方差分量估计分析北斗伪距信号精度

针对北斗伪距精度和时间相关性研究较少的问题,该文引入最小二乘方差分量估计方法,对伪距与载波相位形成的电离层残差组合序列求高阶差分,构造伪距观测量的关系方程,并分析了北斗卫星伪距观测量的精度和时间相关性。结果表明,北斗伪距观测量的测量噪声在0.1~0.5m范围内,随高度角的增大而减小;不同频率的伪距噪声各有差异,高度角增大时差异减小,所有测站中B1的伪距噪声最大,B2、B3的大小关系随测站而异;地球同步轨道卫星的伪距精度优于倾斜地球同步轨道和中地球轨道卫星,且后两者差距较小;市场上两款北斗接收机的伪距测量精度相当。相关分析表明,当接收机采样频率等于或低于1Hz时,伪距观测量不存在明显的时间相关性;当采样频率高于1Hz时,伪距观测量表现出较强的时间相关性。     

北斗系统伪距多径特征及对其定位精度影响分析

随着全球卫星导航系统现代化程度提高,电离层延迟、对流层延迟、轨道误差等各项误差得到了有效消除或减弱,但是不同用户端的多路径效应误差是不相关的,不能通过差分修正,使得多径误差成为影响用户定位精度的主要误差源。针对北斗系统多星座伪距多径分析需求,首先给出了基于相干超前-滞后延迟锁定环的码跟踪多径误差模型,生成了不同带宽、不同相关间距条件下的多径误差包络线;其次,利用信号源模拟北斗信号及其一路多径信号,定量分析了多径对北斗伪距观测值的影响,研究了不同厂家北斗接收机的抗多径性能;最后,利用北斗接收机实测数据,设计了短基线差分方法,分析了实测环境下伪距多径大小及其对单双频定位性能的影响。结果表明:北斗系统B1频点伪距多径大于B3频点,地球静止轨道卫星伪距多径大于倾斜地球同步轨道和中圆地球轨道卫星;静态条件下,B1频点多径误差均方根最大值为2.53m,B3频点多径误差均方根最大值为0.73m。     

北斗卫星伪距偏差标定及对用户定位精度影响

伪距偏差是指卫星导航信号非理想特征导致的不同技术状态接收机产生的伪距测量常数偏差。本文将伪距偏差作为一种用户段误差,提出基于并置接收机的伪距偏差计算方法和基于DCB参数的伪距偏差计算方法,以实现伪距偏差与其他误差的分离。然后利用实测数据测量了北斗卫星伪距偏差,结果表明伪距偏差标定序列波动STD约为0.1 m,不随时间明显变化,不同地点接收机测量的伪距偏差具有较好的一致性。在1.5 G频段,北斗卫星B1I频点伪距偏差最大。北斗卫星新体制信号B1C伪距偏差最小,较北斗卫星B1I频点伪距偏差明显改善,也明显好于GPS卫星L1C/A频点伪距偏差。在其他频段,GPS卫星L2C伪距偏差略大于北斗卫星B3I伪距偏差,L5C频点伪距偏差次之,B2a频点伪距偏差最小。最后,利用实测数据分析了伪距偏差对定位精度的影响。结果表明伪距偏差与卫星群延迟参数高度相关。若用户接收机与群延迟参数计算采用的接收机技术状态差异较大,用户接收机定位精度将明显恶化。     

北斗三号系统信号质量分析及轨道精度验证

北斗三号卫星导航系统（BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system,BDS-3）的信号体制经过重新设计,提供B1I、B3I、B1C、B2a以及B2b 5个频点的公开服务信号。从伪距多路径、信噪比、无几何无电离层相位组合（geometry-free ionosphere-free phase combination,GFIFP）观测值特性等方面,对BDS-3卫星公开服务信号的观测数据质量进行分析评估。结果表明,BDS-3卫星信号的多路径噪声水平优于北斗二号系统卫星,且未发现与高度角相关的系统偏差,B1C受多路径及噪声的影响更为显著;不同信号组合的GFIFP序列都呈现出与卫星相关的周期性系统误差,峰值约为2 cm。对BDS-3卫星采用“一步法”精密定轨,分别采用B1I&B3I与B1C&B2a的双频无电离层组合,使用轨道边界不连续性以及卫星激光测距进行轨道精度检核,结果表明,在可用观测数少于B1I&B3I的情况下,B1C&B2a解算的轨道精度达到与B1I&B3I相当的水平,轨道径向的内符合精度分别为6.1 cm、6.6 cm...     

