利用注聚合物泥浆伤害岩电实验参数变化评价特低渗透储层

针对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡长6特低渗透储层受聚合物泥浆伤害,微电极电阻率曲线在渗透层上的正幅度差异不明显,直观指示油气层和水层的深、中,浅探测电阻率在常规储层的有序排列基本消失.通过注聚合物泥浆驱替前后岩石电阻率与孔隙度及含水饱和度实验关系分析,驱替后岩样电阻率显著增大,岩样电阻率随含水饱和度增大而减小的基本规律不复存在.归纳其岩性系数a、电阻率系数b比驱替前大得多,饱和度指数n由正变负,反映出注聚合物泥浆驱替破坏了储层孔隙结构及其基本特征,测井中造成了范围较小的高侵和特高侵地层电阻率带.从而提出在较为致密的低渗砂、致密砂聚合物泥浆伤害储层中,利用微电极负差异及其电阻率曲线不规则增高变化划分特低渗透油层有效厚度,并以实例阐明了利用岩电实验参数变化评价特低渗透储层的方法.     

致密砂岩储层CO2驱油特征的核磁共振实验研究

利用核磁共振技术对致密砂岩储层不同渗透率级别基质岩心和裂缝基质岩心不同驱替压力下CO2驱油特征进行了研究,简述核磁共振原理及实验方法。表明:致密砂岩储层特低、超低渗透基质岩心在初始CO2驱替压力下,岩心毛细孔隙和微毛细孔隙区间的油不同程度被采出,随着CO2驱替压力增大,特低、超低渗透基质岩心毛细孔隙区间油的采出程度不断增加且累积采出程度不同。裂缝致密砂岩储层岩心,裂缝和毛细孔隙区间的油在初始CO2驱替压力下,岩心裂缝中的油及毛细孔隙中的部分油被驱替出来,CO2驱替压力提高毛细孔隙、微毛细区间油的采出程度和累积采收程度较小。致密砂岩储层特低、超低渗透基质岩心和裂缝致密砂岩储层岩心,随着CO2驱替压力增大毛细孔隙区间的部分剩余油成正比增加进入到微毛细孔隙区间改变储层剩余油分布。核磁共振技术能够深入研究致密砂岩储层CO2不同驱替压力阶段,岩心裂缝、毛细孔隙区间、微毛细孔隙区间油的采出程度和剩余油分布情况,对于研究致密砂岩储层微观驱油机理具有较重要的价值。      

低电阻率油气层物理参数变化机理研究

研究了淡水环境下富含粘土矿物、细颗粒砂岩低电阻率油气层. 分析了粘土的附加导电性,认为粘土质量百分数高且富含伊利石和蒙脱石的地层中,若地层水质量浓度小于15g/L等效NaCl盐溶液时,粘土的附加导电性是造成油气层电阻率低的首要原因. 同时分析了细颗粒、粘土质量百分数不高的储层,高的毛细管压力使束缚水饱和度很高,同样能形成低电阻率油气层. 储层中粘土质量百分数的多少对储层岩石电性特征(I-Sw曲线形态)有重要影响,可用于指导测井资料解释模型的选择.     

Formation mechanism and model for sand lens reservoirs in the Jiyang Sub-basin, East China

The Bohai Bay basin comprises some very important and well documented subtle traps known in China, which have been the major exploration focus and have become a major petroleum play since the 1990s. However, recent exploration showed that the oil-bearing properties of some sand lens reservoirs may vary significantly and the accumulation mechanisms for these lithological subtle traps are not well understood. Based on statistical analysis of oil-bearing properties for 123 sand lens reservoirs in the Jiyang Sub-basin and combined with detailed anatomy of typical sand lens reservoirs and NMR experiments, it has been shown that the structural and sedimentary factors, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion conditions of the surrounding source rocks, as well as the petrophysical properties of sand lens reservoirs are the main controlling factors for the formation of sand lens reservoirs. The formation of a sand lens reservoir depends on the interaction between the hydrocarbon accumulation driving force and the resistance force. The driving force is made up of the differential capillary pressure between sandstones and sources rocks and the hydrocarbon diffusion force, and as well as the hydrocarbon expansion force. The resistance force is the friction resistance force for hydrocarbons and water to move through the pore throats of the sand lens. The sedimentary environment, source rock condition and sand reservoir properties can change from unfavorable to favorable depending on the combination of these factors. When these three factors all reach certain thresholds, the sand lens reservoirs may begin to be filled by hydrocarbons. When all of these conditions become favorable for the formation of sand lens reservoirs, the reservoir would have high oil saturation. This approach has been applied to evaluating the potential of petroleum accumulation in the sand lens reservoirs in the third member of the Neogene Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Sub-basin.     

