矿物组合的热力学分析

人们在对地质体进行物质成份研究的实践中早已认识到,矿物作为地质体的较小单元,是按共生组合的形式规律性地存在于岩石及矿石里。某种矿物,在类型不同成分互异的地质体中有不同的组合;在不同地区而类型相同的地质产物里,与之组合的矿物差别很大,所构成的共生组合多种多样;即使在同一矿床,对于不同世代的该矿物来说,与之组合的矿物也存在明显的差异。     

介壳生物化石矿物组合的热力学分析

本文应用化学热力学的观点分析讨论了具有正磷酸盐、方解石和文石三种矿物成分的介壳生物化石的形成顺序.从理论上清楚地解释了在介壳生物的演化过程中,磷酸盐介壳形成在先,方解石介壳形成在次,文石介壳形成在后这一地质事实。在此基础上根据活度-pH图解,定性分析了具不同矿物组合的介壳生物化石所处地质时代的海水pH条件,指出元古代末磷酸盐介壳发育时,海水的pH可能接近于6,而古生代碳酸盐介壳广泛发育时,海水的pH可能己接近或超过6.45。     

矿物热力学数据的获取

简介矿物热力学数据获取方法发展现状,重点评述量热法和相平衡法的近期发展状况。     

天然矿物共生组合的拓扑学分析

美国矿物学和矿床学家、亚利桑那州立人学地质系副教授伯特博士,1981年9月28日在我所讲学时扼要介绍了由他独创的“天然矿物共生组合拓扑学分析”,引起与会者较大兴趣. 众所周知,探索岩体或矿体中的矿物平衡,是研究矿床成因、建立成矿模式中的一个重要环节.许多研究者多采用实验室模拟或热力学计算法,复杂、费事,非具备一定条件者所能为. 伯特提出的方法,以大自然为天然实验室,先在     

湖北随州黑龙潭金矿变质矿物的热力学分析

湖北随州黑龙潭金矿变质矿物的热力学分析王洪兴（中国地质大学地球科学学院,武汉４３００７４）本矿区出露的中、上元古界为一套变质岩,其原岩为一套火山岩系［１］．主要矿物成分为石英、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、钠长石、钾长石、透闪石、透辉石、顽火辉石、自然金、...     

矿物和熔体热力学研究的新进展

这里,我们怀着极大的兴趣来回顾日益发展的矿物和熔体热力学,其原因不仅仅是因为该学科中观念和技术上的进步,而且还因为这样一个事实:日趋成熟的地球化学和岩石学理论使我们意识到平衡热力学还不足以用来描述地球化学过程中的机理.这方面的详细研究,需要不可逆热力学或者动力学理论,在许多情况下,还需要被研究体系的流体动力学理论.     

东南亚锡矿床的矿物组合与金属组合

矿物组合金属组合矿石类型典型矿区锡石一磁黄铁矿一磁铁矿Sn一Fe层状和夕卡岩型锡石一绿泥石锡石一水锡矿Sn一CuSn一Ca较大的脉状夕卡岩型23锡石一黄锡矿一发杂的硫化物锡石一锉云母锡石一黑钨矿锡石一妮铁矿锡石一毒砂一黄铁矿锡石一方铅矿锡石一钦铁矿一钻石一独居石Sn一Cu一Pb一SbSn一Li一TaS卫一WSn一Nb(Ta)Sn一As一FeSn一pb一(Ag)Sn一Fe一Ti一Zr 一Ce一Y浅成高温热液型伟晶岩型脉群伟晶岩型网脉状 ?冲积砂矿印尼勿里洞岛B吐住Besi、马来亚B肚kit Besi马来亚Sungai Lembing泰国Thai Border马来亚Chenderia”g马来亚Lah…     

