Microfracturing and regional stress field: a study of the preferred orientations of fluid-inclusion planes in a granite from the Massif Central,France

A study of the deformation of a granitic massif indicates a relationship between palaeostress fields and the geometry of microfractures as defined by fluid-inclusion trails, that is, healed microfractures. A statistical study of the distribution of the trails leads to the following conclusions: trails exhibit several distinct preferred orientations on the scale of a grain, which may be observed in many samples; the orientations of the trails are similar to those of micro- and mesoscale fractures in the granite; and the dominant trail direction is parallel to the main direction of regional shortening. Thus, fluid-inclusion trails are mode I cracks which can be used as excellent markers of palaeostress fields.     

赣东北朱溪钨(铜)矿区高分异花岗岩的成因及与钨矿的关系

朱溪钨(铜)矿是江西东北部近年来发现的超大型钨矿,本文报道了与成矿相关岩体的主量元素、微量元素、Nd同位素成分和黑云母、斜长石电子探针数据,以探讨岩体成因以及F在岩浆演化及成矿过程中的作用。朱溪矿区花岗岩具有富硅铝、贫钙镁的特征,属于典型的S型花岗岩,而不是A型花岗岩。Nd同位素(εNd(t)=-10.1~-7.9)、岩石学、地球化学特征表明朱溪矿区花岗岩是在超高温麻粒岩相条件下形成于下地壳含富Mg/Ti黑云母的麻粒岩相残留体的再次部分熔融,并非双桥山群变质沉积岩的直接部分熔融以及九岭(和杨草尖)黑云母花岗岩的重融形成。三类岩石可能代表同一个母岩浆的分离结晶的产物,结晶的先后次序为二云母花岗岩-白云母花岗岩-白云母花岗斑岩。这些花岗岩具有明显的富F特征,F的加入降低了花岗岩岩浆的固相线温度(低锆饱和温度,621~779℃)和粘度,延长了岩浆演化过程,导致了强烈的分离结晶作用和熔体-流体作用,并形成偏离正常岩浆体系的微量元素比值(低K/Rb、Zr/Hf、La/Nb、La/Ta比值)。朱溪矿区花岗岩较长的岩浆演化时间和较低的结晶温度使其可以长时间萃取双桥山群等围岩中的W元素。F与W具有明显的正相关性,W与F络合随流体迁移,巨量的W在合适的温压条件下沉淀。朱溪矿区高分异花岗岩对于钨矿的形成起了重要作用。     

花岗岩演化与铀钍元素富集的关系:以粤北贵东岩体为例

对粤北贵东岩体铀钍丰度变化特征的研究表明,原地重熔过程导致铀钍元素向花岗岩体的上方汇聚富集,并造成铀、钍元素在空间上的分离,即在花岗岩体中,铀的丰度带位处钍丰度带之上。陆壳多次原地熔融(重熔)不但导致复式花岗岩体形成,同时造成铀元素在晚期岩体中的富集。贵东岩体内燕山早期岩体铀钍含量的东西差异被认为与卷入熔融的铀源层(寒武-震旦系)的初始埋深有关,而复式岩体铀含量的南北差异,则被解释为与晚期重熔界面倾斜方向所导致的晚期岩体的剥蚀深度有关。高铀含量和高铀钍比值并存往往是晚期岩体埋深较浅的表现,对于深部隐伏矿床的寻找有重要指示作用。     

Earthquake focal mechanisms and stress orientations in the eastern Swiss Alps

This study presents an updated set of earthquake focal mechanisms in the Helvetic and Penninic/Austroalpine domains of the eastern Swiss Alps. In eight cases, based on high-precision relative hypocentre locations of events within individual earthquake sequences, it was possible to identify the active fault plane. Whereas the focal mechanisms in the Helvetic domain are mostly strike-slip, the Penninic/Austroalpine domain is dominated by normal-faulting mechanisms. Given this systematic difference in faulting style, an inversion for the stress field was performed separately for the two regions. The stress field in the Penninic/Austroalpine domain is characterized by extension oriented obliquely to the E–W strike of the orogen. Hence, the Penninic nappes, which were emplaced as large-scale compressional structures during the Alpine orogenesis, are now deforming in an extensional mode. This contrasts with the more compressional strike-slip regime in the Helvetic domain towards the northern Alpine front. Relative to the regional stress field seen in the northern Alpine foreland with a NNW–SSE compression and an ENE–WSW extension, the orientation of the least compressive stress in the Penninic/Austroalpine domain is rotated counter-clockwise by about 40°. Following earlier studies, the observed rotation of the orientation of the least compressive stress in the Penninic/Austroalpine region can be explained as the superposition of the regional stress field of the northern foreland and a uniaxial extensional stress perpendicular to the local trend of the Alpine mountain belt.     

