面向国土资源调查的地理信息系统集成方案研究

分析国内外国土资源调查中GIS方法研究和应用的现状和趋势，提出基于多层次GIS集成的国土资源大调查思路，介绍和总结在大调查中应该关注的地理信息系统方法和应用，同时指出我国国土资源大调查的重点在开展微型化嵌入式GIS、三维/四维GIS、网络GIS等方面的研究。     

市级国土资源信息系统建设研究

运用实际调查的方法,对市级国土资源信息系统建设中的若干关键技术问题--系统建设目标、总体框架、功能划分和数据更新机制进行研究.研究认为:国土资源信息系统的建设不仅可以满足国土资源管理部门的需要,而且可以为"数字国土"乃至"数字城市"的建设提供重要的基础和实践经验;在现阶段,GIS与OA的一体化与网络化,是系统建设的两大关键技术问题,而现有业务的有效整合乃是决定应用成功与否的关键因素;国土资源信息系统建设与应用的成功模式必须是技术与管理的有机结合.     

GIS在国内旅游业中的应用研究综述

以在CNKI中国期刊网全文数据库中检索到的1990-2006年期间的70篇GIS在旅游业中的应用研究文献作为研究对象,对20世纪90年代以来GIS在国内旅游业中的应用研究现状进行分析.研究发现GIS在国内旅游业中的应用研究取得了很大发展,研究内容主要包括TGIS研究、GIS在旅游空间布局中的应用研究、GIS在生态旅游中的应用研究、GIS在旅游规划中的应用研究、GIS在旅游制图中的应用研究等5个方面,但仍有许多需要改进的地方,理论研究与实际应用亟待加强.     

全空间地理信息系统展望

地理信息系统作为一门空间科学,以其独特的空间观点和空间思维,从空间相互联系和相互作用出发,揭示各种事物与现象的空间分布特征和动态变化规律。本文从地理信息系统所研究的空间对象出发,对地理信息系统发展新方向提出思考:1从地球空间拓展到宇宙空间,需要构建宇心坐标系和宇宙GIS、月球GIS等;2从室外空间延伸到室内空间,需要发展室内GIS,并拓展到水下空间和地下空间;3从宏观到微观空间,可以发展面向游戏的体育GIS、面向生命健康管理的人体GIS等;4面向大数据时代,发展大数据空间解析的理论和方法,贡献于大数据科学的发展。     

地理信息系统学科中几个基本问题探讨

地理信息科学(GISci)尚不成熟,但中国地理信息系统(GIS)高等教育发展快速,因此GIS学科发展面临许多问题和挑战。尝试从哲学本体论、认识论和方法论角度探讨GIS学科中的几个基本问题:现实世界、概念世界、数字世界、空间认知、空间表达、空间分析与研究方法,同时从社会实践角度总结了GIS应用中的组织、管理与社会问题。1)系统总结地理空间、空间认知与信息表达的关系以及地理信息的基本特征;2)回顾GIS的概念与内涵演变,论证GIS概念的多样性与同一性,分析了几个代表性的GIS研究方向;3)在回顾地理学研究范式转变的基础上,探讨空间分析、知识产生过程以及基于GIS的地理学研究范式;4)辨析GIS与组织管理间的关系、GIS与社会间的互动关系,特别强调发展中国家GIS应用面临的问题。建议围绕“空间认知与表达”、“GIS方法论”、“GIS、组织与社会”进行跨学科研究,完善GIS学科体系。     

GIS在历史、文化地理学研究中的应用及展望

通过对文献的综合分析,总结了GIS应用于历史地理学、文化地理学、考古和文化资源管理以及空间社会科学的研究进展,并介绍了我国历史文化地理信息系统的建设实践。尽管在历史地理和文化地理研究中GIS应用仍面临一些问题,但它拥有巨大的潜力。因此,国内历史地理和文化地理学者应该重新认识GIS的作用,开发适合的GIS应用软件,搭建跨学科的合作研究平台,争取将GIS在历史文化研究中的应用纳入数字城市计划之中。     

基于GIS的区域规划研究

在简要分析区域规划的发展历程和当前面临的新挑战的基础上，探讨了GIS在区域规划研究中管理数据、分析数据、辅助决策和表达规划成果等几个方面的应用，并就GIS在县域城镇体系规划中的应用给出了一个探索性的实证研究，介绍了ArcGIS8．1和MapObjects2．0在县域城镇体系发展现状、发展规划研究、规划成果表达中的应用，最后得出GIS在区域规划中有着广阔应用前景的结论。     

GIS专业人才的素质特征、知识结构与培养方案研究

GIS学科的工具性、工程性及横断性等特征促使GIS的应用格局以及社会对GIS专业人才的需求朝着多层次、多元化的方向发展。该文在调查分析国内外GIS专业人才培养现状的基础上，指出GIS专业人才应具备以下素质特征：1)融厚实的数理、空间知识基础与精湛的GIS专业知识于一体；2)融扎实的GIS基本技能与迫切的GIS求知、创新欲望于一体；3)融GIS研究、技术开发本领与GIS项目管理能力于一体。同时，GIS专业人才应掌握与之相对应的、立体的知识结构，即以数理基础和空间基础为宽度，以应用背景与应用领域为广度，以专业知识及专业技能为深度的知识结构。笔者还对GIS专业人才培养模型与GIS高、中级人才的培养方案进行探讨     