多尺度CT成像技术识别超低渗透砂岩储层纳米级孔喉

以鄂尔多斯盆地X地区长6储层为研究对象,利用多尺度CT成像技术、聚焦离子束扫描电镜技术,结合Avizo软件的强大数据处理和数值模拟功能,对研究区目的层岩石样品进行不同尺度孔喉分维数重构,建立三维超低渗透砂岩储层纳米级孔隙结构模型.研究表明,微米尺度下,超低渗透砂岩储层孔喉形态呈点状、球状和条带状及管状.储集空间类型以溶蚀微孔为主且多孤立分布,局部孔隙为片状,连通性较差.纳米尺度下,超低渗透砂岩储层孔喉系统整体较发育,孔喉形态呈球状、短管状.远离裂隙处多为孤立状,连通性较差,仅具有储集能力.微裂缝、粒间缝发育部位多为短管状,有一定连通性,相当于喉道.微观非均质性较强,岩样整体较致密,局部相互连通,溶蚀孔及裂隙对储集能力、渗滤能力具有控制作用.数值计算求得目的层A、Y、C三个样品的孔隙度分别为6.95%、5.55%、4.44%,渗透率分别为0.828×10^-3μm^2、0.115×10^-3μm^2、0.00065×10^-3μm^2.聚焦离子束扫描电镜与多尺度CT成像技术相结合能够定量表征超低渗透砂岩储层微、纳米级孔隙结构.     

Low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoir conductive model --Dual water clay matrix conductive model in the north area of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Shaly sands reservoir is one of the most distributive types of the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs discovered in China, and low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs are mostly shaly sands reservoirs. Therefore, shaly sands reservoir conductive model is the key to evaluate low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs using logging information. Some defects were found when we studied the clay distribution type conductive model, dual-water conductive model, conductive rock matrix model, etc. Some models could not distinguish the conductive path and nature of microporosity water and clay water and some models did not consider the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume. So, we utilize the merits,overcome the defects of the above models, and put forward a new shaly sands conductive model-dual water clay matrix conductive model (DWCMCM) in which dual water is the free water and the microporosity water in shaly sands and the clay matrix(wet clay) is the clay grain containing water. DWCMCM is presented here, the advantages of which can tell the nature and conductive path from different water (microporosity water and freewater), in consid-eration of the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume in shaly sands. So, the results of logging interpretation in the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs in the north of Tarim Basin area, China with DWCMCM are better than those interpreted by the above models.     

特低渗透砂岩储层水驱油CT成像技术研究

通过水驱油岩心的CT成像技术,动态、定量、可视化地研究了特低渗透砂岩储层水驱油岩心的微观孔隙结构、含水饱和度分布、吸水能力及微观孔隙结构对驱油效率的影响.研究表明,实验岩心的CT值分布在1819~1961之间,与标准的Berea砂岩相比高出15%左右,属于典型的特低渗透砂岩储层.储层微观孔隙结构是影响油水分布的主要因素.特低渗透砂岩储层开发要高度重视无水采收率.储层致密和微裂缝发育的不均一性是特低渗透砂岩油田驱油效率低的根本原因.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部长6复杂低渗储层测井评价

开展复杂低渗储层特征、测井响应及其控制因素分析,有助于储层评价与油水层识别.鄂尔多斯盆地中东部长6期沉积具多物源供给、沉积相带频繁变化的特点,来自不同物源的沉积砂体岩石碎屑成分存在明显差异.长7、长6沉积期盆地周边的火山作用,致使一些地区的长6砂体具有相对高放射性特征.长6储层孔隙类型多样,孔隙结构特征复杂多变,再加上地层水系统的变化,致使一些油区长6低电阻率油层与常规油层、高电阻率水层与常规水层共存.研究结果表明,成藏动力与阻力的对比关系决定了在同一砂体中除存在常规油水分布外,还可能存在油水倒置分布.因此,加强钴前预测、钻井过程监督与调整、钻后综合研究、生产实践检验、解释模型与参数调整、老井复查等,有利于识别油水层,整体把握油水分布规律.     