BDS-3新频点B1C/B2a动态数据特性及PPP精度分析

通过载噪比(CNR)、数据完整率、伪距与载波相位观测值噪声和伪距多路径效应四个指标对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)新频点B1C/B2a车载动态数据的特性进行了分析,测试了BDS-3新频点动态精密单点定位(PPP)的性能,并与其它全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行了对比. 试验结果表明,BDS-3新频点B2a平均CNR优于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)其它频率,但略差于GPS L5;相较于其它GNSS,BDS数据完整率相对较高,其中BDS-3 B2a新频点数据完整率最高;BDS-3 B2b伪距观测值噪声最小,B1C和B2a伪距观测值噪声约为B2b信号的3倍,但不同频率相位观测值噪声处于同一量级;对于伪距多路径而言,BDS-3 B1C/B2a 信号略小于B2b 信号. 总体而言,GPS L5信号抑制多路径效应的能力最强. 在动态PPP性能方面,BDS-3 B1C/B2a双频组合动态PPP定位精度最优,其三维(3D)均方根(RMS)误差为0.439 m,相比BDS B1I/B3I、GPS L1/L2、GLONASS G1/G2和Galileo E1/E5a双频组合PPP,其精度改善率分别为49%、56%、81%和42%.      

陆态网络数据的北斗观测值特性分析

为了进一步分析北斗卫星观测值的相关特性,文章对比北斗卫星与GPS卫星、以及不同类型北斗卫星之间观测值特性的差异,提出了用站间差分考察伪距多路径组合和GFIF组合观测值的方法。陆态网络数据实验结果显示,北斗卫星B1频率观测值的信噪比最低;高度角较低时,北斗卫星伪距多路径组合绝对值和离散度均较大,约为1.5m,且IGSO和MEO卫星的伪距多路径组合值随高度角增大而明显降低;北斗GEO和IGSO卫星的相位GFIF组合有日周期性,变化范围约为±2cm,伪距GFIF组合的变化范围可达±2m;站间差分可明显减弱伪距多路径组合的变化趋势和相位GFIF组合的周期性,表明这两个组合中可能包含与卫星相关的误差,为北斗观测数据误差处理提供参考。     

北斗多频伪距单点定位精度分析

针对北斗卫星伪距定位研究较少的现状,该文分析了北斗B1、B2和B3的伪距质量,给出了采用不同频点伪距定位时需考虑的因素,探讨了使用广播星历时北斗多频伪距单点定位的定位性能。结果表明,B3频点的伪距多路径效应和观测噪声优于B1和B2;单频定位时,各频点定位平面精度优于5m,高程精度优于10m,且B1的定位精度最高;双频定位时,B1/B2无电离层组合的定位性能略高于B1/B3,平面精度优于3m,高程精度优于5m,并且B2/B3的噪声太大,不适用于导航定位。     

地球静止轨道卫星数目对BDS单点定位的影响

针对相同条件下地球静止轨道卫星星历引入的测距误差约为中地球轨道卫星2倍的问题,该文分析了北斗导航系统中地球静止轨道卫星数目对定位的影响。采用实测数据在观测时段内可见的倾斜地球同步轨道、中地球轨道卫星的基础上,逐次增加一颗高度角最大的地球静止轨道卫星参与定位;对比分析了不同数目地球静止轨道卫星参与定位时位置精度因子值的变化,以及在北、东、高方向分量误差及总误差的内外符合精度。数据分析表明,按高度角逐次增加1~4颗地球静止轨道卫星时,系统的位置精度因子值有不同程度的改善,定位精度与增加一颗高度角最大的地球静止轨道卫星时基本相当;对高度角最小的地球静止轨道卫星降权处理,定位精度比未降权时提高。     

