Issues in the growth of cities of the USSR in light of the decisions of the 26th party congress

The author discusses "varying strategies of urbanization and city growth for the Soviet macroregions--European USSR, Siberia, and Central Asia." Several important research areas are outlined, including global aspects of urbanization, forecasts of urban growth in the USSR, formulation of a theory and methods for categorizing urban formation, urbanization and environmental concerns, mathematical modeling of urban systems, and research on specific urban systems.     

天山北坡绿洲不同土地利用对土壤特性的影响

以天山北坡三工河流域冲积平原型绿洲作为研究区,选择12种土地利用系统作为土地利用方式的具体体现,通过采集不同土地利用系统上层土壤 (0~20 cm) 和下层土壤 (20~40 cm) 样方,分析不同土地利用系统对主要土壤特性的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 土地利用系统对砂、粉砂和粘土粒度分布的影响显著。绿洲土壤砂含量随着土地种植年限增加有降低的趋势,而粉砂和粘土含量有增加的趋势;(2) 绿洲土地利用系统对土壤pH值和养分变异的影响显著。人类强干扰的土地利用系统的土壤养分普遍高于人类影响较弱的土地利用系统,上层土壤养分普遍高于下层土壤,而且随着人类干扰时间的延长土壤养分呈整体增加趋势;(3) 人类活动强干扰的土地利用系统土壤盐分含量低于人类活动影响较弱的土地利用系统;人类活动作用时间长的土地利用系统土壤盐分含量总体低于人类活动作用时间短的土地利用系统;(4) 绿洲土壤总体表现为"碳汇"的趋势,土壤质量逐步得到提高,其最主要的原因在于合理的土地利用与科学的管理方式结合;绿洲土壤的"碳汇"积极响应了减轻温室气体排放的东京协定 。     

河南省城镇体系空间结构的多分形特征及其与水系分布的关系探讨

基于河南省城镇体系空间结构的多分形性质及其与水系的分维关系的实证探讨发现如下地理规律:①在较大标度范围内,河南省城市体系的空间结构为简单分形,但在较小标度范围内,系统已经具有明确的多重分形特征;②多分维谱在参数q≈-4处出现标度间断,从而城市体系的空间结构发生对称破缺。③城市体系空间结构的分维小于水系空间结构的分维。由此证明:第一,多分形是由单分形演化而来,城镇体系的多分形结构是基于地球表面的分形支体由测度集中区向测度疏散区渐近发育的。第二,城市体系的分形发育与水系的分维结构具有一定的数理关系,城市体系的分维理当小于水系维数。     

基于空间分形特征的城市群实体空间识别方法

城市群是城市地理学的重要研究领域,对城市群的实体空间进行界定识别是研究城市群的前提和基础。城市群作为众多城镇的集群,前人对城市群的空间识别主要是以城市为单元进行的,缺少对识别单元空间形态的考虑。城市群实体空间的形态具有自相似性,空间分形特征可作为自相似性的表征工具,通过对空间分形特征的分析、识别及提取,可以实现对空间对象基于形态的客观测度。本文借鉴单个城市其边界的相关识别方法,从不同尺度的空间最小可识别单元出发,测度城市群城镇空间形态的分形特征,并据此提出了城市群城镇的客观识别方法。该方法利用城镇的空间分形特征识别归属于城市群的城镇,通过空间最小可识别单元的变化得到不同的城镇规模并获取城市群城镇的空间分形特征,再以此为基础对空间分形特征的存在范围进行识别,将其映射于空间最终实现对城市群城镇的识别,进而得到城市群在空间上的分布状况。本文将该方法应用于京津冀城市群,基于2016年Landsat卫星遥感影像,实现了对京津冀城市群构成城镇的识别,为界定城市群的实体空间提供了一次有益尝试。     

中国重要农业文化遗产可持续发展面临的挑战与应对(英文)

2012年农业部启动中国重要农业文化遗产发掘工作以来,通过两批申报与评选,有39个传统农业系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产,其中涉及林业19项、种植业14项、农业复合系统4项、其他2项。从遗产系统的起源来看,历史在1000年以上的农业系统有24个。从民族特征来看,20个遗产系统位于少数民族聚居区。当前,农业文化遗产地普遍面临着生态系统的退化与破坏,传统农业技术和农业景观的遗失与废弃,农业规模化与产业化发展滞后,农户的利益分享与激励不足等问题。相对其他遗产类型,农业文化遗产的保护与发展更为复杂和困难。为实现农业文化遗产的可持续发展,要充分发挥政府的主导作用和财政扶持功能,探索农业文化遗产保护与发展的市场化途径与适应性管理,建立多方参与和惠益分享机制,加强农业文化遗产的基础研究工作。     

Scenarios of land system change in the Lao PDR: Transitions in response to alternative demands on goods and services provided by the land