Computation of three-phase capillary entry pressures and arc menisci configurations in pore geometries from 2D rock images: A combinatorial approach

We present a semi-analytical, combinatorial approach to compute three-phase capillary entry pressures for gas invasion into pore throats with constant cross-sections of arbitrary shapes that are occupied by oil and/or water. For a specific set of three-phase capillary pressures, geometrically allowed gas/oil, oil/water and gas/water arc menisci are determined by moving two circles in opposite directions along the pore/solid boundary for each fluid pair such that the contact angle is defined at the front circular arcs. Intersections of the two circles determine the geometrically allowed arc menisci for each fluid pair. The resulting interfaces are combined systematically to allow for all geometrically possible three-phase configuration changes. The three-phase extension of the Mayer and Stowe – Princen method is adopted to calculate capillary entry pressures for all determined configuration candidates, from which the most favorable gas invasion configuration is determined. The model is validated by comparing computed three-phase capillary entry pressures and corresponding fluid configurations with analytical solutions in idealized triangular star-shaped pores. It is demonstrated that the model accounts for all scenarios that have been analyzed previously in these shapes. Finally, three-phase capillary entry pressures and associated fluid configurations are computed in throat cross-sections extracted from segmented SEM images of Bentheim sandstone. The computed gas/oil capillary entry pressures account for the expected dependence of oil/water capillary pressure in spreading and non-spreading fluid systems at the considered wetting conditions. Because these geometries are irregular and include constrictions, we introduce three-phase displacements that have not been identified previously in pore-network models that are based on idealized pore shapes. However, in the limited number of pore geometries considered in this work, we find that the favorable displacements are not generically different from those already encountered in network models previously, except that the size and shape of oil layers that are surrounded by gas and water are described more realistically. The significance of the results for describing oil connectivity in porous media accurately can only be evaluated by including throats with more complex cross-sections in three-phase pore-network models.     

中低孔渗储层岩石弹性参数的流体敏感性研究(英文)

本文从WXS凹陷中低孔渗储层岩石声波实验出发,以岩样的纵横波速度和密度为基础数据,求取出一系列的弹性参数,包括纵横波波速比、纵波波阻抗、横波波阻抗、泊松比、拉梅常数、剪切模量、体积模量、杨氏模量,等等。在前人的孔隙流体识别究基础上,综合相关理论和实验分析,构建了一个新的流体识别因子F。以饱和流体岩石弹性参数及其组合参数的相对变化量Ag/w和Ao/w为定量指标,评价各流体识别因子的流体识别效果,并采用交会图技术进行了验证。新流体敏感因子在传统较难分辨的孔隙流体"水"和"油"的区别上具有良好效果,有利于提高中低孔渗储层流体识别的成功率。     

Generalized effective medium resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir

With the advancement in oil exploration,producible oil and gas are being found in low resistivity reservoirs,which may otherwise be erroneously thought as water zones from their resistivity.However,the evaluation of low resistivity reservoirs remains difficult from log interpretation.Since low resistivity in hydrocarbon bearing sands can be caused by dispersed clay,laminated shale,conductive matrix grains,microscopic capillary pores and high saline water,a new resistivity model is required for more accurate hydrocarbon saturation prediction for low resistivity formations.Herein,a generalized effective medium resistivity model has been proposed for low resistivity reservoirs,based on experimental measurements on artificial low resistivity shaly sand samples,symmetrical anisotropic effective medium theory for resistivity interpretations,and geneses and conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs.By analyzing effects of some factors on the proposed model,we show theoretically the model can describe conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs with five geneses.Also,shale distribution largely affects water saturation predicted by the model.Resistivity index decreases as fraction and conductivity of laminated shale,or fraction of dispersed clay,or conductivity of rock matrix grains increases.Resistivity index decreases as matrix percolation exponent,or percolation rate of capillary bound water increases,and as percolation exponent of capillary bound water,or matrix percolation rate,or free water percolation rate decreases.Rock sample data from low resistivity reservoirs with different geneses and interpretation results for log data show that the proposed model can be applied in low resistivity reservoirs containing high salinity water,dispersed clay,microscopic capillary pores,laminated shale and conductive matrix grains,and thus is considered as a generalized resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir evaluation.     

