深度保证率和表达度指标的定义及评估方法

从航海安全性与航行资源表达的角度出发,分别定义了水深的深度保证率与表达度等指标,提出了保证率、合格率和表达度的评估方法,推导了相关的计算公式。实验结果表明,所定义的指标能分别从航海安全性和航行资源表达两个方面明确且较为合理地评估水深模型的质量;所提评估方法实用可行,比传统方法能更有效、全面地评估水深模型的表达安全性和航行资源的表达程度。     

利用拟构模型面调控水深模型点选取的航海DDM构建

针对传统方法难以确保所建模型的深度保证率满足航海安全要求的问题,提出了一种利用拟构模型面调控水深模型点选取的航海数字水深模型（digital depth model,DDM）构建方法。定义了已选、待选、拟选水深点以及拟构模型面的概念,并利用待选水深点来定量评估模型面的深度保证率与表达度,实现了水深自动选取过程中的DDM质量动态监控。在此基础上,通过构造水深选取中的质量评估综合算子,利用该算子来定量调控水深点的选取,确保所构DDM的深度保证率能达到规定指标要求。实验结果表明:（1）与传统方法相比,所提方法能确保所建模型的保证率满足航海安全要求;（2）对于深度保证率均能满足航海安全要求的水深点,所提方法较传统方法能从一定程度上提高模型在此处的表达度。     

一种改进的海图等深线更新方法

针对当前等深线更新方法在等深点生成环节未能充分顾及航行安全的问题,结合可能最浅水深概念和抛物线插值法,提出一种顾及航行安全"扩浅缩深"原则的等深点生成算法,并据此算法实现等深线更新.首先根据海图水深点构建并优化Delaunay三角网;其次采用一种顾及"扩浅"原则的等深点插值算法确定等深点的位置;最后在等深线追踪完成后,采用顾及航行安全的光滑算法绘制出形状平滑的等深线,实现等深线自动更新.实验结果表明,该方法更新的等深线能够正确表达海底地形,符合海图等深线绘制的航行安全原则,满足海图等深线要素的更新要求.     

Delaunay三角网支持下的海图等深线化简

等深线化简是海图综合的重要研究内容。针对现有化简方法存在的化简弯曲识别不准确、化简不彻底等问题,提出了一种Delaunay三角网支持下的等深线化简算法。首先,对等深线构建约束Delaunay三角网,实现了等深线弯曲结构的二叉树表达;其次,基于约束Delaunay三角网结构,改善了等深线上需要化简弯曲的识别方法;最后,设计了多种化简手段,建立了新的等深线化简模型,实现了对等深线形状的彻底化简。实验结果表明,化简结果能够满足航行安全要求,等深线的主要弯曲特征得到了有效保持和清晰表达,化简精度符合制图要求,且能够有效避免自交。     

顾及地理特征保持的溺谷海岸线化简算法

在溺谷海岸成因、地理特征分析基础上提出顾及地理特征保持的溺谷海岸线化简算法。该算法利用Delaunay三角网为支撑几何结构建立河口层次树模型表达溺谷海岸线特有的河口树枝状特征,通过次要河口的删除实现岸线化简。试验结果表明该算法保持了溺谷岸线树枝状特征,同时具有自身拓扑一致性、保证航海安全性等优点。     

顾及局部差异的航海图线要素复杂度度量EI北大核心CSCD

针对当前线要素复杂度的度量多基于单一线要素求取整体复杂程度,难以顾及局部差异变化这一现状,提出一种用于航海图线要素复杂程度的度量方法。首先,分析了线要素节点所构三角网边长与线要素复杂程度的关联性;然后,通过构建约束Delaunay三角网、计算线要素数据点复杂度并内插等操作,得到了航海图线要素复杂场;最后,选取两组不同的典型海域航海图作为试验数据,并通过统计试验验证了本文方法的合理性。试验结果表明:本文方法在顾及局部差异的基础上,能较好地定义航海图线要素的复杂度,并可精细化地定量评估航海图线要素在各区域的复杂程度。     

