鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油藏连通性特征研究——以定边-安边以南地区为例

油藏连通性评价是油田开发和管理方案中必不可少的研究内容,而原油色谱指纹技术可以发挥重要作用。鄂尔多斯盆地定边—安边以南地区中生界油藏的原油色谱指纹参数的研究结果显示,该地区铁边城、定边和姬塬井区之间相同层位原油的色谱指纹特征相差较大,表明了它们之间的油藏流体不具有连通性。同一井区范围内,上三叠统延长组相同层段油藏原油色谱指纹分布特征相似,相互间流体连通性较好,而下侏罗统延安组相同层段油藏之间的原油色谱指纹分布特征大部分差异明显,表明它们之间的连通性较差。研究地区中生界油藏原油色谱指纹特征存在差异主要与油气运移过程有关,而且与油藏所在储层的古地理位置分布关系密切。     

Biodegradation and water washing effect on gasoline range hydrocarbons and quality of crude oils from HJN and MKM fields of upper Assam basin,India

The crude oils from Oligocene and Miocene formation of upper Assam basin have moderate API gravity and significant wax content. Crude oils from HJN and MKM fields of upper Assam basin are being produced from Oligocene and Miocene sands. These oils are somewhat biodegraded in nature as evidenced from their API gravity, density, bulk composition, GC fingerprints and relative concentrations of compounds in the gasoline range. It is observed from whole oil gas chromatographic data that the lighter hydrocarbons are more effected as a result of biodegradation and water washing than the heavier components. In the gasoline range compounds highest degradation of n-alkanes are observed followed by iso- and cyclo- alkanes. The extent of the effect of biodegradation of the gasoline range compounds in crude oil samples cannot be illustrated by the concentrations of the compounds. The concentrations only describe qualitative differences in molecular composition. This difficulty can be overcome by using parameters called degradative loss (%). This parameter shows exactly how much loss or gain has taken place in the gasoline range compounds. Within the gasoline range compounds, n-alkanes, Benzene baring HJN 15 and MKM 14 and Toluene experienced degradative loss indicating effects of both biodegradation and water washing in these oils. Cyclo-alkanes are least effected by biodegradation followed by iso-alkanes in all the oils. The extent of biodegradation and water washing is different for each oils from HJN and MKM fields as indicated by the degradative loss (%) of the compounds in the gasoline range.     

中俄原油管道漠大线运营后面临一些冻害问题及防治措施建议

基于世界上几条多年冻土区修建输油气管道的经验,结合我国境内的中俄原油管道漠河－大庆段（漠大线）现场调查、油温监测和探地雷达等勘察结果,研究漠大线运营后可能面临的主要冻害问题、形成过程、影响因素、成灾机制、管道影响,提出预防和防治措施建议及进一步需要研究的主要问题。研究发现,目前漠大线面临的主要冻害问题包括融沉、冻胀丘、冰椎、冻土斜坡、冰刨蚀和潜在冻胀等,在管道持续运行和环境条件改变下,这些冻融灾害可能对管道造成一定的不利影响甚至破坏。现场油温监测显示,在2011年和2012年最低和最高油温分别为0.42 ℃和16.2 ℃,全年的正油温运行是造成目前管道周围冻土融沉的主要原因。冬季部分地段出现的冻胀丘、冰椎以及浮冰对管道形成一定的潜在威胁。研究成果为中俄原油管道漠大线以及规划建设的中俄原油管道二线、中俄输气管道、格尔木－拉萨输油管道改造工程以及其他多年冻土区输油气管道设计、施工、运营和维护提供参考和依据。     

Numerical modeling of stress and strain associated with the bending of an oil pipeline by a migrating pingo in the permafrost region of the northern Tibetan Plateau

Small seasonal pingos formed in Quaternary deposits along active fault zones in permafrost of the northern Tibetan Plateau exert destructive forces to oil pipelines, bridges, culverts and other engineering facilities along the Golmud–Lhasa railway and highway. The pingos are particularly hazardous as they change position, or migrate, nearly every year. Three-dimensional finite element modeling reveals the enormous force from exerted by a pingo at the 86th station of the highway. A good representation of the stress and strain fields resulting from an expansion of a pingo and bending of an oil pipeline at the station are calculated after due consideration of the interaction between permafrost, pingo and pipeline. This followed establishing an engineering-geologic model from the field data and determining the mechanical properties of the media from field and laboratory tests. The maximum, intermediate and the minimal principal compressive stresses are calculated as well as those for the plastic strain. Concentrations of principal stress and plastic strain occur beneath the pipeline bend and both the principal compressive stress and resulting plastic strain become very small away from the pingo. Also, the bottom of the pingo is dominated by minimal values of principal stress and strain and the potential bending of a buried pipe caused by an expansion of a pingo is indicated to decrease as depth of burial increases.The pingo growth at the 86th station resulted in the bending upward of a 20m section of a buried oil pipeline, but it did not break and spill oil. Analysis of the pipe within the bend found the maximum, intermediate, and minimal principal compressive stress ranges that leads to plastic strain within the bent pipe. Compressive stress and plastic strain concentrations form in the inner sides of inflexions in the pipe bend, and tensional stress and plastic strain concentrations form in their outer sides where stress exceeds the yield limit of the pipe, but many irregularities are present. Such numerical modeling of stress and strain may offer key parameters for designing oil pipelines and engineered facilities to decrease the hazard from migrating pingos in similar geologic settings in the permafrost of the northern Tibetan Plateau.     

