Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Three Series of Cenozoic Basalts from Southeastern China

Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in southeastern China was related to the lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling at the eastern Eurasian continental margin. The cenozoic basaltic rocks from this region can be grouped into three different series: tholeiitic basalts, alkali basalts, and picritic-nephelinitic basalts. Each basalt series has distinctive geochemical features and is not derived from a common source rock by different degrees of partial melting or from a common parental magma by fractional crystallization. The mineralogy, petrography, and major and trace-element geochemistry of the tholeiites are similar to oceanic island basalts, implying that the mantle source for these Chinese continental tholeiites was similar to that of the oceanic island basalts—an asthenospheric mantle. The alkali basalts and picritic-nephelinitic basalts are enriched in incompatible trace elements, and their geochemical features can be interpreted as a result of partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle, or the mixing products of an asthenospheric magma with a component derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle through thermal erosion at the base of the lithosphere. But the lack of a transitional rock type and continuous variational trends among these basalts suggests that the mixing between asthenospheric magmas and lithospheric magmas probably was not significant in the petrogenesis of the basalts from SE China. Low-degree partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle alone can account for the observed geochemical data from these basalts.     

Geochemistry of rare high-Nb basalt lavas: Are they derived from a mantle wedge metasomatised by slab melts?

Compositionally, high-Nb basalts are similar to HIMU (high U/Pb) ocean island basalts, continental alkaline basalts and alkaline lavas formed above slab windows. Tertiary alkaline basaltic lavas from eastern Jamaica, West Indies, known as the Halberstadt Volcanic Formation have compositions similar to high-Nb basalts (Nb > 20 ppm). The Halberstadt high-Nb basalts are divided into two compositional sub-groups where Group 1 lavas have more enriched incompatible element concentrations relative to Group 2. Both groups are derived from isotopically different spinel peridotite mantle source regions, which both require garnet and amphibole as metasomatic residual phases. The Halberstadt geochemistry demonstrates that the lavas cannot be derived by partial melting of lower crustal ultramafic complexes, metasomatised mantle lithosphere, subducting slabs, continental crust, mantle plume source regions or an upper mantle source region composed of enriched and depleted components. Instead, their composition, particularly the negative Ce anomalies, the high Th/Nb ratios and the similar isotopic ratios to nearby adakite lavas, suggests that the Halberstadt magmas are derived from a compositionally variable spinel peridotite source region(s) metasomatised by slab melts that precipitated garnet, amphibole, apatite and zircon. It is suggested that high-Nb basalts may be classified as a distinct rock type with Nb > 20 ppm, intraplate alkaline basalt compositions, but that are generated in subduction zones by magmatic processes distinct from those that generate other intraplate lavas.     

Elemental and Sr isotope variations in basic lavas from Iceland and the surrounding ocean floor

Major and trace element data are used to establish the nature and extent of spatial and temporal chemical variations in basalts erupted in the Iceland region of the North Atlantic Ocean. The ocean floor samples are those recovered by legs 38 and 49 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Within each of the active zones on Iceland there are small scale variations in the light rare earth elements and ratios such as K/Y: several central complexes and their associated fissure swarms erupt basalts with values of K/Y distinct from those erupted at adjacent centres; also basalts showing a wide range of immobile trace element ratios occur together within single vertical sections and ocean floor drill holes. Although such variations can be explained in terms of the magmatic processes operating on Iceland they make extrapolations from single basalt samples to mantle sources underlying the outcrop of the sample highly tenuous. ⁸⁷Sr/86Sr ratios measured for 25 of the samples indicate a total range from 0.7028 in a tholeiite from the Reykjanes Ridge to 0.7034 in an alkali basalt from Iceland and are consistent with other published ratios from the region. A positive correlation between ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Ce/Yb ratios indicates the existence of systematic isotopic and elemental variations in the mantle source region. An approximately fivefold variation in Ce/Yb ratio observed in basalts with the same ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio implies that different degrees and types of partial melting have been involved in magma genesis from a single mantle composition. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios above 0.7028, Th/U ratios close to 4 and La/Ta ratios close to 10 distinguish most basalts erupted in this part of the North Atlantic Ocean from normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-type MORE) — although N-type MORB has been erupted at extinct spreading axes just to the north and northeast of Iceland as well as the presently active Iceland-Jan Mayen Ridge.Comparisons with the hygromagmatophile element and radiogenic isotope ratios of MORB and the estimated primordial mantle indicate that the mantle sources producing Iceland basalts have undergone previous depletion followed by more recent enrichment events. A veined mantle source region is proposed in preference to the mantle plume model to explain the chemical variations.     