Sudden and gradual land use changes can result in different socio-ecological systems, sometimes referred to as regime shifts. The Lao PDR (Laos) has been reported to show early signs of such regime shifts in land systems with potentially major socio-ecological implications. However, given the complex mosaic of different land systems, including shifting cultivation, such changes are not easily assessed using traditional land cover data. Moreover, regime shifts in land systems are difficult to simulate with traditional land cover modelling approaches. A novel simulation approach was employed that focused on simulating changes in land systems rather than focusing on land cover. With the CLUmondo model we simulated three scenarios of potential developments between the years 2010 and 2030 assuming different degrees of international market integration and sustainable growth objectives. Although all scenarios show a decline of shifting cultivation systems, the respective orientation of markets and land governance resulted in strongly different land change trajectories. The land system changes are strongly location dependent and different trajectories are found in different parts of the country. Some scenarios show clear elements of land sparing with intensification of land management in the valleys and re-growth of forest on sloping land. Other scenarios show elements of enhanced multi-functionality. The approach addressed methodological challenges in simulating land system regime shifts and complex mosaic landscapes while accounting for societal demands for different types of goods and services from land systems. The land systems approach allows a nuanced representation of different types of forests and agricultural systems such as shifting cultivation and commercial agricultural plantations. Simulation results contribute to a debate about desired future land use on the national scale including its environmental and socio-economic implications.     

历史时期西北干旱区生态环境演变过程和演变阶段

在历史时期,西北干旱区的生态环境演变过程是绿洲化与沙漠化并存,人进沙退和沙进人退皆有。灌溉绿洲是通过人工水系(渠、库、井)、栽培植物和耕作土壤,逐步替代自然水系、自然植被和土壤形成的。沙漠化则是由于人类活动改变了水资源的地域分配,使河流中下游地表水减少,地下水位下降,植被衰败向发展扩大。在受人类干扰很少的自然水系情况下,本区生态处自然平衡;在较强干扰下的半自然水系时,生态平衡失调;在强烈干扰的人工水系时期,河流上游生态改善,下游急剧恶化。     

Rangeland management impacts on the properties of clayey soils along grazing gradients in the semi-arid grassland biome of South Africa

The grassland biome of South Africa is a major resource for livestock farming; yet the soils of these rangelands are stressed differently by various management systems. The aim of this study was to investigate how basic soil properties respond to different management systems. For this purpose we sampled rangeland management systems under communal (continuous grazing), commercial (rotational grazing) and land reform (mixture of grazing systems) farming. Within each of these systems a grazing gradient was identified with decreasing grazing pressure with increasing distance to the water points. Results showed that communal farms with continuous grazing were generally depleted in the respective nutrient stocks. The depletion increased with rising grazing pressure. Along that line there was a breakdown of macroaggregates with losses of the C and N stored therein. However, the commercial farms also exhibited a decline of macroaggregates and their associated C content nearby the water points. Aggregate fractionation is a sensitive indicator for detecting the beginning of soil degradation in this biome; yet, degradation was less pronounced under the rotational grazing of the commercial farms than under communal property right conditions. Hence, soil analyses confirm that fences and appropriate grazing periods are needed to manage these rangelands sustainably.     

A comprehensive characterization of ancient desert agricultural systems in the Negev Highlands of Israel

Ancient agricultural systems based on runoff harvesting techniques are abundant in the Negev Highlands. The current study examined traditional classification and investigated the distribution of ancient agricultural systems around the Roman-Byzantine “Negev Towns” Avdat and Shivta, and across the terrain located between these sites and Makhtesh Ramon in the south. It led to an elaboration of the traditional classification of runoff agricultural systems in the Negev desert of southern Israel. We found that the key factors for building these types of agricultural systems were the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the specific site locations and the geographic distance from nearby towns and roads. Depending on these factors, a multitude of types of agricultural systems were constructed in accordance with the physical characteristics of the local desert environment. This clearly indicates the continuation of the current desert climate throughout historical times. Furthermore, the large diversity of agriculture installations indicates that they were constructed by local farmers and not by an external plan imposed by the central government.     

Problems of the solution: intervention into small-scale irrigation for drought proofing in the Mekele Plateau of northern Ethiopia

The Mekele Plateau, located in the semi-arid northern highland region of Ethiopia, is a drought-prone, highly degraded area. It has long been neglected by policymakers and thus recurring famine, widespread poverty, armed conflicts and mass outmigration have contributed to the near collapse of the farming systems and the livelihoods of the population. Traditional stream diversion irrigation has been practised in this area for several centuries. The systems of water management in particular may be considered inappropriate owing to the need for thriftiness in water use imposed by the local environment. The systems of headworks and canals are crude and wasteful on water. Recent interventions to improve the small-scale irrigation systems of the area have not been successful. Most interventions have preferred to introduce rainwater harvesting systems using micro-dams rather than trying to upgrade the traditional diversion schemes. Evaluation of irrigation structures in the field, interviews with key informants in government, analysis of documents and discussions with irrigators indicate that both the Ministry of Agriculture and SAERT-Commission's rainwater harvesting programmes have generally failed. The case of the most recent intervention by SAERT has failed because of myopic project planning, inadequate engineering studies, unsound designs, too short a time for implementation, and lack of full farmer involvement at different levels of project planning and implementation.     