低渗砂岩储层渗透率各向异性规律的实验研究

应用1摩尔/升的盐水作为孔隙介质,采用液体压力脉冲法对采自鄂尔多斯盆地某油田三叠系延长组低渗砂岩样品进行了渗透率随有效应力的变化规律实验研究.在围压0～100MPa,孔隙压力0～12MPa范围内,样品的渗透率变化范围在0～60×10-18 m2之间,实验结果表明样品的渗透率随有效应力的增加而减少.通过拟合实验结果,得到渗透率随有效应力的变化规律较好的符合幂函数关系,相关系数介于0.903～0.984之间.同时对同一样品的X,Y,Z相互垂直三个方向的渗透率随有效应力的变化进行了比较,结果表明渗透率的各向异性同样是压力的函数,且随着有效应力的增加,不同平面内的渗透率各向异性表现出了不同的变化规律.但在实验压力范围内,渗透率各向异性皆为正值,表明在有效应力为100MPa范围内孔隙内流体的流动方向未发生改变.研究结果为鄂尔多斯盆地低渗(超低渗)油气田开发,特别是对深部油气田开发过程中开发方式的选择与设计,充分利用渗透率各向异性的特点,提高采收率提供了新的岩石物性资料.     

Seismic Data Processing and Interpretation on the Loess Plateau, Part 2： Seismic Data Interpretation

The loess plateau covering the North Shaanxi slope and Tianhuan depression consists of a regional monocline, high in the east and low in the west, with dips of less than 1^0, Structural movement in this region was weak so that faults and local structures were not well developed. As a result, numerous wide and gentle noses and small traps with magnitudes less than 50 m were developed on the large westward-dipping monocline. Reservoirs, including Mesozoic oil reservoirs and Paleozoic gas reservoirs in the Ordos Basin, are dominantly lithologic with a small number of structural reservoirs. Single reservoirs are characterized as thin with large lateral variations, strong anisotropy, low porosity, low permeability, and low richness. A series of approaches for predicting reservoir thickness, physical properties, and hydrocarbon potential of subtle lithologic reservoirs was established based on the interpretation of erosion surfaces.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部黄土塬区地震资料处理与解释 第二部分:地震资料解释

鄂尔多斯盆地南部的黄土高原,由于长期 风化、侵蚀,形成了树枝状水系与沟、塬、梁、峁、 坡并存的独特黄土地貌。针对这种复杂地表条件长 庆物探已建立了沿沟弯线为主、辅以黄土塬多线和 网状三维的采集方法;确立了高精度静校正、适度 去噪、共反射面元优化及已知井反射系数序列控制 的高保真处理方法、本文着重介绍处理、解释二大 环节的关键方法及应用效果。     

Fluid sensitivity study of elastic parameters in low-medium porosity and permeability reservoir rocks

In this article, based on the acoustic measurements of core samples obtained from the low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs in the WXS Depression, the densities and P and S wave velocities of these core samples were obtained. Then based on these data, a series of elastic parameters were computed. From the basic theory and previous pore fluid research results, we derived a new fluid identification factor (F). Using the relative variations, A_g/w and A_o/w, of the elastic parameters between gas and water saturated samples and between oil and water saturated samples, λρ, σ _HSFIF, Kρ, λρ − 2μρ, and F as quantitative indicators, we evaluate the sensitivity of the different fluid identification factors to identify reservoir fluids and validate the effects by crossplots. These confirm that the new fluid identification factor (F) is more sensitive for distinguishing oil and water than the traditional method and is more favorable for fliud identification in low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs.     

用核磁共振测井资料评价碳酸盐岩等复杂岩性储集层

对于碳酸盐岩等复杂岩性油气藏,由于其储集空间复杂、非均质性强等因素,用常规测井技术难以进行准确描述.核磁共振测井测量的对象是储层空间中的流体,因而可以直接用来划分储集层,而且能提供几乎不受岩性影响的孔隙度和渗透率等参数;同时,由于其T2分布表征了岩石的孔隙结构,所以可以根据T2分布形态判断有效裂缝和溶蚀孔洞.通过多口井的岩心对比和成像测井对比,研究出了一套用MRIL和CMR 的T2分布形态评价储集空间的方法;此外,在特定条件下,根据核磁计算的有效孔隙度和可动流体体积给出了一个计算含油饱和度的公式.利用这些核磁测井技术及其分析方法对车古20古潜山碳酸盐岩储集层裂缝及溶蚀孔洞发育特征进行准确描述,还计算了埕北潜山复杂复杂岩性油气藏的饱和度,对于储量计算具有重要意义.     

