东坪等金矿床中几个金矿物的初步研究

笔者于1987年以来在东坪金矿床和金厂峪金矿床中发现了几个金矿物,从成分和物性看,可能为新的金矿物,暂以金矿物A,金矿物B,金矿物C代之。金矿物A可能为金-铅合金与二氧化碲的混晶矿物,即(Au,Pb)_3·TeO_2;金矿物B可能为金铅的碲酸盐Au_4(PbO_3)[TeO_4]_2;金矿物C可能为金银的碲化物AuAgTe_2。此外在东坪矿床还发现了亮碲金矿;在沃溪金矿发现了方锑金矿,系国内报道的第三个产区。由于矿物颗粒细微,都未获得晶体结构数据,尚有待进一步研究。     

H_2Pb_2Fe_4[(Te,S)O_4]_9·9H_2O:东坪金矿的未定名碲酸盐矿物

东坪金矿是产于正长杂岩内接触带的特大型金矿床 ,矿石以富碲、少硫化物为特点[1] 。主要载金矿物为自然金和金、银碲化物。后者包裹于黄铁矿为主的硫化物内 ,属于氰化法的“难溶金”[2 ] ,在表生条件下的氧化产物种类丰富的含金碲酸盐相中含量与自然金相当[3 ,4 ] 。作者用扫描电镜研究东坪金矿 1 70号矿体中含硫化物石英脉矿石时 ,发现与Ｅｚｔｌｉｔｅ[5] 具相似化学成分的铅、铁碲酸盐相 ,指示从碲化物、硫化物氧化形成的次生矿物 ,与金的含氧矿物[4 ] 的产状对比 ,对了解富“难溶金”的载体矿物的氧化与金的次生富集的关系 ,提高金的回…     

东坪式金矿的金银碲化物及其载金性

运用反光显微镜、电子显微镜及其能谱、波谱分析技术，对东坪式金矿矿石中的Au、Ag碲化物的共生组合、产状和化学成分进行了系统普查，发现除自然金外，还有碲金矿、碲金银矿和碲银矿等碲化合物，它们主要与自然金、黄铜矿连生，并包裹于石英型金矿石中的黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的表面、孔洞或裂隙。这些碲化物形成于硫化物－石英阶段（220－390℃），为该阶段金矿化的主要特征，对形成石英脉型矿体的原生富金矿石及其Au-Te元素组合起决定作用。     

几种新金矿物的初步研究

笔者在东坪金矿区发现了氧碲铅金矿和碲盐铅金矿,在金厂峪矿区发现了AuAgTe_3矿物相,均为新的金矿物。此外,在东坪还发现了亮碲金矿,系国内首次发现;在湘西金矿发现了方锑金矿,系矿区首次发现。     

40种含氧金矿物在陕西驾鹿金矿床的发现及初步分类

陕西驾鹿金矿床首次发现的40种含氧金矿物,呈褐、紫、黑等不同色调,多为不规则粒状及微细晶集合体,粒径0.01~0.5mm;条痕紫、黑色、半金属光泽,不透明;反射多色性显著;摩氏硬度2~3.这40种含氧金矿物主体与黄铁矿、碲金矿和石英共生,属于内生热液成因.依据金的地球化学行为,以及区内含氧金矿物富含Te(10%~20%)和不等量Mn的特征,认为该矿床成矿元素(Au)主要是在碲酸及硫酸溶液中,在有氧化剂MnO2存在的条件下迁移富集成矿.通过细致的电子探针分析,初步确定了驾鹿金矿床中16个类型40种含氧金矿物,主要成分为Au、Pb、Fe、Te和O.这些矿物在主要成分上虽与前苏联发现的别斯麦特矿、毕利宾矿、博格丹诺夫矿以及我国东坪金矿床发现的金的碲酸盐矿物有类似之处,但因其普遍含不等的Mn、Ca或Al、As、Co、Ni等而又有所不同,因此很可能是一系列新的矿物种或新(亚)种金矿物.X-射线衍射分析表明,大部分晶体结构可能是由Au、Ag、Cu、Fe或Pb等金属互化物组成的假立方晶格与一个由β-TeO2(可能包括PbO或CaO)组成的斜方晶格的混晶,但不排除它们是含金氧化物的可能性.还有些可能是玻璃质或纳米级矿物,少部分则呈现准晶态物质的特征.     

