Influence of the off-axis position of the transmitter and receiver circuits on the results of differentially normalized electromagnetic sounding

In the differentially normalized method of electromagnetic sounding (DNME), the transmitter and receiver are grounded electrical circuits. The conduction and polarization properties of a section are studied by measuring the electrical potential difference (ΔU(t)) and the second potential difference (Δ²U(t)); the latter characterizes the spatial inhomogeneity of the electromagnetic field. Measurements of Δ²U(t) are strongly influenced by three-dimensional inhomogeneities within the receiver spread. To reduce this effect, measurements are made in two positions (left and right) of the transmitter circuit relative to receiver with subsequent averaging of the measured data. Often in field studies, the transmitter and receiver circuits are at an angle to each other, and the use of two transmitters in measurements leads to the need to determine a generalized transmitter for one-dimensional forward numerical modeling of field data.The effect of the off-axis (diagonal) position of the transmitter and receiver circuits on the data of electromagnetic pulse sounding and their inversion for a one-dimensional polarizable conducting medium have been studied in real and numerical experiments. In modeling, the effect of induced polarization (IP) is taken into account by introducing the resistivity frequency dispersion (Cole-Cole equation). Validity of the calculation of the generalized transmitter is estimated for the solution of the one-dimensional forward problem with the inversion of field diagonal measurements. The effect of three-dimensional objects on the results of measurements using the above observation system is estimated by solving the 3D forward problem for a polarizable conducting medium.     

地-井瞬变电磁井旁板状导体异常响应特征分析

在实际工作中,地-井瞬变电磁井旁盲矿的异常响应受多种因素影响,曲线特征复杂。为了研究井旁板状导体位置、埋深、产状等参数对地-井瞬变电磁异常响应的影响,这里通过数值模拟计算了四类39个理论模型,分析了板状导体倾角、埋深变化及其与钻孔距离、相对位置变化的异常响应,总结了响应特征与板体几何参数之间的内在联系规律,为定性或半定量解释井旁盲矿异常提供了依据。     

发射脉冲波形对探地雷达响应的影响

电性参数、系统参数以及处理方法,对探地雷达的探测深度、分辨率以及精度有重要的影响。这里主要讨论发射脉冲波形对探地雷达响应的影响,即首先产生汉宁、高斯、柯西和泊松四种窗函数所对应的发射脉冲波形,然后通过二维时域有限差分正演模拟方法分别获得上述激发波形在钢筋模型和薄层模型的响应,最后在分析响应结果的基础上,总结出不同激发波形对横向和纵向分辨率的影响。从正演模拟结果可以发现,在同一地电模型和相同的发射天线中心频率情况下,发射脉冲波形的宽度越小,其探测分辨率越高,探测深度越浅;柯西脉冲波具有较好的横向分辨率,而高斯脉冲波在横向和纵向上都具有较好的分辨率。所获得的结论对于不同地电模型的正演模拟以及探地雷达数据的解释,具有一定的指导作用。     

瞬变电磁中两种发射源的响应特征研究

大回线源作为一种快速有效的瞬变电磁观测方式,它的优点是铺设一次线框,在框内和框外都可以测量,空间采样率高、工作效率高和解释精度高,特别适合高密度、大深度的面积测量。目前针对矩形源计算有两种方式,1通过面积等效法用圆形发射源代替矩形发射源;2利用水平偶极子沿矩形回线做数值积分。这里计算了两种发射装置内二次场值,研究两种发射源内二次场的分布特征,证明对于中心回线装置、大定源装置,在晚期使用面积等效方法用圆型线框代替矩型线框计算视电阻率是有效的,在早期计算会引入较大误差,需要校正。     

