苏北盐城天然气储层成岩作用研究

盐城凹陷天然气储层为成分成熟度很低的砂砾岩、砾状砂岩、砂岩和少量粉砂岩,砂岩类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩和少量岩屑长石砂岩。成岩矿物主要类型有粘土矿物、石英、钠长石、碳酸盐、硬石膏和石膏等。储层以次生孔隙发育为特点,以粒间孔隙和骨架颗粒溶孔最为发育,溶解作用发育程度与泥质岩在成岩过程中粘土矿物和有机质的演化关系极其密切。盐城天然气进入储层发生在始新世———新近纪,主要成藏期发生在4.5~10Ma。天然气储层成岩演化阶段处于晚成岩A亚期。储层性质明显地受到沉积相和成岩作用的影响。沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的河道砂的储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的席状砂体。     

大亚湾悬浮物和底质中主要矿物的分布特征

大亚湾悬浮物和底质主要矿物有伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石、石膏、石英、钾长石、斜长石和方解石,未见蒙脱石。粘土矿物分布沿岸较高、湾口较低,与径流和风的作用有关。石英分布与粘土矿物相反。钾长石、斜长石分布湾口较高,主要来源是中央列岛岩石的风化。底质方解石分布大鹏澳特高,澳头港和湾顶次高,与底栖生物密切有关。底质伊利石大鹏澳和湾顶特低,可能因在较低的pH环境下一部分伊利石向高岭石转化。各主要矿物含量基本与其主要元素含量正相关,但SiO_2与其组成的大多数矿物含量不相关,可能因SiO_2存在形式复杂所致。据计算,悬浮物中SiO_2的大约28％以有机物质形式存在,底质SiO_2全部存在于无机矿物之中。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷南部花港组砂岩储层成岩流体演化特征：来自岩石、矿物及同位素地球化学的约束

渐新世花港组是东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷发育的最主要储层,基于普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和荧光显微观察,结合同位素地球化学对东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷花港组砂岩储层的成岩作用、成岩序列及成岩流体演化进行了研究。结果表明,花港组砂岩储层目前处于中成岩阶段B期,主要经历了机械压实、绿泥石粘土摸、酸性及碱性溶蚀作用,石英次生加大,碳酸盐胶结和自生高岭石胶结等成岩作用。研究区发育有三期碳酸盐胶结物,早期菱铁矿胶结物,中期铁方解石和晚期铁白云石。根据碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征分析认为早期碳酸盐胶结物是由过饱和的碱性湖水沉淀造成的,而晚期碳酸盐胶结物的形成与有机酸密切相关。研究区存在两类溶蚀作用,酸性溶蚀作用和碱性溶蚀作用,早期的酸性溶蚀作用主要是有机酸对长石、岩屑及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,晚期的碱性溶蚀作用主要是发生于碱性环境下流体对石英及硅质胶结物的溶蚀。研究区发育有两期油气充注,早期发生于晚中新世,早期发生于晚中新世,早于中期碳酸盐胶结,晚于长石溶蚀和石英胶结充注,充注量较大,第四纪以来研究区发生了第二次充注,第二次充注发生于铁白云石胶结之后,此时储层已非常致密。     

西菲律宾海沉积物矿物组合及其地质意义

用Ｘ射线衍射法测试了１９８８年取自西菲律宾海３个柱样共５２个沉积物样品的矿物组成。结果表明，沉积物中主要矿物为方解石，石英，斜长石和钾长石，次要矿物为高岭石，绿泥石，角闪石，斜发沸石，水云母，蒙脱石和滑石。划分出两类矿物组合：（１）方解石＋石英＋斜长石＋钾长石，水云母含量高，角闪石，斜发沸石滑石含量低；（２）斜长石＋方解石＋石英＋钾长石，角闪石，斜发沸石和滑石含高，水云母含低。（１）类矿物组合反映     