陕西秦岭驾鹿金矿区发现的含氧金矿物

在陕西秦岭驾鹿金矿区发现了16个类型40种含氧金矿物.电子探针分析结果显示其主要成分为Au、Pb、Fe、Te和O.虽与前苏联发现的别斯麦特矿、毕利宾矿、博格丹诺夫矿以及我国东坪金矿床发现的金的碲酸盐矿物有类似之处,但因其普遍含不等的Mn,Ca或Al,As,Co,Ni等而又有所不同,因此很可能存在新的矿物种或新(亚)种金矿物.X射线衍射分析表明,大部分的晶体结构可能是由Au,Ag,Cu,Fe或Pb等金属互化物组成的假立方晶格与一个由β-TeO2(可能包括PbO或CaO)组成的斜方晶格的混晶,但不排除它们是含金氧化物的可能性;还有些可能是玻璃质或纳米级矿物,少部分则呈现准晶态物质的特征.这40种含氧金矿物主体与黄铁矿,碲金矿和石英共生,显然属于内生热液成因.依据金的地球化学行为,以及区内含氧金矿物富含Te(10%～20%)和含不等量Mn的成分特征,分析认为该矿床成矿元素(Au)主要是在碲酸及硫酸溶液中并有氧化剂MnO2存在的条件下迁移,富集成矿的.     

H2Pb2Fe4[（Te，S）O4]9·9H2O：东坪金矿的未定名碲酸盐矿物

东坪金矿是产于正长杂岩内接触带的特大型金矿床。矿石以富碲、少硫化物为特点。主要载金矿物为自然金和金、银碲化物。后包裹于黄铁矿为主的硫化物内,属于氰化法的“难溶金”,在表生条件下的氧化产物种类丰富的含金碲酸盐相中含量与自然金相当。     

黑龙江三道湾子金矿Au-Ag-Te系列矿物特征及其成矿阶段分析

黑龙江省三道湾子金矿床是碲化物型低硫化浅成低温热液矿床,矿石类型主要为贫硫石英脉型,矿石矿物组合较简单,除了黄铁矿、黄铜矿以外,通过光薄片鉴定以及电子探针、扫描电镜分析,在矿脉中发现大量金银碲化物,主要有斜方碲金矿、针碲金银矿、碲金银矿、碲银矿等;脉石矿物有石英、方解石等,富含碲化物的地段往往是富矿囊的部位。三道湾子金矿床经历了四个成矿阶段：石英-黄铁矿阶段;石英-多金属硫化物阶段;石英-金、碲化物-硫化物阶段,为金矿脉的主体;石英-碳酸盐阶段。     

黑龙江三道湾子金矿Au-Ag-Te系列矿物特征及其成矿流体

本文采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子探针对黑龙江省三道湾子金矿中Au-Ag-Te系列矿物碲银矿、碲金银矿、针碲金银矿、斜方碲金矿和碲金矿进行了详细的矿物学研究,本次研究还发现Au2Te的存在。碲化物矿物多呈粒状或脉状分布于石英或硫化物矿物的裂隙中。Au-Ag-Te系列矿物中,Au含量与Ag含量呈负相关性,与Te含量呈弱的负相关性。结合Au-Ag-Te成分共生图解及镜下特征对金银碲化物矿物共生组合进行分析表明Te优先与Ag结合形成碲银矿或碲金银矿,只有成矿流体中Ag被大量消耗后,Te才与Au结合形成针碲金银矿、斜方碲金矿、碲金矿,最后当成矿流体中Te也被大量消耗后,Au才会形成自然金。氦、氩同位素研究表明石英—黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体中3He/4He值为0.01～0.03Ra,金银碲化物阶段3He/4He值为0.08～1.04Ra,指示金银碲化物阶段有大量地幔物质参与。     

