红板岩材料隐式本构模型的建立及其应用研究

针对红板岩材料在岩土工程中所表现的大量模糊的和不确定的因素等特点,基于人工神经网络的学习能力,借助于室内岩石力学试验,进行了对该材料的力学本构特性进行了神经网络模拟研究,提出了隐式本构模型的思想和方法,并通过该方法对该岩石的流变试验结果进行学习,获得了以网络权值结构保存的力学特性知识,由此得到了表征红板岩应力应变本构关系的隐式本构模型。应用结果表明,该方法对岩土类材料本构关系的模拟研究具有很好的应用前景。     

A new engineering-geological rock durability classification

The construction of the 5.3-m diameter, 82-km long Orange—Fish Tunnel in the Republic of South Africa, in sensibly horizontal beds of mudrocks, siltstones and sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup (Upper Carboniferous to Triassic age), revealed the paramount importance of rock durability. The presence of non-durable rock types was found to be one of the causes of the rock distress problems encountered in some tunnel sections during construction.

Geomechanical tests conducted on representative samples of potentially difficult rock types from the Orange—Fish Tunnel, indicated important limitations of international rock material classifications, such as the Deere—Miller Modulus—Strength and the Deere—Gamble Durability—Plasticity systems. The inadequacy of these classifications in the case of the Karoo sedimentary rocks, underlined the need for a new rock durability classification which could be used for the timely indication of the presence of non-durable rock material sections at tunnel level.

An account is given of the lithology, mineralogy and the postulated weathering mechanics of the Karoo rocks encountered, as well as the application of these parameters to the numerical methods used for the quantitative assessment of rock durability. It is considered that a reliable appraisal of this time-dependent parameter can be provided by the measurement of the strength and free swelling properties of the intact rock material.

A new rock durability classification, styled the Geodurability Classification, is discussed. This empirical system appears to be practical and simple as it depends on the minimum number of index rock properties, which can be measured fairly rapidly in a field laboratory by means of simple test apparatus and semi-skilled labour. It is based on different ranges of ratios of the uniaxial compressive strength, σ_c, and the “Duncan” free swelling coefficient, ε_D, as index parameters. The intact rock material is classified according to a rating system which varies from “excellent” (Class A) to “very poor” (Class F).

The extensive use of the Geodurability Classification indicated such a system to be particularly relevant to compacted and weakly cemented rocks, where the tendency of the rock material to deteriorate with time (and not the presence of rock discontinuities such as joints and bedding planes) dominates the time-dependent behaviour of tunnel rock masses.     

敦煌金滩子金矿床地质特征及找矿前景分析

敦煌金滩子金矿床系20世纪70年代初,在区调工作中检查古代采矿遗迹时发现,80年代开展过普查,经2014~2015年详查提交的一处中型金矿床。矿区由梭子山、八卦图和金滩子3个矿段组成。金矿化受断裂破碎带控制,加里东晚期石英闪长岩为八卦图和金滩子矿段石英脉型金矿的赋矿岩石,华力西中期二长花岗岩为梭子山矿段蚀变岩型金矿的赋矿岩石。目前控制主矿体长151~320 m、斜深155~350 m、矿体平均品位7.61×10~(-6)~17.94×10~(-6),矿体延伸较稳定,金品位较高。黄铁矿、褐铁矿、石英、方解石为主要载体矿物。据对金滩子金矿各矿段深部矿化特点及走向上控矿因素的分析,认为该矿床具有较好的找矿前景。     

Fuzzy set approaches to classification of rock masses

Rock mass classification is analogous to multi-feature pattern recognition problem. The objective is to assign a rock mass to one of the pre-defined classes using a given set of criteria. This process involves a number of subjective uncertainties stemming from: (a) qualitative (linguistic) criteria; (b) sharp class boundaries; (c) fixed rating (or weight) scales; and (d) variable input reliability. Fuzzy set theory enables a soft approach to account for these uncertainties by allowing the expert to participate in this process in several ways. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the earlier fuzzy rock mass classification attempts and to devise improved methodologies to utilize the theory more accurately and efficiently. As in the earlier studies, the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system was adopted as a reference conventional classification system because of its simple linear aggregation.