GIS专业人才的素质特征、知识结构与培养方案研究

GIS学科的工具性、工程性及横断性等特征促使GIS的应用格局以及社会对GIS专业人才的需求朝着多层次、多元化的方向发展。该文在调查分析国内外GIS专业人才培养现状的基础上,指出GIS专业人才应具备以下素质特征:1)融厚实的数理、空间知识基础与精湛的GIS专业知识于一体;2)融扎实的GIS基本技能与迫切的GIS求知、创新欲望于一体;3)融GIS研究、技术开发本领与GIS项目管理能力于一体。同时,GIS专业人才应掌握与之相对应的、立体的知识结构,即以数理基础和空间基础为宽度,以应用背景与应用领域为广度,以专业知识及专业技能为深度的知识结构。笔者还对GIS专业人才培养模型与GIS高、中级人才的培养方案进行探讨。     

GIS不确定性框架体系与数据不确定性研究方法

该文分析了GIS数据不确定性研究现状,总结了GIS中数据不确定性的研究问题,提出GIS中数据不确定的框架体系,并结合非线性复杂科学的研究方法,对GIS数据不确定性的研究方法进行了分析、归纳和阐述。     

基于Web Geocoding的三维GIS快速定位方法研究

三维GIS技术已经逐渐发展成熟,其对客观世界的表达能给人以更真实的感受,然而三维GIS软件所需数据是海量的。由于遥感技术的发展,纹理数据的获取和处理已经变得容易和快速,而对于矢量数据的采集、存储是一个非常艰巨的工作,如何在短期内获取海量、精确的矢量地理信息数据,减少数据采集的费用和时间成了一大难题。通过基于网络的地理编码来查询获取矢量点状地理信息,将地理信息存储到本地数据库,并且将数据应用到系统中进行快速定位显示,实现地理位置的实时定位和查询,为各种专题三维GIS软件开发提供服务和扩展功能。     

3D GIS空间索引技术研究

概括并分析3D GIS中使用的空间索引技术,介绍各类技术方法的基本思想;对典型的空间索引方法进行分类,综合比较其优缺点和适用对象;按照空间分割方式将三维空间索引分为规则分割和对象分割两大类,规则分割包括规则网格、BSP树、八叉树、KD树、KDB树和R树系列等,对象分割则通过层次包围体来实现。指出在3D GIS实际应用中,应根据实际情况和应用需要组合多种索引技术,进而生成灵活、高效的索引机制。     

摄影测量三维重建中多源信息融合方法探讨

分析摄影测量三维重建中不同数据源的特点,针对现有多源数据融合存在的有限数据源低层次融合问题,提出一种基于影像特征、GIS信息和3D TIN模型融合的层次结构与算法流程 .该算法主要包括多边形区域增长、几何推理和建筑物几何模型平差等处理,为基于摄影测 量的三维城市模型自动重建提供了一种新的思路与方法.     

四维地貌模型研究

地貌模型在地学数量化研究和GIS研究中作用非常关键。在三维模型基础上增加了时间维的四维地貌模型 ,能够模拟地貌景观随时间的演变。如何动态表现这种演变 ,一直是地貌模型研究的难点之一。本文探讨四维地貌模型研究的地学理论和意义 ,推导出一种四维地貌模型的建立方法 ,介绍以该方法建立的一个四维地貌模型实例。     

Spatial video and GIS

GIS elemental unit representations of spatial data are often defined in terms of points, lines and areas. However, another type of spatial data that is becoming frequently captured, but as yet is largely ignored in GIS, is that of video. While digital video recording is a commonly encountered medium in modern society and encompasses many forms, from simple personal camcorders through to sophisticated survey and surveillance systems, its geographical representation in a GIS has not been fully examined or realised. In the majority of cases the video footage is usually captured while the device and/or the objects being viewed are in motion. What is of particular interest is when video streams can be, or have been, associated with spatial data such as location and orientation to create geographically referenced videographic data, which, for simplicity, will be defined as spatial video. Fundamentally, the nature of video is to record space, so when spatial properties can be accurately acquired and associated with this footage, an important geographical element can be considered for integration and analysis within a GIS.

Existing spatial video systems, both commercial and research, are predominantly used in survey or LBS roles and are usually bespoke and application specific. These systems do not model spatial video to any recognised standards that is generalised to be both data and platform independent. They do not support GIS integration and/or analysis from a purely spatial content perspective. A video-image/remote-sensing centric approach prevails where usage options range from simple visualisation interfaces to interactive computer vision systems. What has been largely overlooked is a spatial approach where the inherent geographical extent recorded in each video frame can be modelled and used in a geo-spatial analysis context. While this modelling approach has not been fully realised, it does exist in a GIS form based on Open Geospatial Consortium standards, where the spatial context of video is defined in a structure called a ViewCone. However, a ViewCone only defines a 2D model of the geographical extent of each frame and is restricted to a three-or-five sided polygon representation.