使用抛物面定向天线分析北斗三号星上伪距和载波测距偏差

对于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS),观测值测距性能会影响系统基本服务能力。大口径抛物面天线能够较好地削弱地面设备和环境对信号采集的影响。基于抛物面天线数据分析北斗三号全球卫星导航系统(BeiDou-3 global navigation satellite system, BDS-3)的观测值特性和测距性能。结果显示,B1I、B3I、B1C、B2a和B2b 5个频点上均未发现与北斗二号卫星类似的相同量级卫星星上伪距偏差,部分频点伪距多路径存在波动,但与高度角的相关性不强,所有卫星测距偏差变化的平均量级为0.1 m。使用载波三频组合分析北斗三号卫星各个频率载波观测值的多路径变化和噪声水平,载波三频组合存在毫米量级的变化波动,但这种变化并未显示出与时间或者高度角的密切相关性,基于抛物面天线数据的载波三频组合均方根误差绝大部分小于0.6 mm。以上结果表明北斗三号卫星的伪距和载波观测值未出现系统性偏差,具有良好的测距性能。     

北斗卫星超短弧运动学定轨方法优化与试验分析

针对北斗卫星姿轨控后的轨道快速确定难题,系统地研究了基于多项式拟合和基于星历拟合两种运动学定轨方法,推导建立了相应的运动学定轨模型。同时针对接收机系统差和顽固多径问题,利用基于并置比对的接收机系统差解算方法和CNMC的多径削弱方法,实现了超短弧跟踪条件下接收机数据质量的有效控制。利用北斗GEO/IGSO/MEO卫星的实测伪距数据进行了试验验证,结果表明在10min超短弧跟踪条件下,GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星的运动学定轨位置精度分别为3.27m、8.19m和5.90m,实现了超短弧跟踪条件下的北斗卫星快速定轨,满足了卫星机动期间的北斗RDSS服务对轨道精度的需求,为北斗RDSS服务走向全球提供了技术支撑。     

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals

The successful launch of five new-generation experimental satellites of the China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, namely BeiDou I1-S, I2-S, M1-S, M2-S, and M3-S, marks a significant step in expanding BeiDou into a navigation system with global coverage. In addition to B1I (1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1269.520 MHz) signals, the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites are also capable of transmitting several new navigation signals in space, namely B1C at 1575.42 MHz, B2a at 1176.45 MHz, and B2b at 1207.14 MHz. For the first time, we present an initial characterization and performance assessment for these new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites and their signals. The L1/L2/L5 signals from GPS Block IIF satellites, E1/E5a/E5b signals from Galileo satellites, and B1I/B2I/B3I signals from BeiDou-2 satellites are also evaluated for comparison. The characteristics of the B1C, B1I, B2a, B2b, and B3I signals are evaluated in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, and double-differenced carrier-phase and code residuals. The results demonstrate that the observational quality of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals is comparable to that of GPS L1/L2/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a/E5b signals. However, the analysis of code multipath shows that the elevation-dependent code biases, which have been previously identified to exist in the code observations of the BeiDou-2 satellites, seem to be not obvious for all the available signals of the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. This will significantly benefit precise applications that resolve wide-lane ambiguity based on Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combinations and other applications such as single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) based on the ionosphere-free code–carrier combinations. Furthermore, with regard to the triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, it is found that different from the BeiDou-2 and GPS Block IIF satellites, no apparent bias variations could be observed in all the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites, which shows a good consistency of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals. The absence of such triple-frequency biases simplifies the potential processing of multi-frequency PPP using observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. Finally, the precise relative positioning results indicate that the additional observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can improve ambiguity resolution performance with respect to BeiDou-2 only positioning, which indicates that observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can contribute to precise relative positioning.     

