黄土高原丘陵沟壑区城市土地持续利用评价研究

从城市用地规模结构合理性、经济可行性、社会可接受度、对区域环境影响4个方面选择了32个因素作为参评因子,利用层次分析法、线性加权函数建立黄土高原丘陵沟壑区城市土地利用评价指标体系数学模型,并对定西市2006年城市土地可持续利用状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,2006年定西市土地利用处于非可持续利用阶段,并针对评价结果,提出可持续利用具体对策,为相关工作提供参考。     

河南省农业土地资源持续利用研究

对河南省农业土地资源利用中的主要问题及其形成原因进行了分析，提出了农业土地持续利用的措施。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用变化对水沙关系的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区内相邻的2条支沟(桥子东沟和桥子西沟)为研究对象,基于遥感影像获得土地利用数据,利用水文站1986-2004年观测的次降雨-径流-泥沙过程资料,研究了小流域土地利用变化(主要以增加水土保持措施为主)对径流输沙的影响。结果表明:在黄土丘陵沟壑区,增加土地利用/土地覆被能够有效地减少小流域的径流量、产沙量;在次降雨量、降雨强度较小,土地利用变化不明显的情况下,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异不显著,在次降雨量、降雨强度较大和土地利用变化明显时,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异显著,坡耕地改梯田的农田水利建设可能是导致水沙变化的主要原因。     

黄河三角洲土地持续利用优化分析

在黄河三角洲主体东营市土地利用现状和变化特征分析的基础上 ,提出了因地制宜、发挥优势、突出综合效益和保护生态环境的土地持续利用优化原则与目标 ;按土地利用类型进行了土地持续利用约束分析 ;提出了退耕还林还牧、提高森林覆盖率 ,适当集中布局农村居民点、加大土地整理力度 ,适度开发滩涂地、荒草地和盐碱地等土地持续利用结构优化配置方案。     

县域土地持续利用情景分析

以河北省曲周县为例，根据农户调查数据以及黄淮海平原多年的试区试验研究，应用投入产出分析方法，分别计算了现状和可能替代技术条件下土地利用系统的投入产出技术系数；以纯收入为目标函数，以土地、水资源和其它自然、经济、环境条件为约束条件，用线性规划方法构建了不同技术策略下的土地持续利用情景，用LINDO软件求解后，对不同的土地利用情景进行了分析和评价。     

广西隆安县土地持续利用探讨

隆安县属典型的喀斯特地区,土地资源质量较差,土地利用构成以农、林为主,土地利用现状与可持续发展差距较大。根据经济发展规划目标和地需求量的分析,本区２０１０年土地供给已存在压力。２０２０年土地供需矛盾进一步尖锐。因此,应采取有效的土地持续利用对策,保证经济、社会与生态环境协调发展。     

土地持续利用的五维空间分析

土地资源的持续利用是人类社会发展的基础，文章较为系统地提出了时间，空间，用途，技术和制度是实现土地资源持续利用的五维空间，并对各维度的内涵进行了较为深入的分析。其中，土地持续利用的时间维主要表现为从伦理角度考虑如何在代际间合理分配土地资源，使代际间利益之和最大；空间维则要求实现土地利用在空间上的合理布局；胜任维要求将土地资源合理配置到各种用途上，从而使人们从土地所提供的产品和劳各中获得的总效用最大；技术维选择意味着土地利用的直接或间接技术的选用能够保证土地的永续使用；制度维要求制度建设适应土地利用情况的变化，通过消除不同的土地制度之间存在着的外部利润来实现土地资源的最优配置。     

内蒙古土地资源及其持续利用

系统分析内蒙古土地资源的特点和土地利用结构特征,找出土地利用中存在的问题及原因,指出土地利用结构不够协调合理、土地利用结构区域差异十分明显,并阐述其原因。在此基础上着重阐明内蒙古土地资源持续利用的原则和实现土地资源持续利用的措施和途径。     

土地持续利用研究进展

自1990年印度农业研究会、美国农业部和美国Rodale研究所在新德里举行的首次国际土地持续利用研讨会上提出土地持续利用思想以后,国内外众多学者和研究机构对土地持续利用展开了广泛的研究。在明确土地持续利用概念和内涵的基础上,本文回顾、总结了国内外土地持续利用研究进展：首先阐述了土地持续利用研究的目标和内容,其次从土地合理利用的系统分析、土地合理利用评价和综合研究模型三个方面论述了国际土地持续利用研究进展,并且对国内近年来土地持续利用的研究内容进行分类总结和评述,最后阐述了目前研究中的问题和今后研究展望。     