Investigation of spheroidal weathering and twinning

What determines the geometry of spheroidal weathering patterns? Spheroidal weathering rings appear to arise from the leaching of fresh rock, rather than from reprecipitation of dissolved minerals diffusing out of weathered rock. In previous work the authors developed a mathematical model to explain the geometry of spheroidal weathering structures, and showed how some of the features of weathering patterns, otherwise difficult to explain, were natural consequences of the model. In describing the geometrical aspect of these shapes, we hope to understand how natural forces acted upon the unweathered rock and why and under what conditions spheroidal weathering structures were formed. In this paper we review the main features of our model and examine and discuss twinning of spheroidal weathering structures, concluding that the structures were formed during a distinct period in the past. Twinning is an apparent anomaly in that its natural occurrence, as part of the weathering process, cannot be explained by our model without additional ad hoc assumptions. Careful examination of twins reveals an explanation which does not require revision of the model.     

电性源地—井瞬变电磁异常场响应特征初步分析

地—井瞬变电磁法是在地面发射、井(钻孔)中接收的装置形式,能够利用已有钻孔使接收探头深入地下更加接近目标体,获得更加可靠的信息.该装置对于深部低阻体,尤其当存在低阻覆盖层、矿化等地质干扰情况下,对于规模不大的深部良导矿体的探测能力较强.相对于磁性发射源,电性发射源勘查范围更广,适合地形起伏矿区开展工作.本文旨在通过研究电性发射源条件下钻孔中地下电性界面的异常特征,为实际勘查工作的定性分析提供参考.文中通过一维模型正演模拟对三分量瞬变响应异常特征进行了初步分析,结果表明,由于瞬变响应总场中叠加了背景场和异常场的响应,曲线形态复杂,仅在中晚期道电界面反映明显;而异常场曲线形态相对简单,对电性界面反映明显;整体上水平分量的异常显示度高于垂直分量.通过数值模拟分析获得了对于电性源地—井TEM钻孔中三分量曲线形态的初步认识,验证了电性发射源条件下地—井TEM对于确定电性界面的有效性,能够为进一步研究提供参考.     

现代藻类磷酸盐埋藏学实验——对磷酸盐化球状化石研究的启示

产于贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷块岩中的“瓮安生物群”是认识早期生命起源与演化的重要窗口。因为其特殊的磷酸盐化作用,其中的球状化石内部保存了大量精细的细胞甚至亚细胞结构,但保存这些化石的磷酸盐化作用机理尚不清楚。因此,本文采用绿藻门下团藻和空球藻为实验对象,通过改变pH、温度、氧气含量等实验条件,探索藻类在不同埋藏环境下的保存状况,为早期磷酸盐化化石的埋藏机制提供证据。实验结果显示藻类在不同实验条件下的保存潜力差距较大,相同环境下两种藻类所体现的保存潜力也不一致,但都具备足够的保存潜力;空球藻细胞在埋藏过程中出现褶皱变形,但在不同条件下的形态学差异并不明显;团藻的繁殖体形态与瓮安生物群中的一类多细胞球状化石的细胞分裂形式十分相似;早期状态一致的同种藻类不管在相同还是不同的实验条件下其个体直径大小均表现出较强的差异性。本次实验模拟自然状态下的埋藏环境,因此实验现象可能在现实埋藏过程中重现,通过实验得出以下结论：磷酸盐化的埋藏环境中藻类具备足够的保存潜力;磷酸盐化会导致生物获得自身以外的形态学信息;在不同的埋藏学环境下保存的磷酸盐化球状化石的直径大小会有差异;胚胎状化石与磷酸盐化的现生藻类...     

非开挖导航仪探头的设计与开发

结合非开挖导航仪器中探头部分的整体构成原理与设计,介绍了倾角、工具面向角等关键技术参数的检测原理与方法。对于倾角,采用单轴加速度传感器测量,并着重分析了消除安装误差的方法;对于工具面向角,采用了自行设计的光电式面向角传感器。应用与研究表明,各参数的测量均满足了地下工作的要求。     

科学计算软件在岩土工程计算中的应用

计算机技术的发展和许多诸如MATLAB和ANSYS科学计算软件的出现,为岩土工程技术人员在解决岩土工程问题时提供了新思维和新方法,相信科学计算软件必将成为岩土工程技术人员的得力助手.     