Early Paleozoic mantle evolution of East Kunlun Orogenic Belt in Qinghai,NW China: evidence from the geochemistry and geochronology of the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Qimantag region

ABSTRACT

Subduction-related basaltic rocks in active continental margins should record information about the lithospheric mantle. Mafic rocks from the Qimantag region of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB), NW China, can be used to constrain the evolution of mantle sources. The Heishan basalts (445 Ma) and Xiarihamu gabbros (427 Ma) display distinct geochemical and isotopic features, with basalts yielding relatively lower Na₂O+K₂O (1.48–4.16 wt.%) and Mg^# (0.50–0.57) than gabbros (Na₂O+K₂O = 2.96–4.07 wt.%, Mg^# = 0.65–0.81). Although the basalts and gabbros show similar enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE, the gabbros have higher Th/Y and lower Sm/Th and Nb/U ratios than the basalts, indicative of derivation from a more enriched mantle source. The Heishan basalts have relatively positive εNd(t) values (+4.7 to +5.8) whereas the Xiarihamu gabbros have negative εNd(t) values ranging from ?5.5 to ?3.8. Crustal contamination played an insignificant role in the formation of the basalts and gabbros. Our data suggest that the basalts originated from a depleted mantle source, slightly enriched by subduction-related fluids, whereas the gabbros originated from an enriched mantle source. These findings support a subduction-related progressive lithospheric mantle enrichment model over ~20 Ma beneath the Qimantag region in the Early Palaeozoic.     

我国东部新生代玄武岩岩石化学的一些探讨

新生代是地球上玄武质岩浆的主要活动期。在我国东部,新生代玄武岩分布也极广泛,由北往南自大兴安岭、松辽盆地经华北、苏闽浙至台湾、海南岛以及近海大陆架均有不同程度的出露。时间上从老第三纪至史期均有玄武岩喷发活动。     

中朝断块区新生代玄武岩与该区上地幔成分特征

中生代时期,西太平洋强烈地喷发了安第斯型钙碱性火山岩,新生代时期,东亚大陆火山岩浆活动转为以玄武岩浆喷发为主,中朝断块区的新生代玄武岩是其中具有代表性的一部分。六十年代至七十年代初,对玄武岩、金伯利岩及其中深源超镁铁质包体所进行的世界规模的研究,扩展了人们对上地幔的认识。     

雷琼地区晚新生代玄武岩地球化学：EM2成分来源及大陆岩石圈地幔的贡献

对雷琼地区21个晚新生代玄武岩样品的主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分别用湿化学法、ICP-MS和MC-ICPMS进行了测定.这些玄武岩主要为石英拉斑玄武岩,其次为橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩.大多数样品的微量元素和同位素成分与洋岛玄武岩(OIBs)相似,而且随着SiO_2不饱和度增加,不相容元素含量也增加.除R4-1可能受到地壳混染外,其他样品相对均一的Nd同位素(ε_(Nd)=2.5-6.0)以及变化明显但范围有限的Sr同位素(0.703106～0.704481),可能继承了地幔源区的特征.~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的正相关和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的负相关特征暗示DM(软流圈地幔)与EM2(岩石圈地幔)的混合.地幔捕虏体的同位素特征暗示EM2成分不可能存在于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔,而La/Yb和Sm/Yb系统表明岩浆由石榴石橄榄岩部分熔融产生,这意味着EM2成分可能存在于石榴石橄榄岩地幔.雷琼地区玄武岩的地球化学变化可以用软流圈地幔为主的熔体加入不同比例石榴石橄榄岩地幔不同程度熔融产生的熔体来解释:碱性玄武岩和橄榄拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较低程度(7%～9%)熔融体混合,而石英拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较高程度(10%～20%)熔融体的混合.     