黄土高原地区农业可持续发展的用水模式探讨

黄土高原大部分地区处于半干旱地带,属于生态环境脆弱区。由于受水资源短缺的困扰,加之落后的粗放型生产方式得不到根本的改变,使该区农业发展严重受阻。从该区农业发展现状出发,结合国内外半干旱地区农业发展过程中的成功经验,针对黄土高原地区的农业水环境,提出了一种适合该区农业可持续发展的用水模式即黄土高原地区农业可持续发展的高效用水模式,并对其模式的可行性从水量因子、作物因子和人为因子等方面进行较为深刻的论证。     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world for its intense soil erosion. The root cause for river sedimentation of Yellow River (Huanghe) and its resultant "hanging river" in certain section is soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. The Loess Plateau has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration and plugging constitute the chief reason for serious soil and water loss on Loess Plateau. This paper analyses several successful cases and failures in soil conservation, presents practical soil conservation technique and related benefit analysis, and discusses some effective methods adopted in China in soil erosion control, research directions and future perspectives on Loess Plateau.     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

1 Introduction The Loess Plateau situated in northern China covers the drainage basins in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It starts from the western piedmont of Taihang Mountains in the east, reaches the eastern slope of the Wushao and Riyue mountains, connects the northern part of the Qinling Mountains in the south and borders the Great Wall in the north, covering an area of about 380,000 km2 (Figure 1). The region is overlain extensively by Quaternary loess in great thickness, …     

黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀共性与特点

通过对黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀以往的研究结论进行综合分析，在比较土壤侵蚀相似性和差异性的基础上，对这些典型地区土壤侵蚀的共性与特点进行了研究，结果表明：1、黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀影响因素有降雨、地形及土地利用；2、黄土高原各典型地区主要侵蚀类型为水蚀及重力侵蚀；主要侵蚀发生时间为汛期；主要侵蚀空间分布特征为具有垂直分带性；3、绥德地区侵蚀产沙强烈，天水地区侵蚀相对轻微，安塞地区各种侵蚀特征典型。西峰地区土壤侵蚀特殊。     

黄土高原侵蚀期研究

黄土高原在沉积的同时也存在着侵蚀,主要是流水、重力等因素造成的。这种侵蚀会受到气候、构造运动以及人类活动控制。资料显示,黄土高原存在3种基本的侵蚀期,一是气候侵蚀期,二是构造侵蚀期,三是人为因素侵蚀期。此外还有气候与构造共同作用产生的侵蚀期和构造与人类共同作用产生的侵蚀期。温湿期风尘堆积少,降水量增多,流水动力增强,是黄土高原理论上的侵蚀期。构造抬升引起侵蚀基准面下降,进而导致黄土高原加快侵蚀,出现构造侵蚀期。人类活动破坏了黄土高原的植被和土层结构,导致黄土高原侵蚀加剧,从而出现了人类因素引起的现代侵蚀加速期。在黄土发育的冷干期,由于植被稀疏,侵蚀量大于温湿期,但堆积量远大于侵蚀量。要改变现代侵蚀状况,就应当加强黄土高原生态环境治理。     

The influence of rainfall and land use patterns on soil erosion in multi-scale watersheds: A case study in the hilly and gully area on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion has become a major global environmental problem and is particularly acute on the Loess Plateau (LP), China. It is therefore highly important to control this process in order to improve ecosystems, protect ecological security, and maintain the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. We compared the effects of rainfall and land use (LU) patterns on soil erosion in different LP watersheds in this study in order to augment and improve soil erosion models. As most research on this theme has so far been focused on individual study areas, limited analyses of rainfall and LU patterns on soil erosion within different- scale watersheds has so far been performed, a discrepancy which might influence the simulation accuracies of soil erosion models. We therefore developed rainfall and LU pattern indices in this study using the soil erosion evaluation index as a reference and applied them to predict the extent of this process in different-scale watersheds, an approach which is likely to play a crucial role in enabling the comprehensive management of this phenomenon as well as the optimized design of LU patterns. The areas considered in this study included the Qingjian, Fenchuan, Yanhe, and Dali river watersheds. Results showed that the rainfall erosivity factor (R) tended to increase in these areas from 2006 to 2012, while the vegetation cover and management factor (C) tended to decrease. Results showed that as watershed area increased, the effect of rainfall pattern on soil erosion gradually decreased while patterns in LU trended in the opposite direction, as the relative proportion of woodland decreased and the different forms of steep slope vegetation cover became more homogenous. As watershed area increased, loose soil and craggy terrain properties led to additional gravitational erosion and enhanced the effects of both soil and topography.     

陕北黄土高原可持续发展评价研究

通过对陕北黄土高原可持续发展评价指标体系和方法的初步研究,设计出了包括 1个高级综合指标——可持续发展综合指数、人口状况等 5个基本指标和人口自然增长率等 30个元素指标的层次性指标体系结构框架,熵技术支持下确定可持续发展指标权重的层次分析法,以及由递阶多层次综合评价、主成份分析和回归分析等数学方法所集成的可持续发展全面综合评价模型,并依次对该地区可持续发展现状及趋势进行了全面分析评价。     

不同分辨率DEM提取地面坡度的不确定性模拟:以在黄土高原的试验为例

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning,especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas,but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.0015S2+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.