电离层影响下均匀半空间水平谐变电偶极子的电磁响应计算

空气介质和电离层是电导率不同的分层媒质,当研究由空气层中电流或磁矩激发的电磁场时,地面接收到的电磁波不仅受到空气介质、地下介质的影响,而且还受到电离层的影响。首先,推导出了电磁场一般边值问题,然后,将电离层、空气及地壳视为均匀、线性、各向同性的三层媒质,考虑地壳、空气、电离层的相互耦合,利用分离变量法推导求得了位于地壳表面水平谐变电偶极子的电磁响应表达式,通过这些表达式能够方便地求出电离层影响下均匀半空间空气层中的电磁场场值,同时,为后续的数值计算奠定了理论基础。     

GAMIT与BERNESE在GPS基线解算中的比较

对高精度数据处理软件BERNESE和GAMIT进行了简单介绍,并用这两种后处理软件来处理长度大于1 000km的基线,对各种软件解算的结果进行了比对分析,得出两种软件在数据处理方法、精度、解算准确度等方面的差别,并对其使用条件提出了建议。     

Do the galaxies NGC 936 and NGC 3198 possess massive spheroidal subsystems?

The condition for gravitational stability of the stellar disks of the galaxies NGC 936 and NGC 3198 makes maximum disk models unacceptable. We present mass estimates for these objects' spheroidal components. The mass of the dark halo of NGC 3198, within four disk radial scale lengths, exceeds its disk mass by a factor of 1.6 to 2. The masses of the disk and spheroidal subsystem (halo + bulge), within four radial scale lengths, are approximately the same for NGC 936.     

Modelling the response of river systems to environmental change: Progress,problems and prospects for palaeo-environmental reconstructions

Over the last decade several computational models, and several types of model, have been developed to simulate the response of river systems to environmental change over time scales of decades to millennia: hydrological models, flood inundation models, channel morphology models, channel network models, models of river meandering and river braiding, alluvial stratigraphy models, and landscape evolution models. Each type of model simulates different aspects of a river's response to changes in environmental inputs such as climate and land-use — and to changes in these inputs. And each type of model has its abilities, advantages and limitations. We provide an overview of the different types of model that have been developed, and we evaluate their suitability for testing hypotheses about past environmental conditions, as well as for investigating the response of alluvial river systems to future environmental change. Additionally, we discuss the general issues and problems of computational modelling (e.g. scale and resolution, data availability, process representation, process parameterization, model calibration, non-linearity, and uncertainty), and the extent to which these hamper the usefulness of the models as a tool in environmental landscape studies. Finally, we identify trends in computational modelling research to outline possible future directions of the discipline.     

承压含水层井孔储存效应对气压波动引起的井孔水位波动的影响

定量研究了井孔储存量对气压波动引起的承压含水层井水水位波动的抑制和滞后效应,建立了相应的数学模型,并推出了其解析解,给出了承压含水层井孔水位波动与气压波动的定量关系.分析发现,对于常见承压含水层完整井来说,当其井径大于0.1m时,井孔储存量对气压波动引起的井水水位波动具有明显的控制和滞后效应.随着井径的增大或者含水层水力扩散系数的减小,气压波动引起的井水水位的波动减弱.当井径无穷大或含水层水力扩散系数无穷小时,井水水位不再随气压波动;反之,当井径无限小或含水层水力扩散系数无穷大时,井水水位则正好以反相位随气压波动,且井水水位波动幅度和气压波动幅度之比刚好为气压效应系数.     