基于核磁共振测井的低渗透砂岩孔隙结构定量评价方法——以东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段为例

低渗透砂岩油气藏已成为油气增储生产的重要勘探开发目标,但孔隙结构复杂使得储层及其有效性难以准确识别.笔者利用物性、压汞、核磁等资料,对东营凹陷南坡沙四段(Es4)低渗透砂岩孔隙结构进行分析,划分出了3种类型.核磁T2谱与毛管压力曲线都在一定程度上反映孔喉分布,但常规方法利用T2谱重构伪毛管压力曲线所得到的孔隙半径与压汞孔喉半径有较大误差,而岩石孔隙自由流体T2与压汞孔喉分布对应关系更好,以此建立了不同孔隙结构类型二者之间不同孔喉尺度对应的关系式(大尺度:线性;小尺度:分段幂函数),可在井筒剖面上通过识别孔隙结构类型,进而利用核磁共振测井(NML)定量反演孔径分布,省去了构建伪毛管曲线环节,为低渗透砂岩储层有效性评价提供了直接依据,也是测井用于定量反演储层微观孔隙结构信息的有益探索.     

Low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoir conductive model Dual water clay matrix conductive model in the north area of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Shaly sands reservoir is one of the most distributive types of the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs discovered in China, and low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs are mostly shaly sands reservoirs. Therefore, shaly sands reservoir conductive model is the key to evaluate low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs using logging information. Some defects were found when we studied the clay distribution type conductive model, dual-water conductive model, conductive rock matrix model, etc. Some models could not distinguish the conductive path and nature of microporosity water and clay water and some models did not consider the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume. So, we utilize the merits,overcome the defects of the above models, and put forward a new shaly sands conductive model—dual water clay matrix conductive model (DWCMCM) in which dual water is the free water and the microporosity water in shaly sands and the clay matrix(wet clay) is the clay grain containing water. DWCMCM is presented here, the advantages of which can tell the nature and conductive path from different water (microporosity water and free-water), in consideration of the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume in shaly sands. So, the results of logging interpretation in the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs in the north of Tarim Basin area, China with DWCMCM are better than those interpreted by the above models.     

Mechanism for calcite dissolution and its contribution to development of reservoir porosity and permeability in the Kela 2 gas field,Tarim Basin,China

This study is undertaken to understand how calcite precipitation and dissolution contributes to depth-related changes in porosity and permeability of gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Kela 2 gas field of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China. Sandstone samples and pore water samples are col-lected from well KL201 in the Tarim Basin. Vertical profiles of porosity, permeability, pore water chem-istry, and the relative volume abundance of calcite/dolomite are constructed from 3600 to 4000 m below the ground surface within major oil and gas reservoir rocks. Porosity and permeability values are in-versely correlated with the calcite abundance, indicating that calcite dissolution and precipitation may be controlling porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Pore water chemistry exhibits a sys-tematic variation from the Na2SO4 type at the shallow depth (3600-3630 m), to the NaHCO3 type at the intermediate depth (3630―3695 m),and to the CaCl2 type at the greater depth (3728―3938 m). The geochemical factors that control the calcite solubility include pH, temperature, pressure, Ca2 concen-tration, the total inorganic carbon concentration (ΣCO2), and the type of pore water. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium and mass conservation laws are applied to calculate the calcite saturation state as a function of a few key parameters. The model calculation illustrates that the calcite solubility is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of pore water, mainly the concentration difference between the total dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration (i.e., [ΣCO2] -[Ca2 ]). In the Na2SO4 water at the shallow depth, this index is close to 0, pore water is near the calcite solubility. Calcite does not dissolve or precipitate in significant quantities. In the NaHCO3 water at the intermedi-ate depth, this index is greater than 0, and pore water is supersaturated with respect to calcite. Massive calcite precipitation was observed at this depth interval and this intensive cementation is responsible for decreased porosity and permeability. In the CaCl2 water at the greater depth, pore water is un-der-saturated with respect to calcite, resulting in dissolution of calcite cements, as consistent with microscopic dissolution features of the samples from this depth interval. Calcite dissolution results in formation of high secondary porosity and permeability, and is responsible for the superior quality of the reservoir rocks at this depth interval. These results illustrate the importance of pore water chemis-try in controlling carbonate precipitation/dissolution, which in turn controls porosity and permeability of oil and gas reservoir rocks in major sedimentary basins.