鄂尔多斯盆地王窑地区上三叠统长6油层成岩作用研究

通过多项测试方法，对安塞油田王窑地区长6油层含油砂体的岩石学、成岩作用、储集物性和孔隙发育特征进行分析和研究。结果表明，该区储集砂体为成分成熟度较低的长石砂岩；主要自生矿物为绿泥石、浊沸石、方解石、石英、钾长石、伊利石和钠长石等；储层次生孔隙发育，主要孔隙类型为粒间孔隙、骨架颗粒溶孔和浊沸石溶孔。孔隙结构具有小孔、细喉的特点；储层成岩演化阶段处于晚成岩A亚期；储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响。沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的河道砂和河口砂坝砂的储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的席状砂体。     

东海西湖凹陷南端砂岩储层特征及其控制因素

本研究区始新统—中新统地层内大套砂质岩储层发育，砂层厚度为２—３０ｍ。分析结果表明：具有一定储集和渗透能力的砂层主要分布在井深１９００—３２００ｍ（Ｃ—１井、ＣＨ—１井深度可达３６００ｍ），即花港组和龙井组，岩性以细砂岩、粉砂岩为主，还有少量中砂岩。其中的细砂岩、粉砂岩具有粒度分选好，胶结物含量低（＜１０％）、孔隙、渗透条件好（φ为１０—２８％、ｋ为＜１—１８００×１０￣（－３）ｕｍ￣２）；以次生粒间扩大孔、粒内孔、铸模孔和粘土矿物中的微孔及少量原生孔为其储集空间。胶结物以粘土矿物为主，其次为碳酸盐和氧化硅胶结物。本区砂岩体储层物性除受原始地质条件、储集岩的成份、结构、埋藏深度等控制外，同时受成岩后生作用的影响，压实作用和胶结作用使其物性降低，而骨架颗粒（长石为主）和胶结物的溶蚀改善了其储集条件。     

塔中地区志留系储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

塔中地区志留系主要为无障壁海岸及潮坪沉积体系,其储层以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主。通过观察岩心和对薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、物性、碳酸盐含量等大量资料的研究,认为塔中地区志留系储层砂岩经历了压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用和溶解作用等多种成岩作用,目前已达到晚成岩A2期。孔隙演化与该区的成岩作用关系密切,特别是次生孔隙的发育。孔隙演化经历了原生孔隙的破坏、次生孔隙的形成和次生孔隙的破坏3个阶段,其中机械压实作用和胶结作用是原生孔隙损失的主要原因,溶蚀作用产生的次生孔隙是重要的储集空间。     

辽东湾地区下第三系粘土矿物变化规律及其地质应用

本文以渤海辽东湾地区三口探井的泥岩岩屑样品的Ｘ射线衍射分析资料为依据，从粘土矿物组合，演化特征出发，论述了该地区粘土矿物，主要是蒙／伊混层矿物中蒙脱石层的转化规律，指出粘土矿物的转化主要是受温度，压力和成岩作用的控制。并根据蒙／伊混层矿物中蒙脱石层的百分含量划分四个转化带，依据这四个带对这一地区的成岩作用阶段进行了划分，进而阐明其在石油地质方面的应用。     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用及成岩演化序列分析

通过运用岩心化验分析资料、薄片、扫描电镜资料及X射线衍射等资料,对深县凹陷古近系砂岩储层岩石特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段、成岩演化序列和孔隙演化进行了系统的分析。研究结果表明:深县凹陷古近系砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩或岩屑长石砂岩,岩石的结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低;影响该区储层物性的成岩作用主要是压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用;在此基础上,通过成岩阶段划分与孔隙演化研究,深县凹陷古近系砂岩储层位于成岩阶段的早成岩B期至晚成岩B期。不同成岩阶段的成岩作用强度不同,因此,不同成岩阶段的储层物性变化较大。     

珠江口水域悬浮物中矿物的调查研究

本文对珠江干流和珠江口海区悬浮体,首次应用微孔滤膜过滤,并作了初步研究。该区悬浮体主要为陆源粘土矿物伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和碎屑矿物石英、钾长石、斜长石等无机成分;有机成分较少。它们的含量变化和分布状况,受大陆径流、也受潮汐和地貌等因素影响。它们大部分沉积在河口三角洲前缘,只有少量向远处扩散。     