新疆卡鲁安矿区伟晶岩锆石U-Pb定年、铪同位素组成及其与哈龙花岗岩成因关系研究

利用LA-ICPMS和LA-MC-ICPMS技术,对卡鲁安-阿祖拜伟晶岩田中4条伟晶岩脉以及哈龙岩体中锆石U-Pb定年、铪同位素组成进行了研究。研究显示,卡鲁安矿区805、806、807号脉的形成时代分别为(216.0±2.6)Ma、(223.7±1.8)Ma和(221±15)Ma,属三叠纪岩浆活动的产物。对于库卡拉盖650号脉,锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,它由形成时代为(227.9±2.6)Ma的早期钠长石伟晶岩与形成时代为(211.3±2.4)Ma的晚期锂辉石-钠长石-锂云母伟晶岩2期伟晶岩构成。哈龙岩体形成时代为400.9~403.3 Ma,由于伟晶岩与哈龙岩体之间存在形成时代上的差异(170 Ma以上),预示着它们之间不具成因上的联系。卡鲁安矿区伟晶岩脉中锆石显示较小的正εHf(t)值(+0.65~+2.50)和较大的模式年龄TDM2(1090~1213 Ma),相似于可可托海3号脉、柯鲁木特112号脉中锆石的铪同位素组成,指示伟晶岩由陆-陆碰撞体制伸展背景下的加厚地壳物质减压熔融所形成。     

洞庭盆地两护村孔孢粉组合及其气候与地层意义

两护村ZKC1孔位于洞庭盆地安乡凹陷的东南部,孔内第四系(底部跨上新世)厚达294 m,为河流和湖泊沉积,自下而上依次为上新世—早更新世华田组、早更新世汨罗组、中更新世洞庭湖组、晚更新世坡头组以及全新统等。对ZKC1孔第四系进行了详细的孢粉分析,自下而上划分出16个孢粉组合带。ESR年龄和孢粉组合及其反映的气候特征指示华田组下段形成于上新世末。根据孢粉组合特征,结合构造—沉积演化和区域气候背景,重塑洞庭盆地上新世末以来的气候演化过程:上新世末期由孢粉带Ⅰ和Ⅱ指示具暖干气候。早更新世经历了凉干(孢粉带Ⅲ、Ⅳ)→暖湿间凉干(孢粉带Ⅴ～Ⅶ)→冷干间温湿(孢粉带Ⅷ～Ⅹ)→暖较湿(孢粉带Ⅺ,Ⅻ)的气候演变过程。中更新世早期无孢粉样品(洞庭湖组下部砾石层),其沉积环境暗示冷干气候条件;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅢ反映出暖稍湿的气候特征;晚期因构造抬升缺失沉积,同期湿热化事件指示暖湿气候。晚更新世早期缺乏沉积,据区域对比应为寒冷气候;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅣ指示温较湿的气候特征;晚期缺失沉积,系寒冷气候下区域海平面下降所致。全新世经历了暖稍湿(孢粉带ⅩⅤ)→暖稍干(孢粉带ⅩⅥ)的演变。上述气候演变过程与ZKC1孔化学蚀变指数曲线反映的气候演变过程以及中国东部第四纪气候演化基本吻合。以孔深140 m为界,上部孢粉数量显著高于下部,种属也更为丰富。这一变化很可能对应于一次重要的地质事件,其成因有待今后深入研究。     

南岭稀土花岗岩、钨锡花岗岩及其成矿作用的对比

南岭地区的钨锡和稀土矿床都与花岗岩类有直接成因联系,但二者的成矿作用有许多不同之处.钨锡是典型的热液成矿,而稀土则主要形成于风化作用.随着花岗岩类的分异演化,岩石中的W、Sn等元素含量逐渐增加,因此钨锡等矿床主要与高度分异演化的晚阶段小岩体有关;但是稀土的表现与钨锡不同,由于花岗岩类的分异演化导致稀土栽体黑云母及许多副矿物的减少,因此稀土元素含量在晚阶段岩体中反而降低.赣南的五里亭-大吉山岩体、桂东北的花山-姑婆山岩体等提供了很好的范例.因此,南岭地区与风化壳型稀土矿床有关的岩石主要有印支期准铝质花岗岩,燕山期A型花岗岩,燕山中-晚期黑云母二长花岗岩等.     