Equilibrium between Clinopyroxene and Host Rocks: Implication for the Magmatic Source and Evolution of Alkali Basalts of the Taohekou Formation in the Northern Daba Mountains, China

The Taohekou Formation is a volcanic-sedimentary terrane formed in the early Silurian in the northern Daba Mountains, China. The volcanic rocks, with dominant alkali basalts and minor mantle xenoliths, are enriched in clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Geochemical analysis shows that the composition of clinopyroxenes from different lithofacies has a close affinity. There is a liner correlation present in composition of clinopyroxenes (including phenocryst, microcrystal and xenocryst) from coarse porphyritic basalts, pillow or fine porphyritic basalts to amygdaloidal basalts. All the clinopyroxenes, except the clinopyroxenes in mantle xenoliths, show a similar pattern of trace elements and REE, which indicates that they are likely products of successive fractional crystallization from cognate magma. Clinopyroxenes in mantle xenoliths, however, are mantle xenocrysts. The crystallization pressure of clinopyroxenes gradually decreases from mantle xenolith, deep-seated xenocryst, coarse porphritic basalts, pillow or fine porphritic basalts, to amygdaloidal basalts, which are 1.92-4.41 GPa, 1.18-2.36 GPa, 1.13-2.05 GPa, 0.44-0.62 GPa and 0.14-0.28 GPa respectively. Calculation results suggest that the primary magma originated from a mantle region deeper than 68 km and stagnates in intervals of 37-68 km, 15-20 km and 5-9 km during its ascent. The alkali basalts are characterized by increasing concentrations of Si and alkaline with the magmatic evolution. Meanwhile, they are markedly enriched in LREE, and the patterns of trace elements and REE are similar to those of oceanic island basalts.     

Assessing subcontinental lithospheric mantle sources for basalts: Neogene volcanism in the Pacific Northwest,USA as a test case

Many objections have been raised as to the ability of subcontinental lithospheric mantle to produce voluminous amounts of basalt, because this upper part of the mantle is thought to be refractory, and the geotherm is rarely above the peridotite solidus at these depths under continents. However, in the Pacific Northwest of the USA during the Neogene, the subcontinental lithospehric mantle has been proposed as a key source for basalts erupted within the northern Basin and Range, and for the Columbia River flood basalts erupted on the Columbia Plateau. An alternative explanation to melting in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, which equally well explains the chemical compositions thought to originate there, is that these magmas were contaminated by crust of varying ages. Calc-alkaline lavas, which occupy the Blue Mountains in the center of this region, hold clues to the latter process. Their elevated trace element ratios (e.g., Ba/Zr, K₂O/P₂O₅), coupled with differentiation indicators such as Mg? [molar Mg/(Mg?+?Fe)], and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions, can most reasonably be explained by crustal contamination. Appraisal of continental peridotite xenolith data indicates that high trace element ratios such as Ba/Zr in continental basalts cannot result from melting in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Instead, as with the calc-alkaline lavas, these high ratios in the tholeiites most likely indicate crustal contamination. Furthermore, the peridotite xenoliths do not have a relative depletion in Nb and Ta that is observed in most of the lavas within the region. Relatively minor volumes of tholeiites erupted in late Neogene times in the northern Basin and Range (Hi-Mg olivine tholeiites) and Columbia Plateau (Saddle Mountains basalts), are the only lavas which have trace element and isotopic compositions consistent with being derived from, or largely interacting with a subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the Pacific Northwest. In contrast to the prior studies, we suggest that the mantle sources for most of the basalts in this region were ultimately beneath the lithospheric mantle.     

全球幔源岩Pb-Sr-Nd同位素体系

根据各种同位素数据库得到的3万多个晚古生代以来的幔源岩(包括洋中脊玄武岩、洋岛玄武岩、岛弧火山岩、大陆与大洋溢流玄武岩以及大陆板内玄武岩)Pb-Sr-Nd同位素资料和图解分析,对各类火山岩的源区以及地幔的垂向与横向不均一性问题作了进一步讨论。笔者认为不存在具有公共性质的EM1、EM2和HIMU地幔端员,它们的源区可能来自上、下地幔过渡带,只在局部地区出现,独一无二。PREMA(FOZO)则是洋岛玄武岩和溢流玄武岩公共端员。DUAPAL异常现象不只是在洋中脊玄武岩中出现,在洋岛玄武岩、岛弧火山岩和大洋溢流玄武岩中也存在同步的地球化学分区现象。溢流玄武岩的同位素体系特征表明它们的源区涉及再循环地幔的壳幔混合、岩石圈减压熔融、上—下地幔过渡带和似原始-略亏损的下地幔。Pb同位素体系为鉴别俯冲带的存在提供了更严格的证据,这种鉴别表明,安第斯弧火山作用不是洋陆俯冲带产生的。     