The diagenetic history of Oligocene-Miocene sandstones of the Austrian north Alpine foreland basin

Diagenesis is an essential tool to reconstruct the development of reservoir rocks. Diagenetic processes - precipitation and dissolution - have an influence on pore space. The present paper aims to study the diagenetic history of deep-marine sandstones of the Austrian Alpine Foreland Basin. To reach that goal, sediment petrology and diagenetic features of more than 110 sandstone samples from water- and gas-bearing sections from gas fields within the Oligocene-Miocene Puchkirchen Group and Hall Formation has been investigated. Special emphasis was put on samples in the vicinity of the gas-water contact (GWC). The sediment petrography of sandstones of Puchkirchen Group and Hall Formation is similar; hence their diagenesis proceeded the same way. In fact, primary mineralogy was controlled by paleo-geography with increasing transport distance and diverse detrital input.Sediment petrographically, investigated sandstones from the water-bearing horizon seemed quite comparable to the gas-bearing sediments. In general, they can be classified as feldspatic litharenites to litharenites and display porosities of up to 30% and permeabilities of up to 1300 mD. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of bulk carbonate cements from these sandstones range from−3.8 to +2.2 and from −7.5 to +0.2‰ [VPDB]. However, near the Gas-Water Contact (GWC) a horizon with low porosities (<3%) and permeabilities (<0.1 mD) is present. This zone is completely cemented with calcite, which has a blocky/homogenous morphology. A slight, but significant negative shift in δ18O isotopy (−2.5‰) is evident.During early diagenesis the first carbonate generations formed. First a fibrous calcite and afterwards a micritic calcite precipitated. Further siliciclastic minerals, such as quartz and feldspar (K-feldspar and minor plagioclase), exhibit corroded grains. Occasionally, clay minerals (illite; smectite, chlorite) formed as rims around detrital grains. Late diagenesis is indicated by the formation of a low permeable zone at the GWC.     

渤东低凸起L3构造东营组含煤地层低渗储层特征及成因

渤东低凸起东营组储集层以低渗为特征,低渗成为制约该区东营组勘探的重要因素.通过多种分析测试方法,研究了渤东低凸起L3构造东营组低渗储集层特征,探讨了低渗储集层成因.L3构造东营组储集层砂岩溶蚀作用发育,斜长石含量低,碳酸盐胶结物含量低,高岭石含量高,石英加大明显.储集层主要以中孔低—特低渗为主,孔径小,连通差,吼道窄,排驱压力大.微量元素分析表明,研究区东营组沉积时为淡水环境;测井和岩心观察证实,地层中含多层碳质泥岩和煤层.早期腐殖酸的溶蚀作用,造成低温下不稳定的斜长石大量溶蚀,这些溶蚀孔隙在后期深埋过程中受压实和成岩作用影响被复杂化、细小化是储集层低渗的主要原因.早期碳酸盐胶结物少,岩石抗压实能力差也是储层低渗的重要原因.     

Facies controls on the distribution of diagenesis and compaction in fluvial-deltaic deposits

The Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic Åre Formation comprising the deeper reservoir in the Heidrun Field offshore mid-Norway consists of fluvial channel sandstones (FCH), floodplain fines (FF), and sandy and muddy bay-fill sediments (SBF, MBF) deposited in an overall transgressive fluvial to lower delta plain regime. The formation has been investigated to examine possible sedimentary facies controls on the distribution of cementation and compaction based on petrography and SEM/micro probe analyses of core samples related to facies associations and key stratigraphic surfaces. The most significant authigenic minerals are kaolinite, calcite and siderite. Kaolinite and secondary porosity from dissolution of feldspar and biotite are in particular abundant in the fluvial sandstones. The carbonate minerals show complex compositional and micro-structural variation of pure siderite (Sid I), Mg-siderite (Sid II), Fe-dolomite, ankerite and calcite, displaying decreasing Fe from early to late diagenetic carbonate cements. An early diagenetic origin for siderite and kaolinite is inferred from micro-structural relations, whereas pore filling calcite and ankerite formed during later diagenesis. The Fe-dolomite probably related to mixing-zone dolomitization from increasing marine influences, and a regional correlatable calcite cemented layer has been related to a flooding event. Porosity values in non-cemented sandstone samples are generally high in both FCH and SBF facies associations averaging 27%. Differential compaction between sandstone and mudstone has a ratio of up to 1:2 and with lower values for MBF. We emphasize the role of eogenetic siderite cementation in reducing compactability in the fine-grained, coal-bearing sediments most prominent in MBF facies. This has implications for modeling of differential compaction between sandstone and mudstones deposited in fluvial-deltaic environments.     

Lithologic characteristics and diagenesis of the Devonian Jauf sandstone at Ghawar Field, Eastern Saudi Arabia

The Lower Devonian Jauf Formation in Saudi Arabia is an important hydrocarbon reservoir. However, in spite of its importance as a reservoir, published studies on the Jauf Formation more specifically on the reservoir quality (including diagenesis), are very few. This study, which is based on core samples from two wells in the Ghawar Field, northeastern Saudi Arabia, reports the lithologic and diagenetic characteristics of this reservoir. The Jauf reservoir is a fine to medium-grained, moderate to well-sorted quartz arenite. The diagenetic processes recognized include compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of the calcite cements and of feldspar grains. The widespread occurrences of early calcite cement suggest that the Jauf reservoir lost a significant amount of primary porosity at a very early stage of its diagenetic history. Early calcite cement, however, prevented the later compaction of the sandstone, thus preserving an unfilled part of the primary porosity. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-bridging clay cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late calcite cement occurs as isolated patches, and has little impact on reservoir quality of the sandstones.In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including illite and chlorite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. While the pore-filling illite and chlorite resulted in a considerable loss of porosity, the pore-lining chlorite may have helped in retaining the porosity by preventing the precipitation of syntaxial quartz overgrowths. Illite, which largely occurs as hair-like rims around the grains and bridges on the pore throats, caused a substantial deterioration to permeability of the reservoir. Diagenetic history of the Jauf Formation as established here is expected to help better understanding and exploitation of this reservoir.     

Depositional and Diagenetic History and Petroleum Geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama Coastal Waters Area and Adjacent Federal Waters Area

The discovery of deep (20,000 ft) gas reservoirs in eolian sandstone of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation in Mobile Bay and offshore Alabama in the late 1970s represents one of the most significant hydrocarbon discoveries in the nation during the past several decades. Estimated original proved gas from Norphlet reservoirs in the Alabama coastal waters and adjacent federal waters is 7.462 trillion ft3 (Tcf) (75% recovery factor). Fifteen fields have been established in the offshore Alabama area. Norphlet sediment was deposited in an arid environment in alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and wadis in updip areas. In downdip areas, the Norphlet was deposited in a broad desert plain, with erg development in some areas. Marine transgression, near the end of Norphlet deposition, resulted in reworking of the upper part of the Norphlet Formation. Norphlet reservoir sandstone is arkose and subarkose, consisting of a simple assemblage of three minerals, quartz, albite, and K-feldspar. The present framework grain assemblage of the Norphlet is dominantly diagenetic, owing to albitization and dissolution of feldspar. Despite the simple framework composition, the diagenetic character of the Norphlet is complex. Important authigenic minerals include carbon ate phases (calcite, dolomite, Fe-dolomite, and breunnerite), feldspar (albite and K-feldspar), evaporite minerals (anhydrite and halite), clay minerals (illite and chlorite), quartz, and pyrobitumen. The abundance and distribution of these miner als varies significantly between onshore and offshore regions of Norphlet production. The lack of sufficient internal sources of components for authigenic minerals, combined with unusual chemical compositions of chlorite (Mg-rich), breunnerite, and some minor authigenic minerals, suggests that Louann-derived fluids influenced Norphlet diagenesis. In offshore Alabama reservoirs, porosity is dominantly modified primary poros ity. Preservation of porosity in deep Norphlet reservoirs is due to a combination of factors, including a lack of sources of cement components and lack of pervasive early cement, so that fluid-flow pathways remained open during burial. Below the dominantly quartz-cemented tight zone near the top of the Norphlet, pyrobitumen is a major contributor to reduction in reservoir quality in offshore Alabama. The highest reservoir quality occurs in those wells where the present gas water contact is below the paleohydrocarbon water contact. This zone of highest reservoir quality is between the lowermost occurrence of pyrobitumen and the present gas water contact.     