Thus, this article examines the potential of modelling spatial video through the use of elemental data types within GIS; gives some examples of using this approach; describes some problems in using spatial video within GIS; and then demonstrates how these problems are being solved. This is done in three stages: Firstly, a detailed overview of spatial video in its current GIS role is provided – this is achieved through a complete introduction to the distinct elements of spatial video followed by a review of its use in both commercial and academic application areas. Secondly, a brief theoretical overview of an alternative GIS-constrained ViewCone data structure is given that defines a more flexible spatial video model for both 2D and 3D GIS analysis and visualisation. Thirdly, a selective sample of results is presented based on an implementation of this approach being applied to a constrained spatial video data source in a specific study area.     

国土整治与自然资源研究

国土整治是保障国民经济与人类社会持续进展的必要措施,以自然资源为主要研究对象。以谋求人类与自然相互适应的地理系统为指导思想,讨论了国土整治研究的目的、任务、方法等问题,以此阐述了自然资源研究在国土规划和国土管理工作中的重要性。     

Application of GIS to investigate the use of space in coral reef fish: a comparison of territorial behaviour in two Red Sea butterflyfishes

The space use of two coral‐feeding Red Sea butterflyfish species (Chaetodon austriacus and C. trifascialis) was studied at three sites in the Gulf of Aqaba to determine the extent of intraspecific territoriality. Individuals or pairs were observed in shallow water (<5 m). Their locations were recorded on maps of each study reef. The Animal Movement Analysis Extension (AMAE) in ArcView was used to plot territory borders and compute territory size for each species. Chaetodon austriacus, a generalist corallivore that exploited evenly distributed food resources, maintained small exclusive pair territories with clearly defined territory boundaries. In contrast, C. trifascialis, a specialist corallivore that exploited patchily distributed food resources, demonstrated considerable variation in territorial behaviour that ranged from the defence of small exclusive solitary territories to the shared use of a large home range. Comparisons of territory area estimates showed that 95% kernel probability density function territory boundaries matched intuitive territory boundaries and, unlike the minimum convex polygon area, did not contain obvious areas that were not used by individuals or pairs. We show that comparing different territory size measures can be very useful in describing subtle differences in territorial behaviour between species and studies. For this purpose, GIS is an ideal technology with which to carry out such analyses quickly and easily.     

无级比例尺GIS多边形倒金字塔模型

提出GIS多边形倒金字塔模型,拓展了模型能够支持的数据结构与适用范围,使其可以应用于普通GIS电子地图中,为采用预生成不同比例尺图面多分辨率表达无极比例尺图形显示技术提供了模型支持,并给出了建模方法,使普通GIS多边形的无极比例尺显示可以依据精度标准进行局部更新和无冗余存储。     

Propagation of positional error in 3D GIS: estimation of the solar irradiation of building roofs

While error propagation in GIS is a topic that has received a lot of attention, it has not been researched with 3D GIS data. We extend error propagation to 3D city models using a Monte Carlo simulation on a use case of annual solar irradiation estimation of building rooftops for assessing the efficiency of installing solar panels. Besides investigating the extension of the theory of error propagation in GIS from 2D to 3D, this paper presents the following contributions. We (1) introduce varying XY/Z accuracy levels of the geometry to reflect actual acquisition outcomes; (2) run experiments on multiple accuracy classes (121 in total); (3) implement an uncertainty engine for simulating acquisition positional errors to procedurally modelled (synthetic) buildings; (4) perform the uncertainty propagation analysis on multiple levels of detail (LODs); and (5) implement Solar3Dcity – a CityGML-compliant software for estimating the solar irradiation of roofs, which we use in our experiments. The results show that in the case of the city of Delft in the Netherlands, a 0.3/0.6 m positional uncertainty yields an error of 68 kWh/m²/year (10%) in solar irradiation estimation. Furthermore, the results indicate that the planar and vertical uncertainties have a different influence on the estimations, and that the results are comparable between LODs. In the experiments we use procedural models, implying that analyses are carried out in a controlled environment where results can be validated. Our uncertainty propagation method and the framework are applicable to other 3D GIS operations and/or use cases. We released Solar3Dcity as open-source software to support related research efforts in the future.     

体绘制技术在地学3D GIS 可视化中的应用研究

体绘制技术是目前科学计算可视化研究的一个重要组成部分，对地质体内部属性分布的可视化有重要意义。该文针对地学研究中几何建模和属性建模同样重要的特点，基于一种矢栅一体化的混合数据模型，对地质体表面采用三角面片描述几何形状，对地质体内部采用基于八叉树的自适应网格剖分技术描述内部属性特征。对网格剖分后的体数据，采用体元投射的体绘制技术进行地质体内部属性可视化，显示出很好的效果，具有实际应用意义。