基于S-101的全球多尺度电子航海图调显方法

为使全球电子航海图自动调度显示满足人眼视觉感受,将调度显示规则抽象成3个定性准则;同时引入IHO S-101海图显示的航行安全标准,根据标准中雷达测距与显示比例尺的对应关系,得出航海图显示比例尺阈值的定量规则。最后,在此规则基础上,利用比例尺阈值控制、视窗矩形相交判断及凸多边形覆盖分析等多种算法实现了全球多尺度电子航海图的自动调度和显示。     

基于约束条件的线要素化简算法质量评估

随着制图综合质量评价越来越受重视,对地图要素中所占比例最大的线要素的化简算法进行质量评估变得十分必要。结合线化简算法自身的特点,从几何和语义两方面总结了线要素在化简过程容易出现的问题,在分析线要素化简应满足的约束条件的基础上,提出对算法实施评估的评价指标,并选择水平中误差等三种评价指标对三种线化简算法具体实施质量评估。试验结果证明了本文提出的评估方法的科学性。     

薄板样条函数支持下的等深线追踪算法研究

基于薄板样条函数的拟合曲面能很好地根据水深点数据模拟水下地形,通过建立一定密度的规则格网可以十分精细地追踪等深线。因薄板样条曲面是光滑的,故生成的等深线具有一定的平滑性。本文首先论述了薄板样条曲面的解算步骤,然后研究了在该曲面上构建规则格网模型和追踪等深线的算法,最后以南方CASS作为实现平台,根据实际数据生成的等深线效果证明了本文提出的算法是可行有效的,能有效地避免曲线拟合过程中产生的凸起或陡变现象。     

线状要素化简算法的分析与评估

线状要素是地图中量最大、形式最多样的要素,它们的化简在自动制图综合中非常重要.目前对线状要素化简的算法研究较多,但其化简质量却少有研究.针对化简算法的基本要求,提出了易于操作的评估化简算法质量的6个方面:面积差、弯曲度、最大拐角比率、化简变化趋势、化简结果一致性和自相交性.通过大量实验,比较了Douglas-Peucker等算法的化简效果,最后对化简中的自相交问题提出了相应的改正措施.     

An Ontology of the Submarine Relief for Analysis and Representation on Nautical Charts

Abstract

A nautical chart is a kind of map used to describe the seafloor morphology and shoreline of adjacent lands. One of its main purposes is to guarantee safety of navigation. As a consequence, the construction of a nautical chart follows very specific rules. The cartographer has to select and highlight undersea features according to their relevance to navigation. In an automated process, the system must be able to identify and classify these features from the terrain model. This paper aims therefore to define ontologies of the submarine relief and nautical chart that will be at the root of a model-oriented generalization process. To the best of our knowledge, no ontology has been defined to formalize the geographical and cartographic objects for nautical chart representation. Thus, a bottom-up approach was developed to extract and model knowledge derived from standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and cartographers’ expertise. The submarine relief ontology formalizes undersea features describing the submarine relief. Four concepts (composition, morphometric class, shape value and depth value) are introduced to describe properties and relationships between undersea features. The cartographic representation ontology of nautical charts will define several concepts (chart, features, isobathymetric lines and soundings) for the representation of undersea features on the chart.     

An ontology-driven multi-agent system for nautical chart generalization

ABSTRACT

On nautical charts, undersea features are portrayed by sets of soundings (depth points) and isobaths (depth contours) from which map readers can interpret undersea features. Different techniques were developed for automatic sounding selection and isobath generalization. These methods are mainly used to generate a new chart from the bathymetric database or from a larger scale chart through selection and simplification. However, a part of the process consists in selecting and emphasizing undersea features formed by groups of soundings and isobaths on the chart according to their relevance to maritime navigation. Hence, automation of the process requires classification of features and their generalization through the application of a set of operators according not only to geometric constraints but also to their meaning.

The objective of this work is to conceive a multi-agent system (MAS) for nautical chart generalization that is driven by the knowledge on the generalization process and the undersea features and their relationships. First, this work provides a feature-centered ontology modeling of the generalization process. Then, the MAS structure is introduced where agents access cartographic knowledge stored in the ontology. The MAS makes use of measure algorithms to evaluate constraint violations on the chart in order to decide which generalization operators to apply. The whole model has been implemented to provide generalization plans on a real case study.     