北京市得田沟金矿床矿物特征和金的赋存状态

得田沟金矿床是受韧性剪切带控制的石英脉－蚀变岩型金矿床。容矿岩石主要为太古宙受混合岩化的角闪岩相变岩系。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、碲铅矿及金、银（铋）的单质和化合物等；脉石矿物主要为石英、方解石、绿泥石、绿帘石、绢云母、阳起石等。Ａｕ、Ａｇ（Ｂｉ）主要呈细粒自然金、自然银、碲金银矿、针碲金银矿、碲银矿、六方碲银矿、螺状硫银矿、未定名矿物ＡｇＳ１＋ｘＴｅ１－ｘ和Ｂｉ５Ｔｅ６存在。     

Au–Ag–Te Mineralization of the Low‐Sulfidation Epithermal Aginskoe Deposit,Central Kamchatka,Russia

Mineralogic studies of major ore minerals and fluid inclusion analysis in gangue quartz were carried out for the for the two largest veins, the Aginskoe and Surprise, in the Late Miocene Aginskoe Au–Ag–Te deposit in central Kamchatka, Russia. The veins consist of quartz–adularia–calcite gangue, which are hosted by Late Miocene andesitic and basaltic rocks of the Alnei Formation. The major ore minerals in these veins are native gold, altaite, petzite, hessite, calaverite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Minor and trace minerals are pyrite, galena, and acanthine. Primary gold occurs as free grains, inclusions in sulfides, and constituent in tellurides. Secondary gold is present in form of native mustard gold that usually occur in Fe‐hydroxides and accumulates on the decomposed primary Au‐bearing tellurides such as calaverite, krennerite, and sylvanite. K–Ar dating on vein adularia yielded age of mineralization 7.1–6.9 Ma. Mineralization of the deposit is divided into barren massive quartz (stage I), Au–Ag–Te mineralization occurring in quartz‐adularia‐clays banded ore (Stage II), intensive brecciation (Stage III), post‐ore coarse amethyst (Stage IV), carbonate (Stage V), and supergene stages (Stage VI). In the supergene stage various secondary minerals, including rare bilibinskite, bogdanovite, bessmertnovite metallic alloys, secondary gold, and various oxides, formed under intensely oxidized conditions. Despite heavy oxidation of the ores in the deposit, Te and S fugacities are estimated as Stage II tellurides precipitated at the log f Te₂ values ?9 and at log fS₂ ?13 based on the chemical compositions of hypogene tellurides and sphalerite. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz broadly ranges from 200 to 300°C. Ore texture, fluid inclusions, gangue, and vein mineral assemblages indicate that the Aginskoe deposit is a low‐sulfidation (quartz–adularia–sericite) vein system.     

山东平邑归来庄金矿床岩浆演化与成矿物理化学条件

介绍了归来庄金矿床次火山岩的岩浆演化特征,并对隐爆角砾岩带的特征和隐爆机制以及碲金型金矿形成的物理化学条件进行了探讨,研究表明归来庄金矿床是与碱性次火山岩有关,并受隐爆角砾岩控制的碲金型浅成热液金矿床。     

Genetic Environment of the Intrusion-related Yuryang Au-Te Deposit in the Cheonan Metallogenic Province, Korea

