定市境内各地均有发生泥石流灾害的可能性,东部地区是泥石流的高易发区。康定市境内泥石流灾害发生与当日降雨量、短时强降雨、前期有效降雨量关系密切。降雨量大且降雨强度强的月份（6~8月）易发生泥石流灾害。短时强降水的强度越大,发生灾害的风险越大,强降水出现频率最高的时段（19:00~02:00）也是泥石流高发时段。当降水强度<10mm/h和20mm/3h时,有出现泥石流的可能性,泥石流灾害气象风险等级为4~5级;当降水强度达到10~20mm/h、21~35mm/3h时,发生泥石流的可能性较大,风险等级为3级;当降水强度达到21~35mm/h、36~50mm/3h时,泥石流发生的可能性大,风险等级为2级;当降水强度>35mm/h、50mm/3h时,泥石流发生的可能性极大,风险等级为1级。     

基于CLDAS的贺兰山区5—9月降水时空分布特征及其与地形的关系分析

利用2008—2016年5—9月中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)格点融合分析降水资料以及降水观测资料,在对CLDAS格点降水融合资料进行验证的基础上,对贺兰山区降水时空分布特征以及与地形的关系进行了分析。结果表明：贺兰山区降水呈“东多西少、南多北少”的分布特征,贺兰山主峰偏西0.1°存在一个超过240 mm的降水高值中心,日降水量极值西侧高于东侧。8月降水量和短时强降水次数最多,11:00—18:00降水次数最多,午后到前半夜短时强降水次数最多。贺兰山区降水以小雨为主,其次是中雨,中雨和小雨雨量占区域总雨量的比例高达85%。贺兰山区降水量随海拔高度的增加而增加,西坡降水随高度的增加率为5.1 mm/hm,东坡降水随高度的增加率为2.1 mm/hm,西坡明显高于东坡。中雨日数与地形高度的相关性较好,其它级别降雨日数与地形相关性不强。     

中国主要河流流域极端降水变化特征

利用中国1956-2008年逐日降水量资料,以全国主要河流流域为研究区域,分析了年最大日降水量、年暴雨（日降水量≥50.0 mm）日数的多年平均状况及长期变化趋势。分析表明,近53年,全国平均年最大日降水量没有明显的线性变化趋势,但全国范围内多数气象站点年最大日降水量呈现出增加趋势,并存在南方流域增加、北方流域减少的变化趋势,这种变化特征在2001年以来表现更加突出。全国平均年暴雨日数呈不显著的增多趋势,20世纪90年代最多,70年代最少。空间上,我国南北方流域年暴雨日数呈现相反的变化特征,南方流域多呈上升趋势,北方流域呈减少趋势。     

Is the response of hill slope debris flows to recent climate change univocal? A case study in the Massif des Ecrins (French Alps)

To assess the impacts of future climatic change, we need a better understanding of the relationships between debris flows dynamic and the climate. The subject of this paper is the variability in the response of debris flows to climatic change in recent decades in the Massif des Ecrins (French Alps). The climatic trend observed in the French Alps was characterized by analyzing data on extreme summer rainfall events recorded daily at nine stations located all over the Massif des Ecrins since 1960. According to the generalized Pareto law (GPD) our results showed that extreme summer rainfalls have increased significantly in the Massif des Ecrins since the 1980s. Statistical tests showed a significant increase in average annual air temperature. The response of 647 hill slope debris flows to this climatic change was investigated. Different types of hill slope debris flows were analyzed as a function of their lithology or the nature of the accumulated debris. A number of logistic regression based models were developed to characterize the relationship between climate and the occurrence of debris flows in a specific geomorphological context. Analysis of frequency and return period over the last two decades showed different patterns depending on the type of debris flow concerned. Hence, the response of hill slope debris flows to climatic change is not the same everywhere in the Massif des Ecrins.     