大型油气系统形成的盆地动力学背景

找寻大油气田的急迫任务带动了当今新一轮战略性、区域性的基础地质和石油地质研究.在盆地中识别富生烃凹陷及其所控制的油气系统具有关键意义.没有富生烃凹陷就没有大油气田赖以形成的首要基础.富生烃凹陷及大型油气系统的形成又有其特有的盆地动力学背景, 认识后者对前者的控制关系可提供战略性预测.渤海湾盆地作为中国东部陆上及海域伸展类盆地最重要也最典型的代表, 其数十年勘探和研究历程揭示了富生烃凹陷、大型油气系统和盆地动力学过程的内在联系.岩石圈伸展和裂陷的背景下, 盆地内隆坳分异的构造格架、快速沉降、高地温和异常高压系统提供了富生烃凹陷和大型油气系统形成的构造背景, 与古近系中晚期有利的古气候、古环境条件匹配形成了最有利生烃的超富养湖盆类型.根据多个富生烃凹陷的典型研究提出了大型油气系统形成的模式, 进一步分析了富生烃凹陷形成背景的多样性.值得指出的是, 目前所知西北地区大型叠合盆地中最重要的富生油凹陷, 如准噶尔盆地的二叠纪中央凹陷、塔里木盆地的满加尔凹陷可能都形成于伸展和裂陷背景下, 中新生代则以挤压、挠曲占优势.提出用当代盆地动力学和油气系统的思路与方法重新认识含油气盆地及其油气系统演化的动力过程, 进行新一轮基础性、区域性研究, 为发现新领域、找寻大油气田提供地质理论基础.      

基于时延三维电阻率反演的岩溶地下河管道空间分布识别物理模拟研究

岩溶地下河管道空间分布的识别对岩溶区的各类地球科学工作意义重大,文章阐述了采用时延三维电阻率反演技术,开展对地下河管道空间分布识别的研究,在室内灰岩介质下的物理模拟实验结果表明:对雨季管道充水和枯季管道干涸时采集的电阻率数据进行时延反演后,地下河管道的模拟三维空间分布被很好地突显出来,时延反演效果大大地优于对单次采集数据的反演效果,管道充填水时的反演效果次之,管道充填空气时的反演结果很难有效识别地下河管道的空间分布情况。物理模型试验成果可指导野外实践中对岩溶地下河管道的探测研究。      

Fault System, Diapirism and Oil (Gas) Migrationin the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea

1. Introduction In recent years, growing attention has been focused on diapirs because of their significance to hydrocarbon accumulation in basins (Barber & Brown, 1988; Martin Hovland et al., 1989; Law et al., 1989; Collier et al., 1990; Lewis et al., 1994; Carmelo Monaco et al., 1996; Hieke et al., 1996; Hieke et al., 1996; Lewis et al., 1996; Limonov et al., 1996; Gallardo & Blackwell, 1999). With more and more effort devoted to the studies of the northern continental marginal basins …     

青藏高原移动冰丘引起输油管道拱曲的数值模拟

青藏高原北部常年冻土区沿活动断裂发育有移动冰丘,其对输油管道、桥梁、涵洞等工程设施具有破坏作用。应用ANSYS有限元通用程序,对移动冰丘引起的输油管道的破坏进行了三维非线性有限元数值模拟计算,揭示了移动冰丘冻胀产生的应力场、位移场与塑性变形,给出了移动冰丘冻胀导致输油管道拱曲变形及应力分布。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形,在管道内部产生的应力超过管道的强度,使管道产生塑性弯曲变形和破坏,导致输油管道局部报废。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形的三维有限元数值模拟能够为管道工程设计和地质灾害防治提供依据。在数值模拟的基础上,提出了灾害防治措施。     

Calculation of the contribution of single-zone production by ultraviolet spectrum technique： A case study in well QHD32-6-3 field

Based on the established mathematic model and graphic interpretation, a new method, which is used to calculate the contribution of single-zone production in a commingled producing well by the ultraviolet spectrum technique, has been established. The standard plate was drawn using the extinction coefficient E of sample oils formulated artificially as y-axis and the wavelength as x-axis. The curve resulting from the UV analysis of sample oils in the commingled well was inserted into the standard plate and compared. The proportion of each single zone in the commingled producing well was identical with the proportion of the curve which is closest to the curve of sample oils formulated artificially. In the well QHD32-6-3 field, taking well A22 for example and using this method, the production contribution of a single zone was calculated. The result showed that the Nm4 zone is a major "contributor", the proportion of the Nm4 zone is 70%, and that of the Nm1 zone is 30%. The ultraviolet spectrum technique provided a new reservoir geochemical technique of monitoring production contribution, especially for biodegraded heavy oil, but it has some limitation, just depending on the GC fingerprint technique.     