The proposed classification approach is based on the concept of partial fuzzy sets representing the variable importance or recognition power of each criterion in the universal domain of rock mass quality. The method enables one to evaluate rock mass quality using any set of criteria, and it is easy to implement. To reduce uncertainties due to project- and lithology-dependent variations, partial membership functions were formulated considering shallow (<200 m) tunneling in granitic rock masses. This facilitated a detailed expression of the variations in the classification power of each criterion along the corresponding universal domains. The binary relationship tables generated using these functions were processed not to derive a single class but rather to plot criterion contribution trends (stacked area graphs) and belief surface contours, which proved to be very satisfactory in difficult decision situations. Four input scenarios were selected to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in different situations and with reference to the earlier approaches.     

湘西金矿地质地球化学特征

通过湘西金矿的矿区地质特征、微量元素地球化学特征等研究,认为赋矿层位为冷家溪群和板溪群马底驿组;导矿和控矿构造为东西向构造;板岩、砂质板岩和变质砂岩的主要成矿元素丰度相对较高;板岩、砂质板岩、变质砂岩曲线具有相似趋势,说明成矿物质来源具有共同特征。     

乌东德水电站特高拱坝施工期坝基岩体质量工程地质评价

特高型拱坝坝拱座岩体承受的荷载巨大,坝基岩体质量是拱座稳定的关键,在施工期如何准确评价坝基岩体质量,是拱坝建基岩体工程地质研究的重要问题。本文以工程地质条件研究为基础,从岩性、岩体结构分布着手,研究建基岩体工程地质特征;以现场、室内试验、声波测试为依据,建立坝基岩体质量评价标准。对乌东德拱坝施工期揭露的建基面岩体进行质量划分,研究发现：乌东德拱坝建基岩体质量优良,以Ⅱ级岩体占绝大多数,少量Ⅲ₁级岩体,极少量Ⅲ₂级岩体,与可研成果高度吻合;建基岩体满足岩体质量与声波验收要求,岩体质量空间分布较连续,且相对均匀,有利于承受拱坝推力。     

A technique for estimating permeability of a randomly fractured rock mass

Extensive field and laboratory testing programs were performed to develop a relationship between the permeability of a fractured limestone and the core recovery values. The studied limestone does not encompass any jointing system but is consistently and randomly fractured. Nineteen in situ falling head permeability tests were carried out to measure permeability of the fractured rock mass at a representative study area. Analysis of test results has led to the formulation of an empirical equation that estimates the permeability of the rock mass in terms of its solid core recovery value and the permeability of the fractures filling material. Unlike the existing equations for estimating the permeability of rock masses, the proposed equation is simple and utilizes parameters that can be easily determined in regular geotechnical field and laboratory investigations. A technique is also presented to estimate the permeability of a rock layer, the quality of which significantly changes with depth, using the proposed equation that utilizes a single value of core recovery. Analysis of well-documented pumping test results supported the validity of the proposed equation and technique.     

A Study of the hydrogeological environment of the lishan landslide area using resistivity image profiling and borehole data

Resistivity Image Profiling (RIP) surveys was used to develop a lithological and hydrogeological model of the subsurface in the southeastern part of Lishan landslide area of central Taiwan. The bedrock consists of slate in the study area. Based on RIP and rock samples collected from boreholes results, three electrical strata are recognized: colluvium, the shear zone composed of shear gouges and shattered slate, and the undisturbed slate formation. The steep shear zone with resistivity ranging between 100 ~ 260 Ω-m, plays a crucial role in the local hydrogeological environment, because it forms a natural barrier which blocks and retains groundwater flowing down the slope. Groundwater will brim over the barrier when the water level is high. Thus the inclined groundwater table remains stable from long-term monitoring. It strongly indicates that the groundwater recharge is greater than that of discharge. Therefore, the shear zone can provide information about the optimum locations for draining the excess groundwater in-situ for slope stability consideration.

The curved basal surface of the colluvium and the weathered slate can also be discerned from the resistivity variations and boreholes data. A series of circular patterns may associate with the main slope failure which migrated upwards from the lower slope.     

云南会泽县老鹰箐铅锌矿特征及找矿标志

云南会泽县老鹰箐铅锌矿之矿体呈似层状、透镜状赋存于断层构造破碎带中,构造控矿明显,矿体围岩为中元古界昆阳群黄草岭组(Pt2h)板岩,为构造破碎带控制的充填-交代型脉状铅锌矿床.构造破碎带、硅化、碳酸盐化以及地球化学异常是重要的找矿标志.     