铀-有机质矿物组合

在圣腊法埃耳-斯韦尔地区,渗入铀矿体的半流态沥青在250°-300℃的温度下受热而硬化。硬化的物质性质变脆,并在物理性质上与天然硬化的“沥青石”大致相似。这些人工的硬化物质的红外曲线与天然的“沥青石”的曲线也很相似。人工硬化的和天然硬化的”沥青石”的红外曲线显示了它们具有微弱的和不清晰的吸收带,相反,半流态沥青的吸收性则很强。对铀矽酸盐铀石的矿物学研究表明,这种矿物与富奇斯和霍克斯特雷(1959)所制成的合成铀石相似,虽然缺少一个重要的羟(基)组分。硬化的含铀“沥青石”与铀矽酸盐铀石的密切而普遍的共生既明它们是同时形成的。铀-有机质成分也许能受辐照作用而硬化,尽管这种现象看来似乎未必可能。然而,这样一种成因对于铀矽酸盐铀石来说几乎难以令人置信。无论是铀石或是与其伴生的含铀“沥青石”,都可被认为是热液成因的。     

矿物共生组合及其实际意义

最近15～20年间,从事矿石物质成分研究的地质和矿物工作者,对矿物共生组合问题产生了特殊的兴趣.这是因为,研究矿物共生组合,是揭示成矿地球化学条件的基础,是探讨矿床成因的一个重要方面,它对发展成矿理论起着重要作用.此外,阐明矿物共生组合在时间和空间上的关系和规律变化,还有一定实用价值.在详细研究各类矿床矿石成分的基础上,能够获得矿物共生组合方面的大量材料,这就大大提高了各种结论的可信程度.     

工艺矿物学近十年的主要进展

云南思茅地区有大量难选铜锌多金属硫化矿资源,由于其矿石结构、成分及构造复杂,采用传统的镜下鉴定工艺矿物学分析对铜、锌等有价金属的赋存状态等难以自动准确定量。本文采用化学分析、偏光光显微分析及矿物解离度分析（MLA）等多种现代分析测试方法,研究该地区矿石的主要元素组成、矿物种类、嵌布和包裹特性等。分析表明,铜锌硫化矿的主要元素及含量为Cu 3.03%、Zn 3.90%、S 27.44%、Pb 0.13%。金属矿物主要是黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿,含少量方铅矿;目的矿物黄铜矿、闪锌矿主要与黄铁矿连生和被其包裹;其次黄铜矿和闪锌矿相互连生和被其包裹,且96%以上的黄铜矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿均分布在粒度大于9.6 μm的易选粒级范围。方铅矿多呈细粒嵌布状,与铜、锌、硫矿物之间的磨矿解离有一定困难。根据工艺矿物学研究结果,本文提出,思茅地区的铜锌硫化矿矿石需磨至约31 μm方能实现铜-锌-硫矿物的解离,需磨至约14 μm方能实现铅与其他矿物的解离,同时预测了铜锌硫化矿中铜和锌的理论选矿回收率分别为91.22%和84.92%。本文研究成果对该地区难选多金属硫化矿的选矿技术制定和指标选择具有实际的指导意义。

     

Unlocking the applications of automated mineral analysis

Identifying and quantifying the relative abundance of minerals is a fundamental part of many aspects of both pure and applied geology. Historically, quantitative mineralogy could be achieved using optical microscopy and point counting. This is a slow and operator dependent process, and practically impossible to achieve in, for example, very fine grained samples. Over the last decade a range of automated mineralogy technologies have arisen from the global mining industry and are being increasingly used in other branches of geology. These technologies, based on scanning electron microscopy with linked energy dispersive spectrometers, have the potential to revolutionise how we quantify mineralogy. In addition, during measurement, the sample textures are also captured, providing a wealth of valuable data for the geologist. In this article we review the current state of automated mineralogy and highlight the many areas of application for this technology.     

面向矿产资源信息的空间关联性分析

关联性分析是综合多源、多类数据,发现和挖掘数据中潜在的相关关系,提取和挖掘数据之间的关联性。该方法对于充分利用地质大数据、发现地质要素之间的共生组合规律具有重要的意义。本文首先基于数据的空间位置,将不同类型的地质空间数据建立联系,形成空间属性数据库;其次应用统计方法,对不同来源数据中的属性特征进行分析,发现热液型金矿的形成与火山作用存在明显相关性;最后基于Apriori算法提取热液型金矿的伴生矿与侵入岩的频繁项集,发现伴生矿与侵入岩酸碱性二者密切相关。因此,在今后的工作中,有望应用空间关联性的方法对地球物理、地球化学、遥感等多源地质数据开展深入的研究分析。     