喀斯特系统生物地球化学循环及对全球变化的响应

生物地球化学循环是地球系统物质循环的核心,是维系地表生态系统稳定和人类社会可持续发展的重要基础。然而,气候变化以及人类的过度干扰可能会显著改变表层地球系统中的生物地球化学循环过程,尤其是脆弱的喀斯特生态系统。特殊的多孔隙关键带结构也加速了喀斯特地区物质循环及其对外界环境变化的响应,影响了不同尺度的物质循环和生物地球化学过程。本研究主要综述了宏观尺度（气候变化）、中尺度（人类活动）和微观尺度（微生物活动）的环境变化对喀斯特地区生物地球化学循环的影响。结果表明多要素变化导致喀斯特地区物质循环受到强烈影响,气候变化、人类活动和微生物活动及其耦合关系对喀斯特地区生物地球化学循环的调控作用具有重要意义。最后,本研究强调了现有研究的局限性并指出未来研究的挑战与方向,即未来应从系统研究（如地球关键带）的视角出发,将多尺度观测－分析与综合模型集成研究并举,从而构建多源多尺度耦合的过程和系统模型,进而为阐明喀斯特系统的演变规律和动力学机制、实现喀斯特地区的生态保护和高质量发展提供理论基础。     

反求弥散度的一种数值解法

介绍了一种利用溶质在潜水中的运移反求水质污染弥散度的数值解法。采用最优化技术寻优求参和隐式有限差分方法求解数学模型,并给出应用该方法对山东省小清河湖滨弥散试验场潜水纵向弥散度和计算实例。     

用钻孔体应变资料检测地球球型振荡的数据处理方法

利用宽城台TJ式体应变资料,用三种不同的数据处理方法对苏门答腊地震的观测应变数据进行去固体潮和滤波消噪处理,检测到地球球型振荡,并识别出球型振荡0S3～0S26基频振型。然后与另一种没经过去固体潮和滤波消噪的方法识别的球型振荡进行对比,发现用这四种不同方法得到的球型振荡的每一振型的周期完全相等,振幅的差别比较小,反映了宽城台钻孔体应变仪的观测资料受固体潮和噪声的影响比较小。     

Determination of zero difference GPS differential code biases for satellites and prominent receiver types

The differential code bias (DCB) is the differential hardware (e.g., the satellite or receiver) delay that occurs between two different observations obtained at the same or two different frequencies. There are two approaches used to estimate DCBs for receivers and satellites: the relative and absolute methods. The relative method utilizes a GPS network, while the absolute method determines DCBs from a single station (zero difference). Three receiver types based on the pseudo-range observables were used here to collect the GPS data: Codeless Tracking, Cross Correlation, and Non-Cross Correlation styles. According to its types, GPS receivers have responded to restrictions on the GPS signal structure in different ways. The main goal of the current research is providing a method to determine the DCBs of GPS satellites and dual frequency receivers. The developed mathematical model was based on spherical harmonic function and geometry-free combination of pseudo-range observables (C/A or/and P-code) according to receiver type. A new elevation-dependent weighting function with respect to GPS satellites in our algorithm was applied. The applied weighting function was used to consider the quality variation of satellite DCBs, which is caused by pseudo-range measurement errors. The code of the proposed mathematical model was written using MATLAB and is called “zero difference differential code bias estimation (ZDDCBE)”. This code was tested and evaluated using data from IGS GNSS stations and different types of GPS stations out of IGS network installed in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The estimated values from the ZDDCBE code show a good agreement with the IGS analysis centers with a mean error of estimation for the receiver DCB equal 5.94%. Therefore, the ZDDCBE code can be used to estimate the DCB for any type of receiver regardless if the receiver is from IGS network or not.     

Turbulent separated flow over and downstream of a two-element airfoil

Flow characteristics in the vicinity of the flap of a single-slotted airfoil are presented and analysed. The flow remained attached over the model surfaces except in the vicinity of the flap trailing edge where a small region of boundary-layer separation extended over the aft 7% of flap chord. The airfoil configuration was tested at a Mach number of 0.09 and a chord Reynolds number of 1.8 × 10⁶ in the NASA Ames Research Center 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel. The flow was complicated by the presence of a strong, initially inviscid, jet, emanating from the slot between airfoil and flap, and a gradual merging of the main airfoil wake and flap suction-side boundary layer.Research Engineer, NRC Research AssociateAerospace Engineer