塔里木盆地夏河南层状玄武岩的岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

塔里木盆地夏河南玄武岩露头以水平层状分布为最大特征,其玄武岩层和沉积夹层保持了较原始的产状,是研究塔里木盆地二叠纪多期次玄武质岩浆活动的理想场所,是对比盆地内其他玄武质岩浆活动的最佳剖面。本文通过详细的野外和遥感解译工作,报道了夏河南玄武岩的野外产状、岩相学特征和各层玄武岩的地球化学特征,探讨了夏河南玄武岩的岩浆源区和岩浆演化过程。研究认为夏河南玄武岩质岩浆来源于富集的岩石圈地幔,为尖晶石-石榴石二辉橄榄岩经历低程度部分熔融的产物,各层玄武岩的成分差异与部分熔融程度有关,单一层内玄武岩的岩浆演化以分离结晶为主,地壳混染程度较小。夏河南各层玄武岩来源于同一岩浆源区,其特征与柯坪玄武岩相似,可对应于柯坪地区开派兹雷克组的6层玄武岩。研究进一步明确了塔里木盆地早二叠世玄武岩的空间分布特征,证实塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的玄武质岩浆作用可从柯坪地区延伸到夏河南、塔中、塔西南等地。     

Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios, geochemical compositions, and 40Ar/39Ar data of lavas from San Felix Island (Southeast Pacific): Implications for magma genesis and sources

We present the first trace element and age data combined with new Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios on lavas from San Felix Island in the Southeast Pacific. A ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 421 ± 18 ka implies young intraplate volcanic activity in this region relative to the ∼22 Ma old volcanism on the neighbouring Easter seamount chain (ESC). The incompatible element compositions of the San Felix magmas are similar to those of EM1-type basalts from Gough, although the isotopic compositions differ. San Felix formed some 20 Ma after the ESC plume affected the plate in this region but no chemical signature of the ESC material is observed in the young volcanic rocks. The composition of the San Felix basalts indicates a mantle source containing old continental lithospheric material from either metasomatized mantle or recycled sediments, which ascends in a weak mantle plume.     

Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites

Geochemical and isotopic data from Mesozoic lavas from the Jianguo, Niutoushan, Wulahada, and Guancaishan volcanic fields on the northern margin of the North China Craton provide evidence for secular lithospheric evolution of the region. Jianguo lavas are alkaline basalts with LILE- and LREE-enrichment ((La/Yb)_N=12.2-13.2) and MORB-like Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i<0.704; ε_Nd=3.9-4.8; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i≈18). Niutoushan basalts are similar but show evidence of olivine fractionation. Wulahada lavas are high-Mg andesites (Mg#∼67) with EM1 Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures. Geochemical data suggest that the basalts originated from MORB-type asthenosphere whereas the high-Mg andesites were derived an EM1 mantle source, i.e., a refractory lithospheric mantle modified by a previously subducted slab. The result, combined with the available data of the Mesozoic basalts from the southern portion of the NCC (Zhang et al., 2002), manifests a vast secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern NCC from the Paleozoic refractory continental lithosphere to this Mesozoic modified lithosphere. Compared with the cratonic margin, the lithospheric mantle beneath the center of the craton was less extensively modified, implying the secular evolution was related to the subduction processes surrounding the NCC. Therefore, we suggest that the interaction of the slab-derived silicic melt with the old refractory lithospheric mantle converted the Paleozoic cratonic lithospheric mantle into the late Mesozoic fertile mantle, which was also different from the Cenozoic counterpart. A geodynamic model is proposed to illustrate such a secular lithosphere evolution.     

东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带得力斯坦南MOR型玄武岩地质、地球化学特征及岩石成因

东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带发育有较多OIB型玄武岩, 这类玄武岩成因与地幔柱密切相关.与灰岩密切伴生的具有MOR型特征的基性火山岩亦是东昆仑南缘古特提斯洋盆一类重要的海山玄武岩.为了查明布青山构造混杂带中不同类型洋岛或海山玄武岩的岩石成因, 对得力斯坦南玄武岩进行了详细的地质、地球化学和岩石成因研究.布青山地区得力斯坦南出露的玄武岩岩石类型复杂多样, 主要由枕状玄武岩、气孔-杏仁状玄武岩、角砾状玄武岩和块状玄武岩组成.主量元素地球化学特征表明, 该套玄武岩属于深海拉斑玄武岩和洋脊拉斑玄武岩系列.得力斯坦南玄武岩∑REE介于34.51×10-6~61.60×10-6, LREE/HREE介于0.89~1.37, (La/Yb)_N介于0.30~0.56, δEu介于0.90~1.18.球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图呈现轻稀土元素亏损的左倾型, 与NMORB型玄武岩稀土元素配分曲线基本相同.得力斯坦南玄武岩Zr、Hf、Nb和Ta含量均相当于NMORB的相应元素的丰度值.Zr/Nb值介于24.59~57.69, Nb/La值介于0.45~0.94, Hf/Ta值介于18.29~31.94.在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图上, 曲线右侧高场强元素基本未分异(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等), 并贴近于NMORB标准线, 具有与NMORB玄武岩相似而明显不同于EMORB和OIB型玄武岩的特征.微量元素判别表明其形成于洋中脊或由于洋脊扩张向两侧后移的洋中脊构造环境, 结合其上覆盖有深水硅泥岩及浅水厚层状碳酸盐岩的地质事实, 认为其在地形地貌上属于古海山.岩石成因研究表明该套玄武岩起源于亏损地幔(DM), 并估算其为地幔二辉橄榄岩发生约10%部分熔融的产物.      