近50年来中国极端降水趋势与物理成因研究综述

2021年8月11日20时—12日20时（北京时,下同）湖北北部发生极端降水,24 h降水量最大达518.5 mm,1 h降水量最大达117.9 mm,造成了严重灾害。基于常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,采用统计学方法和天气学诊断分析法,对该过程极端降水的特征及天气学成因进行初步分析。利用常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对2021年8月12日湖北省北部极端降水特征及其中尺度演变特征、环流形势和物理量极端性的天气学成因进行初步分析。结果表明：（1）不同区域降水性质不同,总体有累计降水量大、小时雨强强、降水时段集中、极端性突出、致灾性强等特点。（2）β中尺度对流云团发展迅速、持续时间长、东移速度慢是造成此次极端降水的主要因素。（3）高层南亚高压、高空急流以及中层副热带高压和低槽是主要影响系统,中低层切变线、低层低涡以及偏东急流是直接参与者。（4）925—850 hPa低涡和偏东急流异常强盛且长时间维持,导致低层形成强动力辐合中心和强水汽辐合中心,有利于700 hPa以下上升运动发展和维持。偏东急流也有利于低层能量锋加强南压以及θ_se高能区和对流不稳定层结的建立,促进对流性强降水的发生发展。（5）925—850 hPa的涡度、垂直速度、比湿和整层可降水量均表现出异常的极端性,且其异常度演变趋势与雨强演变趋势基本一致。

     

Impacts of Urbanization on the Precipitation Characteristics in Guangdong Province,China

With the development of urbanization, whether precipitation characteristics in Guangdong Province, China, from 1981 to 2015 have changed are investigated using rain gauge data from 76 stations. These characteristics include annual precipitation, rainfall frequency, intense rainfall(defined as hourly precipitation ≥ 20 mm), light precipitation(defined as hourly precipitation ≤ 2.5 mm), and extreme rainfall(defined as hourly rainfall exceeding the 99.9 th percentile of the hourly rainfall distribu...     

中国云南小江流域泥石流暴发与ENSO的关联性

选取典型泥石流发育区云南小江流域为研究对象,利用典型泥石流沟滇北小江流域蒋家沟的长期观测资料,分析了小江流域泥石流暴发与该流域邻近的沾益及会泽常规气象站夏季（6—8月）降水的关系,以及小江流域及其周边地区夏季降水与ENSO的关系。结果表明,蒋家沟泥石流暴发的次数与夏季降水量有显著的正相关关系,而夏季降水和前期的Nino3区海表温度（SST）呈显著的负相关;每年泥石流发生的次数与首场泥石流发生的早晚关系密切,而激发首场泥石流的降水量与冬春Nino3区SST呈负相关;泥石流暴发次数与大雨日数关系密切,而大雨日数与Nino3区SST具有较好的对应关系。这说明冬春季Nino3区SST对小江流域泥石流的暴发次数有显著的影响,形成了ENSO与小江流域及蒋家沟泥石流发生的关联性。分析结果亦表明,Nino3区1月SST与当年蒋家沟泥石流次数具有显著的负相关关系,El Ni?o位相年泥石流少发而La Ni?a位相年泥石流多发。Nino3区SST变化最少要超前泥石流暴发4个月,因而ENSO可以为云南北部泥石流的预测预报提供一种指标信息,从而有可能利用ENSO冬季信息来预测小江流域及其周边地区（滇北）当年夏季泥石流活动。     

Recent trends in observed temperature and precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River basin,China

Summary The present study is an analysis of the observed extreme temperature and precipitation trends over Yangtze from 1960 to 2002 on the basis of the daily data from 108 meteorological stations. The intention is to identify whether or not the frequency or intensity of extreme events has increased with climate warming over Yangtze River basin in the last 40 years. Both the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and simple linear regression were utilized to detect monotonic trends in annual and seasonal extremes. Trend tests reveal that the annual and seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature trend is characterized by a positive trend and that the strongest trend is found in the winter mean minimum in the Yangtze. However, the observed significant trend on the upper Yangtze reaches is less than that found on the middle and lower Yangtze reaches and for the mean maximum is much less than that of the mean minimum. From the basin-wide point of view, significant increasing trends are observed in 1-day extreme temperature in summer and winter minimum, but there is no significant trend for 1-day maximum temperature. Moreover, the number of cold days ≤0 °C and ≤10 °C shows significant decrease, while the number of hot days (daily value ≥35 °C) shows only a minor decrease. The upward trends found in the winter minimum temperature in both the mean and the extreme value provide evidence of the warming-up of winter and of the weakening of temperature extremes in the Yangtze in last few decades. The monsoon climate implies that precipitation amount peaks in summer as does the occurrence of heavy rainfall events. While the trend test has revealed a significant trend in summer rainfall, no statistically significant change was observed in heavy rain intensity. The 1-day, 3-day and 7-day extremes show only a minor increase from a basin-wide point of view. However, a significant positive trend was found for the number of rainstorm days (daily rainfall ≥50 mm). The increase of rainstorm frequency, rather than intensity, on the middle and lower reaches contributes most to the positive trend in summer precipitation in the Yangtze.     