Abstract. The Yuryang gold deposit, comprising a Te‐bearing Au‐Ag vein mineralization, is located in the Cheonan area of the Republic of Korea. The deposit is hosted in Precambrian gneiss and closely related to pegmatite. The mineralized veins display massive quartz textures, with weak alteration adjacent to the veins. The ore mineralization is simple, with a low Ag/Au ratio of 1.5:1, due to the paucity of Ag‐phases. Ore mineralization took place in two different mineral assemblages with paragenetic time; early Fe‐sulfide mineralization and late Fe‐sulfide and Au‐Te mineralization. The early Fe‐sulfide mineralization (pyrite + sphalerite) occurred typically along the vein margins, and the subsequent Au‐Te mineralization is characterized by fracture fillings of galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, Te‐bearing minerals (petzite, altaite, hessite and Bi‐Te mineral) and electrum. Fluid inclusions characteristically contain CO₂ and can be classified into four types (Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb) according to the phase behavior. The pressure corrected temperatures (≥500d?C) indicate that the deposit was formed at a distinctively high temperature from fluids with moderate to low salinity (<12 wt% equiv. NaCl) and CH₄ (1?22 mole %). The sphalerite geo‐barometry yield an estimated pressure about 3.5 ?2.1 kbar. The dominant ore‐deposition mechanisms were CO₂ effervescence and concomitant H₂S volatilization, which triggered sulfidation and gold mineralization. The measured and calculated isotopic compositions of fluids (δ¹⁸O_H2^O = 10.3 to 12.4 %o; δD_H2^O = ‐52 to ‐77 %o) may indicate that the gold deposition originated from S‐type magmatic waters. The physicochemical conditions observed in the Yuryang gold deposit indicate that the Jurassic gold deposits in the Cheonan area, including the Yuryang gold deposit are compatible with deposition of the intrusion‐related Au‐Te veins from deeply sourced fluids generated by the late Jurassic Daebo magmatism.     

河北省东坪金矿几种新金矿物的初步研究

东坪金矿是与偏碱性杂岩有关的新类型金矿床，矿物组成复杂，在其中发现了８种未定名的新矿物，它们是：Ａｕ２ＴｅＯ４（Ａ），Ａｕ２ＴｅＯ４（Ｂ），ＡｕＴｅＯ４，Ａｕ（Ｐｂ，Ｔｅ）Ｏ４，（Ａｕ，Ｚｎ）２，（Ｂｉ，Ｔｅ）Ｏ５，ＡｕＯ．ｎＨ２Ｏ，Ａｕ２Ｔｅ３Ｓ２和Ａｕ２Ｔｅ。对以上矿物的形态及物理特征，光学性质，化学成分，元素价态，Ｘ射线衍射数据等方面进行了初步研究。     

中国卡林型金矿床金矿物的一般特征

卡林型金矿的金矿物主要为Ａｕ－Ａｇ系列的自然金和含银自然金，金的成色高。在构造活动强烈的秦岭地区，金矿物形态复杂多样，以显微金为主，明金可见，而在其他构造活动微弱地区金矿物多呈圆形－椭圆形，以次显微金为主，金矿物成色与成矿地质条件密切相关。     

Geology, Wall-rock Alteration and Vein Paragenesis of the Bilimoia Gold Deposit, Kainantu Metallogenic Region, Papua New Guinea