多年冻土区输油管道工程中的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题

多年冻土区石油和经济开发不断推动输油管道技术的发展,但是多年冻土区输油管道的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题仍是关键性难题.寒区管道设计和施工必须考虑沿线的地形和环境条件对冻胀和融沉,以及相应的管道工程基础和结构整体性的影响.阿拉斯加输油管道工程取得成功的原因在于充足的科研投入、讨论和决策时间,以及最终采用的一系列创新设计来保护多年冻土和抑制融沉.这些研究围绕的关键问题是温热油管在多年冻土中的水热效应和差异性融沉和冻胀所导致的管道变形破坏,这些研究对可能出现问题的及早发现、充分理解和正确预测以及最终合理的设计、施工和维护至关重要.罗曼井和格拉线环境温度输油管道在20a左右的运营中,冻胀和融沉都比较显著.准确预测管道和围岩土的冻胀和融沉需要详细的观测研究和模拟试验相结合.在预测的基础上,针对具体问题抑制融沉和冻胀.成功设计、施工和运行寒区输油管道需要科学家、工程师、业界人士和管理部门密切合作.     

海底滑坡冲击下悬跨管道动态响应及安全性评估

作为一种常见的海洋地质灾害,海底滑坡会对油气管道的安全造成巨大威胁。由于海洋底流的冲刷作用,海底管道往往会悬跨于海床之上,稳定性较差。当悬跨管道遭受到海底滑坡的冲击作用后,其动态响应预测及安全性评估尤为重要。本文建立了海底滑坡-管道相互作用的有限元模型,将油气管道分为悬跨段和埋地段,考虑了悬跨长度和高度变化条件下,油气管道遭受海底滑坡冲击作用时的动态响应。数值计算结果表明,管道悬跨长度和高度对其塑性变形影响显著,海底滑坡引起的管道应变会随着悬跨长度和高度的增加而增大。最后,提出了综合考虑悬跨长度和高度影响下海底管道安全性评估方法,该成果可直接用于海底滑坡作用下油气管道安全性的动态评估。     

提高管线探测水平分辨率的技术方法

在平顶山矿工路路面改造工程中,使用GX-2型及RD-4000型地下管线探测仪探测地下管网布设情况。根据地下管线种类、管线布设方位、埋置深度、探测难度大小进行了多次试验,在此基础上确定了电磁探测技术与方法：利用直连法提高被测管线中的交变电流,压制邻近平行管线和地下介质中的异常反映;在多管并存、且间距较小的情况下,应选择“梯度法”对磁场水平分量垂直梯度ΔHx进行观测,以得到最大清晰异常;另外,还应根据具体情况,合理选择诸如压制旁侧管线法、选择发射法、偏移感应法、动源发射法等发射方式,保证目标管线中有较强异常呈现。在管线密集区,应尽可能地降低工作频率,以减小旁侧管线中产生的二次电流及二次磁场;为防止信噪比下降,可适当减小收发距,以提高接收机的灵敏度。     

应用地球化学方法评价断层的封闭性

断层的封闭性和连通性研究对于了解断层在油气成藏和石油开发中的影响具有重要的意义.根据断层附近油藏的地球化学特征, 可以研究排烃期断层的封闭性.在涠西南凹陷油田的研究工作中, 通过断层两端油层的化学组成指纹的差异, 证实了断层的存在, 虽然断距较小, 但仍影响了油藏的连通.对欧利坨子地区靠近断层的油藏分析表明, 本区的深大断裂可以作为油气的有效通道, 靠近断层油藏成熟度较高, 且含氮化合物较丰富.本研究提供的2个实例证实地球化学方法用于判断断层的封闭性有着不可替代的优越性.      