河套地区大雨以上降水日数的气候变化特征分析

基于河南省111个气象站1971—2010年的逐日降水数据,分析了河南省夏季不同强度降水事件的时空演特征。结果表明：近40 a来,河南省夏季降雨量整体呈上升趋势,各等级降水事件对夏季降雨量贡献率依次是：小雨、中雨、大雨及暴雨,其中小雨和中雨对夏季降雨量的贡献呈下降趋势,而大雨和暴雨对夏季降雨量的贡献呈上升趋势;大部分区域在降雨量增加同时,降雨日数却在减少,即降雨呈现出极端化发展的趋势。借助小波分析表明,降雨量、降雨日数和降雨强度均表现出2~3 a左右的低频振荡周期,且降雨量和降雨日数的周期具有较好的一致性。为探究降水变化成因,本文对河南省夏季旱涝年大气环流场进行了合成分析,分析表明：偏旱年其500 hPa高空的100°E）以东大部分区域为位势高度正距平区,不利于东部的冷空气南下,850 hPa低空盛行偏北风且多下沉运动,水汽较难输送到河南省上空;而偏涝年高空110°E以东为位势高度负距平区,短波槽活动频繁,110°E以西为高压脊区,其低空多偏南风,有利于孟加拉湾的暖湿气流北上,配合较强的垂直上升运动,旺盛的对流和充足的水汽均利于降水过程的发生。

     

江苏省近45a极端气候的变化特征

利用江苏省35个测站1960—2004年45 a的逐日最高温度、最低温度、日降水量资料集,分析了近45 a江苏省极端高温、极端低温以及极端降水的基本变化特征。结果表明:(1)多年平均年极端高温的空间分布表现为西高东低,而极端低温则表现为自北向南的显著增加,极端降水的发生频次自南向北逐渐减少;(2)极端高温在江苏中部以及南部大部分地区有上升趋势,而西北地区则有弱的下降趋势;全省极端低温表现为显著的升高趋势;极端降水频次在南部地区有增加的趋势,北部减少趋势,中部则无变化趋势。(3)江苏极端高温、低温和极端降水的年际和年代际变化具有区域性差异,其中极端降水频次变化的区域性差异最为明显。     

基于集合预报的四川夏季强降水订正试验

四川历来多暴雨洪涝,然而其发生具有很多不确定的因素,预报难度很大。从观测与模式预报的累积概率密度函数角度出发,利用2007—2012年6—8月中国降水观测格点资料和2012—2013年6—8月ECMWF模式集合预报资料,探索了一种提高四川地区强降水预报准确率的方法——概率阈值订正法,并运用该方法对2012年6—8月盆地东部的降水过程进行批量试验。试验结果表明:订正后的模式预报相比订正前的预报而言,不仅强降水落区更接近实况,而且较大程度地延长了预报时效,能提前6~7天给出强降水过程的警示信息,经过订正后显著提升了ECMWF模式的降水预报水平。      

1960-2011年辽宁省大暴雨时空分布特征

利用1960-2011年辽宁省61个国家气象站地面20-20时降水及逐小时降水观测资料,统计分析辽宁大暴雨时空分布特征。结果表明：辽宁省年平均大暴雨日数为6.5 d,年平均影响范围为17.5站次,两个大暴雨多发区分别位于辽宁东南部和南至西南沿海地区。辽宁东南部大暴雨多发区由于受台风、江淮气旋、华北气旋和蒙古气旋等多种系统及地形影响,易出现区域性和局地性大暴雨,大暴雨发生次数较多,降水量变化较大;降水量和降雨强度极值均较大,大暴雨中心出现在凤城,降雨强度最大达212 mm/h^-1。南至西南沿海大暴雨多发区易受台风和华北气旋及地形影响,以区域性大暴雨为主,降水量和降雨强度极值也较大,但最大降水量和降雨强度极值均与大暴雨日数的中心不一致。区域性大暴雨的降水量极值对大暴雨降水量极值的贡献最大。大暴雨平均降雨强度的逐时变化呈单峰型分布,08时降雨强度达最强,20时降雨强度最弱。辽宁省大暴雨日集中出现在7月下旬至8月上旬,8月大暴雨日略多于7 月。最早和最晚区域性大暴雨均是受江淮气旋影响,并出现在辽宁省南部地区。大暴雨日数具有明显的周期变化,主要年代际变化周期为10 a。区域性和局地性大暴雨主要周期分别为36 a和10 a。预计未来6 a辽宁省仍处于大暴雨较多的阶段,并可能多以局地性大暴雨的形式出现。     