The Bilimoia deposit (2.23 Mt, 24 g/t Au), located in the eastern Central Mobile Belt of mainland Papua New Guinea, is composed of fault‐hosted, NW–NNW‐trending Irumafimpa–Kora and Judd–Upper Kora Au‐quartz veins hosted by Middle–Late Triassic basement that was metamorphosed to medium‐grade greenschist facies between Middle–Late Triassic and Early–Middle Jurassic. Mineralizing fluids were introduced during crustal thickening, rapid uplift, change of plate motions from oblique to orthogonal compression, active faulting and S₃ and S₄ events in an S₁–S₄ deformation sequence. The Bilimoia deposit is spatially and temporally related to I‐type, early intermediate to felsic and late mafic intrusions emplaced in Late Miocene (9–7 Ma). Hydrothermal alteration and associated mineralization is divided into 10 main paragenetic stages: (1) chlorite–epidote‐selvaged quartz–calcite–specularite vein; (2) local quartz–illite–pyrite alteration; (3) quartz–sericite–mariposite–fuchsite–pyrite wall‐rock alteration that delimits the bounding shears; (4) finely banded, colloform‐, crustiform‐ and cockade‐textured and drusy quartz ± early wolframite ± late adularia; (5) hematite; (6) pyrite; (7) quartz ± amethyst‐base metal sulfides; (8) quartz–chalcopyrite–bornite–Sn and Cu sulfides–Au tellurides and Te ± Bi ± Ag ± Cu ± Pb phases; (9) Fe ± Mn carbonates; and (10) supergene overprint. Fluid inclusions in stage 4 are characterized by low salinity (0.9–5.4 wt% NaCl equivalent), aqueous–carbonic fluids with total homogenization temperatures ranging from 210 to 330°C. Some of the inclusions that homogenized between 285 and 330°C host coexisting liquid‐ and vapor‐rich (including carbonic) phases, suggesting phase separation. Fluid inclusions in quartz intergrown with wolframite have low salinity (0.9–1.2 wt% NaCl equivalent), aqueous–carbonic fluids at 240–260°C, defining the latter’s depositional conditions. The ore fluids were derived from oxidized magmatic source initially contaminated by reduced basement rocks. Wall‐rock alteration and involvement of circulating meteoric waters were dominant during the first three stages and early part of stage 4. Stage 5 hematite was deposited as a result of stage 4 phase separation or entrainment of oxygenated groundwater. Gold is associated with Te‐ and Bi‐bearing minerals and mostly precipitated as gold‐tellurides during stage 8. Gold deposition occurred below 350°C due to a change in the sulfidation and oxidation state of the fluids, depressurization and decreasing temperature and activities of sulfur and tellurium. Bisulfides are considered to be the main Au‐transporting complexes. The Bilimoia deposit has affinities that are similar to many gold systems termed epizonal orogenic and intrusion‐related. The current data allow us to classify the Bilimoia deposit as a fault‐controlled, metamorphic‐hosted, intrusion‐related mesothermal to low sulfidation epithermal quartz–Au–Te–Bi vein system.     

胶东焦家金成矿带2420~3206 m垂深金矿物和黄铁矿微量元素特征

在胶东莱州吴一村地区完成的3266.06 m深钻,是目前焦家金成矿带最深见矿钻孔,研究钻孔揭露的深部矿石中金矿物及黄铁矿微量元素特征,对探讨深部成矿作用演化具有重要意义。笔者采取深钻中2420~3206 m垂深的岩（矿）芯样品进行了详细的岩相学和矿相学研究,结合扫描电镜和电子探针微区分析,研究了矿石中金矿物的赋存状态和成分。对不同成矿阶段形成的黄铁矿进行了LA-ICPMS微量元素分析。研究结果表明,深部矿石中载金矿物主要为黄铁矿,其次为石英、黄铜矿、方铅矿,可见金主要以自然金和银金矿的形式存在,以晶隙金和裂隙金为主,其次为包体金。与浅部金矿床比较,深部金的成色较高。黄铁矿分为6种类型,第Ⅰ成矿阶段形成富Co型黄铁矿Py1,第Ⅱ成矿阶段形成富Ni型黄铁矿Py2a和Py2b,第Ⅲ成矿阶段形成富Au、As型黄铁矿Py3a和富Au、Ag、Pb、Bi型黄铁矿Py3b,第Ⅳ成矿阶段形成贫微量元素黄铁矿Py4。其中,Py1和Py2a发生强烈破碎,裂隙表面对热液中的Au络合物产生吸附作用,对金沉淀富集起重要作用。黄铁矿中Co、Ni、As等微量元素主要以类质同象形式赋存,而Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Bi等主要以纳米级、微米级矿物包体形式赋存。Pb+Bi、Cu+Pb+Zn、Te+Bi与Au+Ag呈明显正相关,而Au与As相关性较差。黄铁矿中Co、Ni含量较低,而Au+Ag+As或Au+Ag+Pb+Bi+Cu含量较高指示成矿有利。另外,黄铁矿中Co、Ni含量较高,并且破碎强烈,成矿相关元素含量较高也指示成矿有利。     