千里山花岗岩体地质地球化学及与成矿关系

千里山花岗岩由似斑状黑云母花岗岩、等粒黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成。前两期岩体分别与两期钨多金属矿化有关，后一期与铅锌银成矿密切相联。两套花岗岩虽然均来自地壳，但取于不同源地。该岩体既为富Ｆ、Ｌｉ，Ｒｂ，Ｂｅ，Ｇａ的ＢＥＬＩＦ花岗岩，又是富Ｕ，Ｔｈ的高热花岗岩。     

Soil properties and moisture characteristics and their relationship with crop mid-day stress in the Sudan Gezira

This study is mainly about the relationship of the moisture holding and release capacity of soils with their texture, particularly the clay fraction. Soil samples collected from various sites in the Sudan Gezira were analysed for physical and chemical properties and moisture characteristics. Generally the soils were clayey except the recent alluvium which was loamy. The pH was alkaline and the electric conductivity < 1.0 dS m^–1. The studied soils were calcareous and very poor in organic matter, their intermediate to high water holding capacity being due mainly to the presence of large quantities of clay. Matric potentials of –0.4 to –1.5 MPa reduced soil moisture for all types of soils but the effects were not necessarily quantitatively equal. Permanent wilting point — moisture content at – 1.5 MPa — varied widely (10.5 – 22.0%) amongst the different soils and this was mainly attributed to texture and mineralogy of the soil clays. Bulk density decreased with increase in clay content. Calcium carbonate content was found to have no apparent relationship with the moisture content of these soils. The amount of silt fraction seems to have an overriding effect on the relationship between soil moisture availability in the recent alluvium soil and its subsequent release to growing plants. The results are discussed in relation to the phenomenon of mid-day stress observed in all grown crops of the Sudan Gezira.     

大别-苏鲁造山带、华南晚中生代花岗岩时空分布及应力场对比

花岗岩原地重熔学说为解释华南晚中生代(晚侏罗世-早白垩世)花岗岩时空分布的大地构造成因提供了一种新的视角.而通过对比可以发现,大别-苏鲁造山带及其以北附近区域(尤其是苏鲁造山带及其以北附近区域)与华南晚中生代花岗岩时空分布规律及应力场具有高度的相似性和一致性,即花岗岩展布方向以北东向为主,从北西到南东方向由老变新;而且...     

成矿元素的离子结构及其在花岗岩成矿过程中的 行为

研究表明,不同类型岩石的形成导致不同类型元素的富集成矿,而后者与元素的自身结构密切相关:具惰性气体型离子结构的元素亲沉积岩,具过渡型或铜型离子结构的元素亲岩浆岩。进一步研究发现,陆壳大规模熔融 固结,亦即花岗岩的形成过程,不但导致不同类型元素在上陆壳及其上层圈重新分配:亲氧(造岩)元素占据壳内熔融(岩浆)层的位置,亲硫(成矿)元素迁移到岩浆层上覆盖层且其中副族成矿元素按离子半径增大的顺序沉淀析出,亲水元素迁移到水圈而亲气元素则回归大气圈;同时揭示了与陆壳地质结构相适应的陆壳元素地球化学结构,体现了自然界微观和宏观的协调与和谐。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔钻孔崩落与现场应力状态的确定

中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔在1200m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象,我们在1200m至2015m的范围内采集了82个钻孔成像测井图象资料。对钻孔崩落长轴方位进行了方向统计,结果表明近似对称的崩落平均方位为324.8°±3.3°,对应的平均最大水平主应力方位为54.8°±3.3°。利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度)以及岩石力学实验确定的岩石内聚力和摩擦系数,计算了1269m、1500m、2000m等16个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小。根据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力。三个主应力的大小和方向反映出主钻孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态,与地震震源机制解得到的走滑应力场一致。     