High field strength element ratios in Archean basalts: a window to evolving sources of mantle plumes?

In terms of high field strength element ratios Nb/Th, Zr/Nb, Nb/Y and Zr/Y, most basalts from non-arc type Archean greenstones are similar to oceanic plateau basalts, suggestive of mantle plume sources. A large number of these basalts have ratios similar to primitive mantle composition. Perhaps the Archean mantle was less fractionated than at present and “primitive mantle” comprised much of the deep mantle and made a significant contribution to mantle plumes. The near absence of Archean greenstone basalts similar to NMORB in composition is also consistent with a relatively unfractionated mantle in which a shallow depleted source (DM) was volumetrically insignificant. The element ratios in basalts also indicate the existence of recycled components (HIMU, EM1, EM2) in the mantle by the Late Archean. This suggests that oceanic lithosphere was recycled into the deep mantle and became incorporated in some mantle plumes by the Late Archean. High field strength element ratios also indicate an important contribution of continental crust or/and subcontinental lithosphere to some non-arc Archean greenstone basalts. This implies that at least thin continental lithosphere was relatively widespread in the Archean.     

祁连造山带中部拉脊山古地幔特征及其归属: 来自基性火山岩的地球化学证据

拉脊山火山岩带位于祁连造山带中部, 通过对该区早古生代基性火山岩系统的地球化学研究, 揭示该区早古生代地幔的性质及其地幔域的构造归属.研究表明, 拉脊山基性火山岩可以分为两类: Ⅰ类为大陆板内碱性玄武岩, 其稀土元素组成模式为轻稀土富集型, 并具有明显的Nb、Ta负异常, 而Zr、Hf无明显的负异常; Ⅱ类为与地幔柱活动有关的拉斑玄武岩, 具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB) 特征.稀土元素组成模式同样表现为轻稀土富集型, 但其富集程度比Ⅰ类基性火山岩的富集程度弱, 无Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf负异常.基性火山岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成特征显示, 基性火山岩的地幔源区具有亏损地幔(DM) 和第二类富集地幔(EMⅡ) 混合的特点, 而第二类富集地幔端元(EMⅡ) 占主导地位, 亏损地幔(DM) 物质混入的程度较低; 并具有Dupal异常的同位素特征.通过与华北南缘、北秦岭和扬子北缘西段地幔的Pb同位素组成相比, 表明拉脊山造山带古地幔与北秦岭、南秦岭西段和扬子北缘西段地幔的Pb同位素组成相似.进而表明拉脊山造山带古地幔属于扬子型富放射性成因铅地幔, 而非华北型贫放射性成因铅地幔      

N-MORB、E-MORB 和OIB 的区别及其可能的原因：大数据的启示

MORB 是玄武岩中研究得最详细的玄武岩类,可分为N-MORB 和E-MORB 两类。通常认为,N-MORB 和OIB 都是独立的端元,分别来自亏损和富集的地幔源岩,而E-MORB 则是N-MORB 与OIB 混合的结果。本文研究表明,E-MORB 具复杂的成因,洋脊深度、洋脊扩张速率及源区部分熔融程度及压力不是造成E-MORB 富集的主要原因。压力及部分熔融程度对玄武岩成分的影响远小于地幔不均一性的影响。推测E-MORB 可能有两个主要的形成方式：1） 由较深处略富集的地幔发生部分熔融而成;2） 由N-MORB 与OIB 混合形成。玄武岩微量元素频率直方图表明,N-MORB 基本上保持了来自亏损地幔源区的特征;OIB 则多多少少受到外来物质加入或与N-MORB 混合的影响; E-MORB 则是N-MORB 受OIB 影响的产物。OIB 与E-MORB 似乎没有本质上的区别, 仅仅是受影响和混合程度的不同而已。OIB 富集LILE,可能既有继承了来自源区的特征（深部富集地幔、循环的古洋壳、循环的陆壳、大陆岩石圈地幔、LVZ 熔体层或早期交代岩脉等）,也可能有外来物质加入的影响（与N-MORB 发生不同程度的混合作用）。3 类玄武岩的87Sr/86Sr 和143Nd/144Nd 同位素频率分布与早先的结论一致,但206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb同位素频率分布显示OIB 具有更加复杂的特征。     