煤矿床工程地质勘查中岩石质量指标(RQD)存在问题的探讨

岩石质量指标(RQD)是评价岩体完整性及质量分级的一个重要指标。针对矿区工程地质勘查规范中推荐的岩体质量评价方法,详细分析了岩石质量指标(RQD)在用于岩体分类与评价中存在的岩心长度的计算、采取率、硬度和结构对其赋值大小的影响,以及对规范理解的差异,提出了解决这些问题的有效方法与途径,为岩石质量指标(RQD)的正确应用及煤矿床岩体质量合理评价做了有益的探讨。     

南秦岭山阳—柞水矿集区夏家店金矿床微量-铂族元素地球化学特征及其对矿床成因的指示

夏家店金矿床位于南秦岭造山带内,是一个受构造和地层控制的大型金矿床,矿石类型为角砾岩型、碎裂岩型和石英脉型3种类型,赋矿围岩主要为寒武系水沟口组的炭泥质板岩、炭硅质板岩、硅质岩及白云岩,次为泥盆系西岔河组的角砾岩。本文对夏家店金矿床中矿石（角砾状炭硅质板岩、碎裂硅化白云岩、碎裂炭泥质板岩和石英脉状矿化的硅质岩）和围岩（硅质岩、硅化白云岩和硅质板岩）的微量元素、铂族元素（PGE）质量分数进行测试,进而探讨成矿物质来源以及矿床成因。结果表明：不同类型的矿石与其各自的围岩具有高度的相似性,均富集Sr、Ga、Zr等元素;不同类型的矿石稀土总量均高于各类围岩,但是两者具有相似的稀土配分模式,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,均表现出负Eu异常（δEu值为0.51~0.63）;不同类型的矿石PGE总量（7.71×10^-9~38.30×10^-9,平均值23.00×10^-9）均明显大于各类围岩PGE总量（1.28×10^-9~2.44×10^-9,平均值1.86×10^-9）,相比上地壳,不同类型的矿石均明显富集Os、Ir、Pt和Pd,亏损Ru、Rh,而各类围岩均富集Os,亏损Pt、Ru、Rh、Pd,但两者的铂族元素配分曲线具有高度相似性,呈Ru亏损的V型,为地壳的（Os）-Pt-Pd型配分模式。以上特征表明不同类型的矿石和围岩具有明显的微量、稀土元素和PGE地球化学继承性,暗示夏家店下寒武统有可能是重要的矿源层之一。同时,所有矿石和围岩的Au/Ir值（分别为4 821~299 666）和406~8 050）及Pd/Ir值（分别为16.9~588.0和15.2~47.5）变化范围均较大,两者Au/Ir值远高于炭质球粒陨石和原始地幔值、Pd/Ir值远高于岩浆成因矿石值,且夏家店金矿床矿石和围岩的PGE配分曲线与典型热液成因矿床一致。这些特征显示夏家店金矿床具有明显的热液成因,是构造-热液流体成矿作用的产物。     

吉林省中元古界老岭群珍珠门组黑色岩系主要特征及其成矿作用

黑色岩系中的矿产,早已为人们所瞩目,我省中元古宙老岭群珍珠门下亚组碳质板岩中有机碳质量分数达35.00%~1.17%,平均10.14%。其中金、铜、钴背景高,平均值分别为:0.148×10-6,52.94×10-6,8.46×10-6,是中国东部山区平均值123、43、78、倍。是这些元素的明显矿源层。在通化大顶子珍珠门下亚组黑色岩系形成一处铜钴小型矿床,其中含有金矿扁豆体,平均品位52.8×10-6,是一处颇有远景的含金铜钴矿床。     

南水北调西线工程岩石中石英含量变化及其对TBM施工的影响

石英是各类岩石中广泛存在的一种矿物成分,石英颗粒的大小和含量不仅决定了岩石的强度、硬度和耐磨性,而且直接影响TBM施工的掘进效率。在南水北调西线工程区采集124块岩石样品进行了岩石薄片鉴定,在岩石碎屑粒度分析的基础上,得到了不同采样区域岩石中的石英含量分布特征。基于TBM施工特点,根据不同岩石中的石英含量统计结果,分析了石英含量分布规律对南水北调西线工程TBM施工围岩分类和掘进效率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)砂岩(含杂砂岩)、粉砂岩和板岩中的石英含量具有较明显的差异,砂岩(含杂砂岩)、粉砂岩的石英含量较高,其平均值分别为74.21%和80.41%; 板岩中的石英含量较低,平均值为9.36%。(2)砂岩(含杂砂岩)及粉砂岩中的石英含量一般大于60%,对TBM施工围岩分类的影响属于严重等级; 板岩中的石英含量一般小于30%,对TBM施工围岩分类的影响属于轻微-明显等级。(3)岩石中的石英含量越高,岩石硬度和耐磨性越高,刀具损耗越大,TBM施工掘进速度PR和施工速度AR越低。研究成果可为南水北调西线工程TBM优化选型、施工围岩分类以及施工进度预测提供参考依据。     