北斗导航定位系统单点定位中的一种定权方法

北斗卫星导航定位系统星座复杂、不同种类卫星高度差异较大,本文将全局性非线性最小二乘算法(Bancroft算法)应用到北斗单点定位中,Bancroft算法主要依据四维空间下的一种Lorentz内积实现,将Bancroft算法中的Lorentz内积方程写成误差方程形式,推导此方程的权,得到一种新的北斗观测值定权公式。为了验证上述定权方法,基于伪距相位差值(CC组合)组合观测值分析了北斗GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星的测距信号质量,基于多路径(MP组合)组合观测值分析了多路径效应对单点定位的影响。结果表明,新算法提高了北斗单点定位精度。     

北斗IGSO/MEO卫星伪距码偏差精化建模方法研究

北斗倾斜地球同步轨道（inclined geosynchronous orbit,IGSO）卫星和中轨（medium earth orbit,MEO）卫星的伪距码观测值存在系统性偏差,针对该偏差的现有建模方法（两步法）包含模糊度消除策略的误差,提出了一种基于历元间差分的一步建模方法,建立了同类型卫星整体的伪距码偏差三次多项式改正模型,并与现有的离散点改正模型进行对比。同时,针对每颗IGSO/MEO卫星的独特性,利用一步法逐卫星建模并评估其改正效果。结果表明,相对于现有的离散点改正模型,精化模型将IGSO/MEO卫星的Melbourne-Wübbena（MW）值的稳定性平均提高了23.88%,C08卫星的提高幅度最大,约为32.26%。     

多径效应的动态特性对码跟踪环路的影响分析

接收机与卫星之间的相对运动,使得多径效应存在动态特性。针对卫星轨道的不同,分析多径效应对测距误差的影响,着重讨论静止接收机接收GEO卫星信号时出现的固有多径现象,仿真分析多径信号的衰落频率对码跟踪环路的影响。仿真结果表明,当衰落频率接近或大于码环路带宽时,多径对码跟踪精度的影响会在一定程度上被滤除;不同的卫星轨道导致多径效应的动态特性存在差异,会使测距误差在时域上表现出短时快变和长时缓变两种特征。为研究多径效应产生机理与卫星轨道因素的相关性提供了验证途径。     

Estimation and exclusion of multipath range error for robust positioning

In integrated systems for accurate positioning, which consist of GNSS, INS, and other sensors, the GNSS positioning accuracy has a decisive influence on the performance of the entire system and thus is very important. However, GNSS usually exhibits poor positioning results in urban canyon environments due to pseudorange measurement errors caused by multipath creation, which leads to performance degradation of the entire positioning system. For this reason, in order to maintain the accuracy of an integrated positioning system, it is necessary to determine when the GNSS positioning is accurate and which satellites can have their pseudorange measured accurately without multipath errors. Thus, the objective of our work is to detect the multipath errors in the satellite signals and exclude these signals to improve the positioning accuracy of GNSS, especially in an urban canyon environment. One of the previous technologies for tackling this problem is RAIM, which checks the residual of the least square and identifies the suspicious satellites. However, it presumes a Gaussian measurement error that is more common in an open-sky environment than in the urban canyon environment. On the other hand, our proposed method can estimate the size of the pseudorange error directly from the information of altitude positioning error, which is available with an altitude map. This method can estimate even the size of non-Gaussian error due to multipath in the urban canyon environment. Then, the estimated pseudorange error is utilized to weight satellite signals and improve the positioning accuracy. The proposed method was tested with a low-cost GNSS receiver mounted on a test vehicle in a test drive in Nagoya, Japan, which is a typical urban canyon environment. The experimental result shows that the estimated pseudorange error is accurate enough to exclude erroneous satellites and improve the GNSS positioning accuracy.     