福建潘田铁矿床花岗岩岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学及其与成矿的关系

潘田铁矿床矿体主要赋存于潘田花岗岩体外接触带的“硅钙岩性界面”中,其成矿与花岗岩侵入关系密切,是一个具有很大找矿潜力的富铁矿床。但前人对该花岗岩的研究还很薄弱,本文对潘田铁矿花岗岩进行了岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年研究,探讨其岩石成因、形成时代、构造环境、及其与成矿的关系。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得其结晶年龄为131.68±0.48Ma。该岩体为高钾钙碱性系列,属弱过铝质-准铝质岩石;稀土元素总量较低,轻稀土相对于重稀土富集,具有明显铕负异常,重稀土配分模式相对平坦,中稀土相对亏损。微量元素中相对富集大离子亲石元素而亏损高场强元素。岩石地球化学特征表明潘田岩体为高分异I型花岗岩,形成于碰撞后拉张环境。潘田铁矿床矿体与花岗岩体的空间分布规律与成因关系表明,花岗岩侵入作用是控制主成矿阶段矿体空间定位的地质作用,花岗岩是铁矿床的成矿地质体,林地组碎屑岩与黄龙组-栖霞组碳酸盐岩的接触界面是成矿有利部位,矿床类型属于典型“硅钙岩性界面”成矿,本矿床的成因类型属于“多因耦合、临界转换、边界成矿”的典型案例。     

REE-fractionated trachytes and dacites from Papua New Guinea and their relationship to andesite petrogenesis

Minor trachyte and dacite temporally associated with, but spatially separated from, arc-trench type volcanoes in Papua New Guinea have distinctive REE abundances similar to experimentally produced and theoretically predicted partial melts of eclogite. However, modelling based on small amounts of equilibrium partial melting indicates that only fractionation involving a garnet-dominated residuum can account for the observed REE patterns if the source rock was subducted oceanic basalt. If the source was geochemically evolved, other mineral phases (e.g., amphibole) are possible in the residuum, and there is no necessity to postulate that the downgoing slab was the source for these magmas. The REE fractionated trachytes and dacites appear to be a part of the nearby late Cenozoic volcanic provinces, and possibly represent minor partial melts which only in unusual tectonic situations arrive unmodified at the Earth's surface.     

The relationship between lineaments and borehole yield in North West Province, South Africa: results from geophysical studies

Airborne magnetic data and Landsat imagery, as well as time-domain electromagnetic soundings, were used to assess groundwater potential of the region around the town of Mafikeng in North West Province, South Africa. Lineaments were extracted based on on-screen digital data derived from magnetic and Landsat 7 imagery. The relationship between lineament-intersection density and borehole yield was assessed using statistical analysis. The results were discussed with respect to factors that determine the groundwater potential of the area. Correlation between lineament-intersection frequency and borehole yield is 60?C65% in the south and southeastern parts, and 45?C50% within 5?C30?km radius of Mafikeng. The eastern and western parts of the study area are characterized by weak or no correlation. Areas that correspond to high correlation between lineament-intersection frequency and borehole yield suggest the significance of cross-cutting structures in controlling groundwater potential zones, while results that suggest low or no correlation represent the influence of other factors. The overall results demonstrate that the combined analysis of airborne magnetic data, satellite imagery, borehole yield and ground-based time-domain electromagnetic soundings provide the best approach for groundwater assessment within the hard rock and carbonate terrains of the study area.     

湿润亚热带花岗岩风化壳发育红壤中不同类型磁赤铁矿及其成因

本研究对福建省武夷山市发育于花岗岩风化壳上的亚热带红壤剖面进行了系统的热磁和常温磁学测量,剖析该剖面磁学性质与成土因素（气候和母质）的关系,探讨2种类型磁赤铁矿的成因。研究结果表明：该剖面具有较高的亚铁磁性矿物含量,磁颗粒以多畴（MD）颗粒为主。土壤发育过程中,成土作用使磁颗粒变细、单畴（SD）颗粒增加、亚铁磁性矿物含量降低使得磁化率减小。红壤剖面中至少存在2种不同类型的磁赤铁矿：磁赤铁矿A,在300~450℃即转化为赤铁矿,不能测得居里点;磁赤铁矿B,在650℃以上才较为完全地转化为赤铁矿,可测得645℃的居里点。磁赤铁矿A是水铁矿转化为赤铁矿的中间产物,该化学反应过程在氧化环境下广泛存在,是被普遍认识的一类磁赤铁矿。土壤淀积层、淀积-母质过渡层、母质层的主导磁性矿物磁赤铁矿B由含铁硅酸盐矿物经风化成土作用演化而成,而非原生磁铁矿低温氧化;磁赤铁矿B形成与气候条件（较高的气温）和母岩/母质物质组成有关,两者缺一不可。