缅甸睡宝盆地A井区古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

首次分析睡宝盆地A井区古近系成岩演化序列并提出其储层处于中成岩A1-A2期,此成岩阶段有利于次生孔隙的保护。研究区古近系储层成岩演化序列具有特殊性：第一期胶结作用为硅质胶结,早于机械压实作用或者同时进行,强烈的机械压实作用使得孔隙度减小15%,此后第二期碳酸盐胶结作用占主导,镜下统计两期胶结作用的减孔量为4%~6%;渐新世受到挤压构造运动和表生成岩作用的双重影响,紧临渐新统不整合面以下的储层由于碳酸盐胶结物溶解而形成次生孔隙。2009年中海油新钻井地处冲起构造,后期的这种构造变形对始新统及其以下的核部地层产生侧向挤压形成构造压实效应,原始孔隙遭到更多的破坏,而对渐新统起到构造托举的作用,可以减缓上覆沉积物的静岩压实效应。成岩演化序列的特殊性和多期构造运动使得古近系储层物性出现差异,总结储集性好的储层并分析其成因机制,对睡宝盆地下一步勘探具有重要指导意义。     

Diagenetic model of the Bajo Barreal formation (Cretaceous) in the southwestern flank of the Golfo de San Jorge Basin (Patagonia, Argentina)

This paper analyses the diagenetic evolution of sandstones belonging to the Bajo Barreal Formation (Cretaceous) in the Golfo de San Jorge Basin (Patagonia, Argentina). The Bajo Barreal Formation includes the main reservoirs, which are located along the western area of the basin and is composed of sandstones, conglomerates, mudstones, tuffaceous mudstones and some layers of tuffs. The principal reservoirs comprise medium-to coarse-grained sandstones, which are dominated by feldspathic litharenites and contain minor amounts of litharenites and lithic arkoses. The authigenic minerals include kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, quartz overgrowths, microquartz and calcite, with minor proportions of megaquartz, siderite, analcime, laumontite, feldspar overgrowths and illite/smectite and chlorite/smectite mixed layers. Secondary porosity is much more important than primary porosity and is produced by the dissolution of feldspar, lithic clasts and clay cements. The diagenetic history of the Bajo Barreal sandstones can be divided into seven diagenetic stages, each of which is characterized by a specific assemblage of authigenic minerals and diagenetic processes. Eogenetic conditions occur in stages 1, 2, 3 and 4. Stage 1 corresponds to shallow burial characterized by the physical reduction of primary porosity by compaction; during stage 2, rim clay cements of chlorite, smectite and clinoptilolite, as well as thin quartz overgrowths, were formed. The precipitation of pore-filling cements of kaolinite, chlorite and smectite occurred during stage 3, while stage 4 records the intense dissolution of feldspar, lithic fragments and kaolinite cements. Mesogenesis occurs in diagenetic stages 5 and 6. The former corresponds to a new phase of authigenic kaolinite, while the latter records the significant dissolution of feldspar, lithic clasts and previous cements, which produced the highest values of secondary porosity. Finally, stage 7 corresponds to the highest degree of diagenesis in the Bajo Barreal Formation (mesogenesis), which resulted in the precipitation of cements of zeolites and calcite, as well as quartz and plagioclase overgrowths.