北斗B1C、B2a信号非理想性分析及接收约束建议

卫星导航信号的非理想性会导致不同接收机之间出现测距偏差,是影响卫星导航系统服务精度和完好性的重要因素。首先,针对北斗系统B1C、B2a新体制信号的非理想性进行分析,利用大口径天线采集了全部北斗三号在轨卫星播发的B1C、B2a信号（共27颗卫星）,评估了不同接收带宽、码鉴相间距下测距偏差的大小与变化特点;然后,以双频多星座星基增强服务应用为例,分析了两个信号在相应接收机中的设计约束条件。研究结果发现,在接收机常用的参数范围内,B1C、B2a信号非理想性引入的测距偏差分别不超过0.68 m、0.44 m;在测距偏差小于0.1 m的性能约束下,B1C、B2a信号可用的约束条件参数范围优于国际民航标准草案中的相关要求。     

Precise orbit determination of the Fengyun-3C satellite using onboard GPS and BDS observations

The GNSS Occultation Sounder instrument onboard the Chinese meteorological satellite Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) tracks both GPS and BDS signals for orbit determination. One month’s worth of the onboard dual-frequency GPS and BDS data during March 2015 from the FY-3C satellite is analyzed in this study. The onboard BDS and GPS measurement quality is evaluated in terms of data quantity as well as code multipath error. Severe multipath errors for BDS code ranges are observed especially for high elevations for BDS medium earth orbit satellites (MEOs). The code multipath errors are estimated as piecewise linear model in \(2{^{\circ }}\times 2{^{\circ }}\) grid and applied in precise orbit determination (POD) calculations. POD of FY-3C is firstly performed with GPS data, which shows orbit consistency of approximate 2.7 cm in 3D RMS (root mean square) by overlap comparisons; the estimated orbits are then used as reference orbits for evaluating the orbit precision of GPS and BDS combined POD as well as BDS-based POD. It is indicated that inclusion of BDS geosynchronous orbit satellites (GEOs) could degrade POD precision seriously. The precisions of orbit estimates by combined POD and BDS-based POD are 3.4 and 30.1 cm in 3D RMS when GEOs are involved, respectively. However, if BDS GEOs are excluded, the combined POD can reach similar precision with respect to GPS POD, showing orbit differences about 0.8 cm, while the orbit precision of BDS-based POD can be improved to 8.4 cm. These results indicate that the POD performance with onboard BDS data alone can reach precision better than 10 cm with only five BDS inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit satellites and three MEOs. As the GNOS receiver can only track six BDS satellites for orbit positioning at its maximum channel, it can be expected that the performance of POD with onboard BDS data can be further improved if more observations are generated without such restrictions.     

Bernese ECOM光压模型在BDS卫星精密定轨中的应用

Bernese ECOM光压模型是目前GNSS导航卫星精密定轨中应用最多的经验型光压模型[1],但是其应用到北斗导航卫星（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,BDS）精密定轨中,不一定9个参数全部解算定轨效果最佳。收集了MGEX一年的BDS精密星历,采用几何轨道平滑的方式反演出ECOM模型的9个光压参数,研究参数周年变化规律发现Bc、Bs参数与Yc、Ys相关性较强,Bc、Bs存在明显的周年特性而且量级较Yc、Ys大。通过ECOM回归模型整体显著性检验,确定出Bc、Bs的显著性水平明显高于Yc、Ys。最后通过MGEX监测站的实测数据定轨,轨道和钟差精度评估结果表明,只解算D0、Y0、B0、Bc、Bs 5个参数BDS定轨精度最高,建议BDS定轨中使用5参数ECOM光压模型。     

Quality assessment of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC and GRACE GPS observables: analysis of multipath, ionospheric delay and phase residual in orbit determination

The precise orbit determination antennas of F3/C and GRACE-A satellites are from the same manufacturer, but are installed in different configurations. The current orbit accuracy of F3/C is 3 cm at arcs with good GPS data, compared to 1 cm of GRACE, which has a larger ratio of usable GPS data. This paper compares the qualities of GPS observables from F3/C and GRACE. Using selected satellites and time spans, the following average values for the satellite F3/C and satellite A of GRACE are obtained: multipath effect on the pseudorange P1, 0.78 and 0.38 m; multipath effect on the pseudorange P2, 1.03 and 0.69 m; occurrence frequency of cycle slip, 1/29 and 1/84; standard error of unit weight, 4 and 1 cm; dynamic–kinematic orbit difference, 10 and 2 cm. For gravity determination using F3/C GPS data, a careful selection of GPS data is critical. With six satellites in orbit, F3/C’s large amount of GPS data will make up the deficiency in data quality.