An application of cluster analysis in mineral exploration

This paper presents a technique for evaluating the similarity of ore deposits utilizing several geological variables. Information on tungsten mines in North America, taken from published literature, was used for a cluster analysis to group samples according to their similarity based on a simple matching coefficient. It was possible to interpret and evaluate different ore environments that clustered according to age, mineralogy, and other variables. Cluster analysis may be important in mineral exploration where considerable amounts of data are available for analysis. Subtle relationships that might be overlooked because the data are too voluminous can be isolated using this technique. It also can be used to establish exploration priority in unknown areas on the basis of similarity to known metallogenetic provinces.     

Matrix analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages and reactions

Assemblage diagrams are widely used in interpreting metamorphic mineral assemblages. In simple systems, they can help to identify assemblages which may represent equilibrium states; to determine whether differences between assemblages reflect changes in metamorphic grade or variations in bulk composition; and to characterize isograd reactions. In multicomponent assemblages these questions can be approached by investigating the rank, composition space (range) and reaction space (null-space) of a matrix representing the compositions of the phases involved. Singular value decomposition (SVD) provides an elegant way of (1) finding the rank of a matrix and detemining orthonormal bases for both the composition space and the reaction space needed to represent an assemblage or pair of assemblages; and (2) finding a model matrix of specified rank which is closest in a least squares sense to an observed assemblage. Although closely related to least squares techniques, the SVD approach has the advantages that it tolerates errors in all observations and is computationally simpler and more stable than non-linear least squares algorithms. Models of this sort can be used to interpret multicomponent mineral assemblages by straightforward generalizations of the methods used to interpret assemblage diagrams in simpler systems. SVD analysis of mineral assemblages described by Lang and Rice (1985) demonstrates the utility of the approach.     

卫生填埋场生物降解沉降的热力学机理及其估算

从热力学的角度阐述了填埋体生物降解沉降的物理机理。依此对卫生填埋场生物降解沉降进行了界定,并初步建立了生物降解沉降量的计算模型。利用该模型,根据相关实测资料,对香港某卫生填埋场内因固体废弃物生物降解产生的沉降量进行了估算,并将估算结果与该填埋场的实测总沉降量进行了比较。     

Thermodynamical approach for CamClay-family models with Roscoe-type dilatancy rules

The CamClay model has been extensively used in numerous research programmes for constitutive modelling in Soil Mechanics during the past quarter of a century. Several derivations of this model are now available and routinely used for numerical simulations in the geomechanical engineering field. However, to the authors' knowledge the thermodynamical basis of this model in its original form has never been established, at least in a modern thermodynamics framework. The thermodynamics principle proposed by Ziegler is very expedient for this purpose as the non-associated flow rule may be considered. This approach is applied to the CamClay model with the Roscoe dilatancy rule. A dissipation function and free energy are specified in terms of kinematic variables (i.e. state and internal variables), and the material response is derived entirely from these functions.     

Weighted characteristic analysis of spatially dependent mineral deposit data

There are four concepts involved with the methodology used in this analysis: classical second derivative surfaces, boolean representation of the surfaces, determination of weighted model characteristics, and multiple variable regional appraisal.This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98 entitled Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies held at Loen, Norway, September 27–October 1, 1976.     

资源量估算的边界分析与矿化体圈定

资源量估算总是在特定的估算域中进行,其边界条件对估值结果有着显著的影响。传统方法采取用工业指标来圈定矿体并进行资源量估算的硬边界条件,过于强调了矿床的经济性,而对矿床的地质和地质统计学规律重视不够。本文介绍了国际上流行的资源量估算域的相关概念及边界分析方法,并通过实际案例来探讨其在资源量估算中的应用,在此基础上提出了利用三维软件进行矿(化)体圈定的基本原则。实践表明,利用软边界约束或圈定矿化体进行品位估计,可能更符合勘查阶段资源量估算的要求,进而降低估算域边界的不确定性带来的估值风险。