Geochemistry of lavas from Mohns Ridge,Norwegian-Greenland Sea: implications for melting conditions and magma sources near Jan Mayen

 Mohns Ridge lavas between 71 and 72°30′N (∼360 km) have heterogeneous compositions varying between alkali basalts and incompatible-element-depleted tholeiites. On a large scale there is a continuity of incompatible element and isotopic compositions between the alkali basalts from the island Jan Mayen and Mohns Ridge tholeiites. The variation in isotopes suggests a heterogeneous mantle which appears to be tapped preferentially by low degree melts (∼5%) close to Jan Mayen but also shows its signature much further north on Mohns Ridge. Three lava types with different incompatible element compositions [e.g. chondrite-normalized (La/Sm)_N<1 to >2] occur in the area at 72°N and were generated from this heterogeneous mantle. The relatively depleted tholeiitic melts were mixed with a small degree melt from an enriched source. The elements Ba, Rb and K of the enriched melt were probably buffered in the mantle by residual amphibole or phlogopite. That such a residual phase is stable in this region of oceanic mantle suggests both high water contents and low mantle temperatures, at odds with a hotspot origin for Jan Mayen. Instead we suggest that the melting may be induced by the lowered solidus temperature of a “wet” mantle. Mohns MORB (mid ocean ridge basalt) and Jan Mayen area alkali basalts have high contents of Ba and Rb compared to other incompatible elements (e.g. Ba/La >10). These ratios reflect the signature of the mantle source. Ratios of Ce/Pb and Rb/Cs are normal MORB mantle ratios of 25 and 80, respectively, thus the enrichments of Ba and Rb are not indicative of a sedimentary component added to the mantle source but were probably generated by the influence of a metasomatizing fluid, as supported by the presence of hydrous phases during the petrogenesis of the alkali basalts. Geophysical and petrological models suggest that Jan Mayen is not the product of hotspot activity above a mantle plume, and suggest instead that it owes its existence to the unique juxtaposition of a continental fragment, a fracture zone and a spreading axis in this part of the North Atlantic. Received: 3 May 1995 / Accepted: 6 November 1995     

中国东部深源包体和新生代辉石地温的研究

中国东部新生代宏玄武岩广泛发育,它们在时间和空间上表现为明显的分带。在新生代玄武岩中赋存着丰富的地幔碎裂－二辉橄榄岩包体和高压巨晶,为研究上地幔组成和岩浆演化提供大量信息。人选必其他研究者的资料,从岩石学,矿物学,地球化学及热力学的观点,对中国东部新生代玄武岩中赋存的深源包体和新生代辉石地温进行探讨。     

The lunar crust: a product of heterogeneous accretion or differentiation of a homogeneous Moon?

The outer portion of the Moon including the Al-rich crust and the source regions of mare basalts was either accreted heterogeneously or was the product of widespread differentiation of an originally homogeneous source. A number of constraints make the heterogeneous accretion model unlikely; the differentiation model appears more plausible.If the differentiation model is correct, a series of cumulate rocks complimentary to the Al-rich crustal rocks must exist. The mare basalts may have been derived from such a complimentary cumulate for several reasons. For example, Philpottset al. (1973) on the basis of REE studies, suggest that Apollo 11 and 17 mare basalts were formed by partial melting of a cumulate rich in a phase(s) containing high Ti and heavy REE. The high Ti of Apollo 11 and 17 basalts is not readily explained in terms of partial melting of an undifferentiated mantle, but is consistent with partial melting of a pyroxene cumulate enriched in Fe, Ti oxides. The characteristic Fe-rich nature of mare basalts would be partly a consequence of melting of oxide cumulate minerals. It is postulated that the plagioclase-poor source region of mare basalts was enriched in an intercumulus residual liquid. During the partial melting that produced mare basalts, this material was largely incorporated into the melt, thus explaining the ancient model ages observed in most mare basalts. If the cumulate model is correct, then samples derived from the true (undifferentiated) lunar mantle have not been identified.