Mapping of iodine,lithium and strontium in oilfield water of Cambay basin,Gujarat

The major oil and gas producing fields in Gujarat are found in Cambay basin. It is known that a huge amount of water is produced with oil and gas production which is called produced oilfield water. Some useful elements (iodine, lithium and strontium) are present with this oilfield water which may be extracted in case of their abundance. The investigation of iodine, lithium and strontium concentrations in produced oilfield water was accomplished by Ion chromatography while for other cations ICP instrument was used. In oilfield water, iodine content ranges from 0.08 to 1.89 mg/l, lithium content ranges from 0.06 to 2.90 mg/l and strontium content ranges from 0.24 to 73.5 mg/l. In addition to above element, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Ba, Fe, Se, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Hg were also analyzed. The pH and TDS of all the samples were also measured. There is considerable variation in iodine, lithium and strontium in oilfield water samples collected from oil and gas producing fields of Gujarat. There is no definite pattern of variation in iodine, lithium and strontium content.     

微动HVSR法在岩溶区探测地下河管道和溶洞的有效性研究

微动HVSR(Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio)法是一种简单有效的被动源地震勘探方法,当测点下方介质存在明显的速度变化时,HVSR曲线会呈现相应的异常形态。为探索该方法在岩溶区探测地下河管道和溶洞的有效性,选择桂林毛村地下河流域内的大岩前村作为研究区,并在此开展野外试验。研究区发育有一条地下河管道,通过精准的洞穴测量,获得了此地下河管道的平面位置和洞高等信息。在研究区的地下河管道上方地面布设3条物探测线,均进行微动HVSR法测量,并用探地雷达法测量作对比。结果表明,两种物探方法的异常位置与测线下方地下河管道的实际平面位置基本一致,证明微动HVSR法可作为一种有效的地下河管道和溶洞探测方法。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷欢-双地区下第三系油田水体系及地球化学场

油田水体系的地球化学场中蕴含着丰富的石油地质学含意,其研究对指导油气勘探和开发有重要的意义。辽河盆地西部凹陷欢-双地区下第三系油田水可划分为六个体系,即:(1)沙四段油田水体系,(2)沙三段下部油田水体系,(3)沙三段中-上部油田水体系,(4)沙二段油田水体系,(5)沙一段油田水体系和(6)东营组油田水体系。虽然这六个体系的油田水均为低矿化度的重碳酸钠型水,但其矿化度和还原系数场不尽相同;这些不同不仅表现在油田水体系之间的地球化学场异常区面积有差异,而且地球化学场异常区位置也有变化。一般认为油田水体系中矿化度场的正异常区和还原系数场的负异常区为有利的油气聚集区和保存区。     

Improved group decision-making evaluation method of offshore pipeline routing optimisation in submarine landslide-prone area

Submarine landslides are a great hazard to offshore pipelines. The comparison and optimisation of pipeline routing schemes to reduce the potential submarine landslide risk is a key issue in offshore oil and gas development engineering. This paper presents an improved group decision-making evaluation method for offshore pipeline routing optimisation in areas prone to submarine landslides. An information integrity variable is proposed to adjust the relative weight of each factor considering the incompleteness of the engineering geological survey information and data. The credibility level of each expert involved in the evaluation, which is calculated based on the similarity and difference of the experts’ judgment matrices, is introduced to correct the information integrity variable, relative weights, and memberships. The group decision-making for offshore pipeline routing selection is then obtained based on the principle of the majority rule. Finally, a case of pipeline routing optimisation in the submarine canyon area of the Baiyun depression, northern South China Sea, is assessed by using the proposed method. The result shows that the proposed group decision-making method can enhance the objectivity of the assessment for the offshore pipeline routing optimisation under a subjective environment.

     

寒区输油管道基于应变设计的极限状态研究

寒区输油管线沿线地质环境复杂,滑坡、冻胀、融沉等自然灾害会导致管道形成大差异变形量.而差异变形量所引起的应力应变行为直接影响管道的安全服役性能,严重时会使管道破坏失效.基于寒区输油管道在实际服役工况下的受力变形条件,充分考虑冻胀效应、油压效应和热应力效应对输油管道的影响,分析了不同长度、壁厚、油压条件下轴向拉伸应变的分布规律及其影响因素.基于轴向应变设计理论准则,建立了上述条件下输油管道的极限服役状态,得到了对应状态下输油管道的许应最大极限冻胀变形量.结果分析表明,采用基于应力的设计准则偏保守,采用基于轴向应变的设计准则能更多的利用管材的变形性能.可为管道的合理设计、安全评价、完整性管理提供一定的理论参考.     

GPＲ 探测电力工程地埋管线的技术方法

在电力工程地埋管线探测中,GPＲ 是一种行之有效的方法。为提高管线探测的精度,降低工程施工风险,笔者从探地雷达野外数据采集开始,详细探讨了探地雷达应用于管线探测时的数据采集方法 ( 包括测线的布设、干扰因素的避让等) 和室内后续数据处理的策略。针对管线探测这一目标,采用预测反褶积技术压制多次波和非线性颜色分级的剖面显示方式是提高数据解释精度的关键,并结合电力隧道地下管线探测实例验证了本文所提方法的有效性。     

四极法电阻率测量在石油管道防腐蚀中的应用

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