福建尤溪肖板金矿床金的赋存状态及金矿物特征

肖板金矿床属受构造控制的中低温岩浆热液矿床,矿化类型为构造蚀变岩型。金多呈独立金矿物形式出现,少许呈分散状;金矿物以自然金为主,平均成色９３０,有少量银金矿和碲金矿。金矿物以包体金、裂隙金、连生金和粒间金等形式嵌布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、方铅矿及方解石等主要载金矿物中,且石英、方解石中较金属硫化物中占优势。金矿物形态各异,粒度以中细粒为主。     

Intrusion–Related Vein Gold Deposits: Types, Tectono-Magmatic Settings and Difficulties of Distinction from Orogenic Gold Deposits

Abstract: A spectrum of intrusion-related vein gold deposits is recognized. Representative examples are described of the following geochemical associations: Au-Fe oxide–Cu, Au–Cu–Mo–Zn, Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu, Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu and Au–As–Bi–Sb. The associated intrusions range from small outcropping stocks to complex batholiths. The different vein associations are believed to reflect the compositions of related intrusions, which themselves characterize distinct tectonic settings. The Au-Fe oxide–Cu and Au–Cu–Mo–Zn associations belong to two broad groups of deposits, Fe oxide–Cu–Au and porphyry Cu–Au, both of which are related to highly oxidized calc-alkaline intrusions emplaced in sub–duction–related arcs. The Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu association seems to be linked to somewhat less oxidized intrusions emplaced in a similar setting. The Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu association, which possesses well-known epithermal counterparts, is also found with highly oxidized intrusions, but of alkaline composition and back-arc location. In contrast, the Au–As–Bi–Sb association, part of a newly recognized class of intrusion-hosted Au–Bi–W–As deposits, is related to relatively reduced intrusions, spanning the boundary between the magnetite– and ilmenite–series. Such intrusions, which may host major bulk-mineable gold deposits, were emplaced along the landward sides of arcs, possibly during lulls in subduction, as well as in continental collision settings. Therefore, a variety of geological environments is prospective for vein and, by extrapolation, other styles of gold mineralization, not all of them fully appreciated in the past. Several features of vein gold deposits, including imprecise relationships to individual intrusive phases, poorly developed mineral and metal zoning, apparent time gaps between intrusion and mineralization and presence of low–salinity, CO₂–rich fluid inclusions, are commonly taken to indicate a non-igneous origin and to be more typical of orogenic (mesothermal) gold deposits generated during accretionary tectonic events. However, several or all of these features apply equally to some intrusion– related vein gold deposits and, therefore, do not constitute distinguishing criteria. The currently popular assignment of most gold-rich veins to the orogenic category requires caution, because of the geological convergence that they show with some intrusion-related deposits. A proper distinction between intrusion-related and orogenic gold deposits is crucial for exploration planning.     

大兴安岭东北部永新金矿床金银系列矿物和碲化物的发现及其意义

永新金矿床是早白垩世晚期形成的浅成低温热液型金矿床。对其主要金银系列矿物和碲化物研究显示:金银系列矿物中Au质量分数为65.092%~90.713%(平均为83.942%),Ag为5.652%~16.632%(平均为11.285%);以自然金和银金矿为主,成色集中在870.2~941.3(平均为881.1),主要以包体金、粒间金和裂隙金的形式存在,粒径集中在10~20 μm;碲化物主要有辉碲铋矿、碲金银矿、碲银矿和碲铅矿等,以碲银矿数量最多,主要包裹于黄铁矿内部或产于裂隙中,常与自然金和方铅矿连生,粒径多为5~20 μm。综合研究碲化物组合特征、不同标高金矿物的成色、Te/Au值等认为,永新金矿床碲化物形成时成矿流体的lgf(Te₂)介于-15.2~-9.4范围,lgf(S₂)介于-16.7~-14.0范围,矿床与火山或次火山热液有关,具备中浅成成矿特征,深部尚有较大成矿潜力。