中心地体系与水系分形结构的相似性分析——关于人-地对称关系的一个理论探讨

以城市体系与水系的分形结构相似性为实例,探讨人文地理系统与自然地理系统的对称性及其破缺特征。首先建立城市人口—河流长度、城区面积—流域面积、 (某一级别的 )城市数目— (某一等级的 )河流数目等测度对应关系 ;然后证明基于中心地理论的Beckmann城镇等级—规模模型与 Horton水系构成第一、第二定律数理同构,关于城市人口—城区面积的异速生长关系模型与关于主河道长度—流域面积的几何测度关系模型以及 Horton水系构成的第二、第三定律数理同构 ;进而提出 :城市体系与水系分形结构的相似性实质上是自然—人文地理系统的对称性,只是这种对称关系存在一定程度的破缺,地理系统的演化目标之一似乎是要重建大自然的对称律。     

陕西关中地区城镇等级规模结构分形研究

文章从分形理论在城镇体系研究中的应用入手,根据豪斯道夫（Hausdorff）维数,运用Zipf公式,对陕西省关中地区的城镇等级规模结构进行了分维测算。结果表明,该区域城镇体系具有分形特征,说明分形理论适合关中地区城镇等级规模结构的测算分析。并在分形研究的基础上分析了该区城镇规模结构的分布特点及其存在的问题。最后基于分形理论的测算与分析结果,提出了关中地区城镇体系结构和功能优化的建议。     

Stratigraphic evolution from the early Albian to late Campanian of the Potiguar Basin,Northeast Brazil: An approach in seismic scale

Five 3rd-order depositional sequences are interpreted from the early Albian to late Campanian interval in the Potiguar Basin. An integrated analysis of seismic interpretations, well logs, cores and biostratigraphic data provides a stratigraphic framework composed by stratigraphic surfaces, systems tracts and sequences. Depositional Sequence 1 and 2 are, respectively, Albian and early to mid-Cenomanian aged and are composed by the falling stage, low stand, transgressive and high stand systems tracts. Depositional Sequence 3 is late Cenomanian to mid-Turonian aged and is composed by the transgressive and high stand systems tracts. Depositional sequences 4 and 5 are, respectively, late Turonian to mid-Santonian and late Santonian to mid-Campanian aged and are composed only by transgressive and high stand systems tracts. The lack of falling stage and low stand systems tracts in depositional sequences 3, 4 and 5, as well the increasing in transgressive and highstand systems tracts thickness as depositional sequences get younger, are reflection of an overall transgressive trend of a 2nd-order sequence. The interpretation proposed in this paper correlates onshore with offshore deposits within a seismic scale (3rd-order) sequence stratigraphy framework. This approach allows a better understanding of the Açu Formation, the primary oil-bearing formation of the Potiguar Basin. The Açu Formation is part of depositional sequences 1, 2 and 3 and is characterized by lateral and vertical variations of depositional systems instead of being associated to a specific depositional system. This sequence stratigraphy analysis can be used as a low-resolution framework for future high-resolution (4th-order scale) studies.     

2010年上海世博会选址研究

根据2010年上海世博会对快捷高效的综合交通运输体系、优美的亲水环境、有效的危机管理系统、高标准的防灾体系等运营环境的基本要求,结合该市中心城区高昂的土地置换成本、高强度的交通流量压力、较弱的承灾能力等客观实际条件,文章提出了将世博会选址于上海临港新城的建议,认为这将有利于发挥临港新城的综合交通网络优势,彰显国际性港口城市的会展功能,形成城市化发展的多重社会经济效应,推动上海加快实施海洋开发战略等。     