Quality Assessment of an Automatic Sounding Selection Process for Navigational Charts

A good seabed representation is one of the important characteristics of any navigational chart. Along with depth contours and coloured depth areas, soundings are used for this task. All the soundings on a navigational chart are selected for a reason. Soundings contribute to the navigational chart safety aspect by alerting to all the threats and dangers. They also show all the attributes of a seabed relief without overcrowding it, thus maintaining the overall chart quality. Soundings are selected from a hydrographic survey and since it consists of a vast number of data, the process of sounding selection is a challenging and demanding task. It requires experience and knowledge from the nautical cartographer and is mostly done manually. Some types of software nowadays provide an automatic selection feature. This paper analyses a process of automatic sounding selection in the dKart Editor software. On the Croatian side of the Adriatic Sea, ?ibenski Kanal (?ibenik channel) and Kanal Sv. Ante (St. Ante’s channel) are used as the study area. A hydrographic survey of the area represents the input data. The official navigational chart of the surveyed area is used as the basis for determining three different sets of parameters for the selection process. After the selection, obtained results are assessed based on geometrical accuracy and on the conservation level of navigational safety. For geometrical accuracy, the best results were produced by the third set that was divided in two subsets for each channel. It was determined that the nature of the seabed relief had an impact on the selection process. The same set had the best result for navigational safety assessment but it was concluded that all the sets undermined the aspect. Because of these crucial shortcomings noticed in all the tested sets of parameters, the feature is considered inadequate for serious usage as a completely automatic tool for the process of sounding selection on navigational charts.     

Feature‐Driven Generalization of Isobaths on Nautical Charts: A Multi‐Agent System Approach

A nautical chart provides a schematic view of the seafloor where isobaths (contour lines joining points of same depth) and depth soundings are generalized to highlight undersea features that form navigational hazards and routes. Considering that the process is ultimately driven by features and their significance to navigation, this article proposes a generalization strategy where isobath generalization is controlled by undersea features directly. The seafloor is not perceived as a continuous depth field but as a set of discrete features composed by groups of isobaths. In this article, generalization constraints and operators are defined at feature level and composed of constraints and operators applying to isobaths. In order to automate the process, a multi‐agent system is designed where features are autonomous agents evaluating their environment in order to trigger operations. Interactions between agents are described and an example on a bathymetric database excerpt illustrates the feasibility of the approach.     

顾及潮汐变化的动态可航水域表示模型及方法研究

自20个世纪90年代末起,GIS技术开始得到广泛的应用。随着应用领域的不断扩展和相关研究的日益深入,GIS技术的发展出现了新的趋势:时间被引入到空间分析中来,随之而产生了TGIS,时间的引入为GIS技术的发展注入了新的活力。本文所研究的就是TGIS技术在近岸海上航行中的应用问题:以电子海图显示系统为平台,在引入潮汐等随时间变化较为显著且影响较大的相关要素的前提下,通过建立实时水深模型、动态等深线勾绘模型和区域生成模型等与时间要素密切相关的数学模型,实现舰船可航水域表示模型的动态实时快速构建。     

空间影响域覆盖最大的航标自动选取方法

针对当前海图制图综合中航标手工选取作业效率低、选取结果受限于作业人员业务水平和工作态度等不足,提出了一种基于空间影响域覆盖最大的航标自动选取方法。通过定义空间影响域,创建空间影响域模型,加权评估航标地理位置重要性,设计空间影响域覆盖最大的分轮次自动选取策略,实现了航标的自动选取。实验结果表明:本文方法实现了航标的自动选取且结果符合《中国航海图编绘规范》要求,能避免手工选取可能存在的明显失误和不同作业人员可能导致的结果不一致性,作业效率明显高于当前普遍使用的手工选取方法。     

海底地形的识别与水深的综合

水深综合是数字海图综合的重要方面,也是其难点之一,在分析水深综合原则的基础上,提出了基于地形特征识别的综合模型,以分解其诸多约束条件,来实现水深的自动综合。     

S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究

我国数字海图的数据结构是在标准《数字海图数据字典》中进行定义的,是根据我国的自有技术体系进行设计的,与S-57标准相差较大。目前关于我国数字海图向S-57格式数据的转换研究较多,而S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究较少。文中在对S-57标准海图及我国数字海图编码和数据结构深入研究的基础上,实现S-57标准海图向我国数字海图的转换,有利于国内相关软件对国外海图数据的使用。