江淮地区极端降水特征及其变化趋势的研究

利用1961~2011年江淮地区5~9月无缺测的71站逐日降水资料,做基于POT(Peaks-Over-Threshold)的广义Pareto分布(GPD),研究江淮地区极端降水的分布特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:(1)皖赣交界处阈值最大,西北和东南部较小,且江淮大部分地区阈值的线性趋势系数为正,其中湖北东部和江西北部的站点,趋势达0.8 mm(10 a)-1以上,并通过了显著性水平0.01的MK(Mann-Kendall)检验。(2)江淮地区中东部多存在连续性极端降水,因此文中采用基于极值指数的自动分串技术获得近似独立的极值样本。(3)尺度参数大值区位于江淮南部,西北、东南以及淮河以北较小,且线性趋势系数在大部分地区均表现为正值,表明出现降水极大值的概率增加。(4)皖赣鄂交界处是极端降水发生概率大值区,而西北、东南及安徽中部地区较小,且极端降水在大部分地区有增加的趋势,特别是在大别山附近及河南东部,2年和20年重现水平的趋势分别达6 mm(10 a)-1和20 mm(10 a)-1以上。     

乌鲁木齐夏半年降水演变及可能最大降水估算

对乌鲁木齐4-9月夏半年大雨以上降水各年代际降水量和降水日数统计分析表明：除20世纪60年代外,乌鲁木齐4-9月各年代大雨以上降水占总降水量的40％以上。大雨以上降水量和降水日数都呈增加趋势,2000年以后大雨以上降水量和暴雨次数都达到最大值。在此基础上,采用水文气象学的原理和方法对当地暴雨进行水汽效率放大和水汽输送率放大,推求乌鲁木齐1、2、3d的可能最大降水量,对比两种放大方法,采用水汽效率放大,1d可能最大降水为102mm。并用极值分布法推求乌鲁木齐最大日降水量重现期。为防汛抗灾提供了可靠的气象决策依据,最大可能降低了暴雨洪涝灾害造成的损失。     

太行山地形影响下的极端短时强降水分析

2015年8月2日午夜和2011年8月9日前半夜,在两种不同天气系统背景下太行山东麓都出现了小时雨量超过50 mm的极端短时强降水天气,两次过程都是雷暴先在太行山区触发加强,经过下山2 h先后在丘陵站平山和山前平原站石家庄市区产生极端短时强降水。利用常规探测资料、地面加密观测资料、石家庄SA多普勒天气雷达资料,对不同天气系统背景下太行山特殊地形影响的极端短时强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:偏东气流被南北向的太行山地形强迫抬升,且与下山雷暴出流形成中尺度辐合线触发新的雷暴,雷达回波呈现后向传播特征和列车效应造成局地极端短时强降水。太行山地形通过增强辐合上升运动、增大垂直风切变使雷暴下山加强。不同天气系统强迫下,太行山特殊地形对雷暴发展作用不同。在偏西气流引导下,暖区极端短时强降水由阵风锋触发,具有突发性、降水时间短、伴随风力大的特点,下山雷暴出流加快且与山前偏东风的辐合加强,陆续在丘陵区和山前平原触发对流与下山雷暴合并加强造成极端短时强降水;而在东北气流引导下,回流冷锋和阵风锋共同触发的极端短时强降水具有持续时间较长、降雨总量较大、伴随风力较小的特点,太行山东坡对东北冷湿回流有阻挡积聚作用,东北偏北来的雷暴出流边界西端在迎风坡上强迫抬升使雷暴触发并加强,东北气流遇山后发生气旋性偏转使雷暴出流转向东南下山,与平原的偏东风辐合加强,造成丘陵区和山前平原的总降雨时间更长、降雨总量更大。