     

内蒙古贺兰山地区古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆事件及其地质意义: 同位素年代学的证据

位于华北克拉通西缘的贺兰山杂岩主要由孔兹岩系和变形花岗岩（正片麻岩）所组成,前者主要由夕线石榴片麻岩、石榴二长片麻岩、变粒岩和少量的大理岩及麻粒岩所组成,后者主要包括黑云斜长片麻岩、石榴子石花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和片麻状变质闪长岩。本文报道了该区变形花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果。黑云二长片麻岩和石榴子石花岗岩分别形成于2053±58Ma和2047±42Ma,斑状花岗岩和片麻状闪长岩分别在1955Ma和 1920Ma侵位。大量的年代学资料表明,在华北克拉通北缘存在一条古元古代晚期的花岗杂岩带,该带中的花岗杂岩主要形成于三个阶段,第一阶段大于2.0Ga,第二阶段主要出现在2.0~1.87Ga期间,第三阶段的花岗杂岩在1.85~1.80Ga期间侵位。年代学研究还表明,古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆作用常常与变质事件紧密相关。     

湘南骑田岭岩体芙蓉超单元的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

湘南骑田岭花岗岩体由于与钨锡矿化关系密切而越来越引起人们的关注.骑田岭花岗岩体是一个多阶段侵入的复式岩体,分菜岭、芙蓉和荒塘岭三个超单元.本文报道了对该岩体主体芙蓉超单元的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果.两个花岗岩样品中岩浆结晶锆石的定年结果分别为155.5±1.3Ma(MSWD=1.7)和157.1±1.2 Ma(MSWD=1.7).这代表了该超单元的形成年龄,这一年龄与菜岭超单元的形成年龄(159-160Ma)也较接近,表明两个超单元可能是同源分异的产物.这次研究同时揭露了古元古代残留锆石核的存在(2445Ma和1708Ma),为古元古代华夏地块的存在提供了直接的证据,也证实该地区中生代岩浆作用有古老下地壳物质的参与.同时也发现了907Ma的变质锆石残留,其形成可能与扬子地块和华夏地块的碰撞拼贴有关,同时为杭州-诸广山-花山这一低TDM值花岗岩带可能是扬子地块和华夏地块在新元古代时的一条板块碰撞带提供了证据.     

湘南多金属矿集区燕山期成矿花岗岩的造岩矿物特征及其成因意义

湘南地区燕山期成矿花岗岩有3种类型,其主要造岩矿物化学成分和种属明显不同;矿物的化学成分变异特征均显示出壳幔岩浆混合成因的特点：①角闪石均属于钙质角闪石亚类。②MC型早期次花岗岩中的黑云母多属镁质黑云母;CM型晚期次花岗岩中的黑云母主要为铁质黑云母;C型花岗岩中的黑云母主要为铁叶云母-铁黑云母,且多为铁锂黑云母。3类型花岗岩中黑云母的成分变异呈线型关系,暗示有成因联系。③3类型花岗岩中斜长石有明显区别,MC型多为中长石,CM的多为更长石,C型多为钠长石。斜长石环带构造发育程度不同,CM型早期次单元花岗岩中的斜长石环带最发育。④CM型花岗岩及其暗色微粒包体中的碱性长石主要属于相对富钾的正长石,包体中的个别属歪长石,表明其形成温度较高;C型花岗岩中碱性长石为相对贫钾的钠正长石及微斜长石。⑤造岩矿物特征和成分变异显示了成矿花岗岩的形成与壳幔岩浆混合作用有关,形成MC型和CM型早期次单元花岗岩的岩浆演化主要是岩浆混合作用,而CM型花岗岩晚期次的花岗岩类和C型花岗岩类的岩浆演化可能还存在分离结晶作用。