甘肃两当湘潭子金矿床地质特征及成因

甘肃两当湘潭子金矿位于西秦岭造山带东段,金矿体主要受北西西向断裂控制,与区内发育的中酸性岩脉空间关系密切。显微观察和电子探针分析表明,Au主要赋存在黄铁矿和毒砂中,矿体中黄铁矿Co/Ni特征显示黄铁矿的成因与岩浆作用有关。通过稀土元素分析发现,矿石的稀土元素特征与岩体的稀土元素特征基本一致,而与地层围岩有明显差异。对矿石中的黄铁矿进行硫同位素测试,硫化物δ³⁴S值介于-5.7‰~2.0‰之间,均值为0.38‰,δ³⁴S值频数分布比较集中,具有以近零为中心的塔式分布特征,表明矿石中硫的来源与岩浆作用有关。通过氢氧同位素分析,湘潭子金矿区矿石的δ¹⁸${{\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}}}$值介于3.44‰~9.65‰之间,均值为6.29‰,δD介于-120.10‰~-79.00‰之间,均值为-100.47‰,表明本区成矿流体主要来自岩浆水。铅同位素特征显示湘潭子金矿区铅的演化与岩浆作用和造山运动关系密切。通过对比研究可知湘潭子金矿的主成矿时代为印支晚期。湘潭子金矿是印支晚期含成矿物质和流体的岩浆上侵,受浅部断裂系统控制的脉状矿体。湘潭子金矿的发现及成因研究对西秦岭地区找矿方向具有重要的意义。     

系统锚杆对边坡岩体加固效果的数值模型试验研究

以大型的岩土工程数值分析软件AD INA为研究手段,对边坡岩体的分离块体经系统锚杆加固后,其抗压强度、弹性模量及c、值的提高,并计算和比较了锚固对不同强度岩体的参数影响大小,并对锚固岩体的各向异性进行了初步研究,垂直布锚对岩体的弹性模量影响较大,但是对于岩体的抗压强度的影响相对较小。     

云南维西娃渣铁铅锌多金属矿床

矿床属与中三叠统中酸性火山岩有关的喷流型（或火山沉积改造型）铁铅锌多金属矿,并受地层构造双重控制.     

工程岩体断裂构造发育程度的定量评价研究IAEG信息(会讯)

岩体断裂构造发育程度及其均匀性是影响岩体结构类型、岩体质量优劣及岩体稳定性分析以及工程岩体综合分区利用的重要因素, 因此岩体断裂构造发育程度的定量评价具有重要的工程意义。本文以三峡工程永久船闸边坡工程为例, 系统地讨论了工程岩体断裂构造发育程度的评价方法、定量评价指标的确定原则、断裂构造发育程度的分级标准等。研究表明, 根据岩体断裂构造发育特点, 综合运用多层次模糊综合评判法和人工神经网络技术是评价工程岩体断裂构造发育程度的有效方法。     

山东金翅岭金矿蚀变特征与元素迁移规律

胶东地区是中国最重要的金矿集区,区内众多大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近三分之一。其中石英脉型金矿是区内重要的矿床类型,山东金翅岭金矿就是这一类型的代表之一。通过详细的野外地质观测与室内研究,查明了该金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡计算法总结了热液蚀变过程中的元素迁移规律。该矿床原岩为二长花岗岩,含矿热液沿断裂上涌,与围岩发生了强烈的蚀变作用,蚀变类型主要为钾长石化、绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化;蚀变过程中的物质交换改变了流体的成分及酸碱度等,流体向蚀变岩提供了大量的Si O2;同时,绢英岩化阶段和黄铁绢英岩化阶段,围岩向流体提供了大量的K、Na,促使流体中的Au活化,引起热液中的Au H3Si O4稳定性降低,造成Au H3Si O4分解,流体中的Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗,形成黄铁矿,导致Au大量沉淀。