农村集体建设用地流转研究进展

集体建设用地流转是市场经济体制下生产要素合理流动与优化配置的要求,是盘活农村存量土地资产,提高土地利用效率和效益的重要手段。本文在总结我国农村集体建设用地流转可行性、动因、现状、模式、主体、收益分配以及流转制度、支撑体系等方面研究进展的基础上,总结了现有研究内容和方法上存在的不足,对未来农村集体建设用地流转研究趋势进行展望,以促进农村集体建设用地流转研究的创新和发展,为进一步开展本领域的相关研究提供借鉴,使农村集体建设用地流转研究成果更好为统筹城乡发展提供政策参考。结合当前和未来一定时期内中国农村集体建设用地市场发展和城乡统一建设用地市场建立的要求,未来农村集体建设用地流转应加强以下5方面的研究：①完善农村集体建设用地流转潜力测算的方法研究,摸清家底,科学判断区域可流转的集体建设用地数量及空间分布,为集体建设用地流转的时序安排提供基础,为集体建设用地流转提供可量化的指标。②深化对农村集体建设用地流转价格的研究。目前农村集体建设用地的地价管理和地价评估研究滞后于农村土地市场发展的要求,应加强集体建设用地定价方法研究,为集体建设用地流转价格的确定提供依据。③加强集体建设用地流转收益分配研究。由于各地开展集体建设用地流转的形式不同,参与流转收益分配的主体及收益分配关系的差异较大,存在各主体利益无法得到合理保障等问题。应加强集体建设用地流转收益的形成机理研究,合理确定参与收益分配的主体及参与主体的收益分配比例。④重视集体建设用地流转的风险控制研究。集体建设用地流转涉及多个利益主体,存在不同程度的不确定性和风险。重视集体建设用地流转的风险识别及风险评估研究,探索建立集体建设用地流转风险控制机制,有效规避及降低风险,实现集体建设用地流转效益的最大化。⑤注重集体建设用地流转潜力、驱动力等方面定量研究。在现有定性分析为主的基础上,加强集体建设用地流转相关方面的定量研究为决策部门把握流转动态及相关决策的制定提供可量化的成果。     

Financial appraisal of date-frond mat fence systems for wind erosion control and sand dune stabilization in the arid region of the United Arab Emirates

A discounted cash flow model was employed to assess the viability of four wind barrier systems. The systems were utilized for wind erosion control and sand dune stabilization in the Al-Ain region of the United Arab Emirates. These systems consisted of four densities of date-frond mat fences erected in the form of checker board grids between rows of two local tree species:Prosopis spicigeraandAcacia tortilis. Analysis of cost estimated was based on the annual equivalent value of costs for each system. The economic life of the systems varied as a function of the time needed for the different trees in the different systems to reach the self-support stage. Results indicated that the systems’ ranking according to the minimal costs varied among the different tree types and the number of fences; but there was a general decrease in cost with increased fence density using the same tree, and this was due mainly to the effect of the fence on reducing the cost of tree development and maintenance as a result of reducing accumulated eroded sand. The minimal cost was recorded in D-10 treatment (seven fences) usingProsopis spicigera.     

面向多应用系统的位置公共服务(LBCS)模式研究与平台设计

当前的LBS应用系统多采用独立构建方式,将LBS通用服务功能与应用系统相关功能集成,使系统内部耦合程度较高,虽然能够保证应用系统的完整性,但导致LBS通用服务功能难以共享,造成系统的扩展性差以及数据、计算资源的浪费。该文探索了面向多应用系统的位置公共服务(LBCS)的服务模式与系统体系结构。基于这种服务模式,位置服务系统将由两大部件构成:LBS公共服务平台和专业应用系统,且LBS公共服务平台能被多个应用系统使用。     

论四川盆地海相三叠系气田地层水水动力驱动条件及对水资源分布的控制

四川盆地海相三叠系嘉陵江组—雷口坡组 (T1 j-T2 L)气田地层水按其构造开启程度、埋藏深度及水化学特征的不同 ,可划分出沉积变质水和渗入淋滤水两种基本成因类型 ,分属两种性质迥然不同的水动力系统 ,各自依据地静压力和静水压力由高压区向低压区驱动的水动力条件 ,控制了盆地海相三叠系气田地层水资源及气藏的保存和分布。     

城市化背景下嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化

基于1960s,1980s和2010s的三期水系数据,通过构建定量描述河流水系变化特征的指标体系,对嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化特征及其与城市化的关系进行研究.结果表明:① 近50年来,嘉兴市的河流水系呈现出剧烈衰减的趋势,其中河流发育系数,河网密度和水面率分别减少了58.91%,28.49%和14.09%,但在城市化不同阶段,河流水系衰减的程度并不完全一致.② 在整个城市化进程中,河流发育系数和干流面积长度比变化的空间差异非常大,河网密度和水面率变化的空间差异相对较大,而盒维数和河流曲度变化的空间差异相对较小.③ 河流发育系数,盒维数和河网密度的衰减趋势为城区>近郊>远郊,水面率的衰减趋势为远郊>近郊>城区,河流曲度的衰减趋势为近郊>城区>远郊,但干流面积长度比的空间变化趋势不明显.④ 城市化对河流水系变化的影响十分显著,且城市化水平越高的地区河流水系的变化越剧烈,而城市化对干流面积长度比与河流曲度的影响大于其对河流发育系数与河网密度的影响.