地貌类型混合法研究

针对现有地貌分类法的不足提出地貌类型混合法。该方法将地貌类型划分为主体地貌和客体地貌,主体地貌是载体,客体地貌是被载体,把客体地貌混合表示在主体地貌之上,解决了现有地貌分类的缺陷。与形态成因分类法相比,该方法探索了地貌分类的新途径,为促进地貌制图的实用性、简洁性奠定了基础。     

中国近40年来地貌学研究的回顾与展望

地貌学是地理学的一门主要分支学科,其研究成就与发展一直倍受人们关注。本文对中国近60年来的研究状况,尤其近40年来研究历程进行了回顾,从总结经验与发展态势出发,对地貌学科未来发展方向提出了展望。分析认为,中国地貌学科在地貌基本类型、区划以及分支学科：包括动力地貌学（包括冰川地貌、冰缘地貌、风沙地貌、黄土地貌、喀斯特地貌、河流地貌、海岸地貌等）、构造地貌学、气候地貌学、古地貌、岩石地貌学（包括丹霞地貌、花岗岩与流纹岩地貌）、其他地貌类型（包括重力地貌,人工地貌）等方面取得重大进展,地貌学已逐渐发展成为一门拥有完整学科体系的科学。通过回顾认为,应坚持地貌成因、形态相统一的原则发展传统地貌与综合地貌。加强地貌基础理论与综合地貌研究、开展地貌结构及其功能研究、构建全方位资源环境地貌信息系统、加强海岸地貌与海洋地貌研究、加强人才培养和学术团队建设,将是中国实现地貌强国目标的主要途径。     

新疆地貌区划的一个新方案

在分析总结和借鉴继承前人地貌区划工作的基础上,开展新疆地貌区划研究.首先认为地貌区划既是对地貌划分的结果,也是地貌划分的方法与过程,同时还是认识地貌特征和发现地貌规律的一种科学方法.第二,确定新疆地貌区划的主要原则为区域性原则和等级系统原则,选择自下而上的类型合并与自上而下的区域分割相结合,协调使用的区划方法.第三,在区划原则和区划方法的指导下,对新疆地貌类型分布规律进行定性与定量研究,提出基于遥感和GIS技术的新疆地貌区划新方案,将新疆分为6个地貌区、23个地貌亚区和195个地貌小区.结果表明,该地貌区划方案能够体现出新疆各地貌类型及其分布格局,并具有区划等级的系统性,地貌分区的完整性,以及区划界线的准确性等特点.     

横断山区地貌区划

本文概述了横断山区地貌区划的基本原则和划区依据。在分析本区地貌特征的基础上,将区内地貌划分为2个地貌区;Ⅰ.横断极大起伏大起伏高山山原地貌区;Ⅱ.云贵川高中山山原地貌区,13个地貌地区,并分别论述了各区主要地貌特征。     

中国地貌区划新论

地貌区划是研究自然环境空间分异的基础,在区域地貌研究中具有十分重要的地位.本文分析总结了国内外地貌区划的相关研究成果,系统探讨了地貌区划的具体步骤与方法、地貌区划的原则、各级地貌区划的依据和标准,提出地貌类型组合和地貌成因类型的基本异同是各级地貌区划的依据.本文以中国1:400 万地貌图等新资料为基础,应用GIS 方法,结合中国三大地貌阶梯及其内部地貌格局的特点,通过分析我国各地基本地貌类型组合的差异及其形成原因,将中国地貌区划分为东部低山平原大区、东南低中山地大区、中北中山高原大区、西北高中山盆地大区、西南亚高山地大区和青藏高原大区6 个地貌大区,并分别简要论述了各大区的地貌特征.各大区内部又据次级基本地貌类型和地貌成因类型及其组合差异进一步分区,全国共划分了38个地貌区.     

中国旅游地貌学研究进展与学科体系形成

该文在综述旅游地貌研究文献的基础上,评述了旅游地貌学建立前后该学科理论与方法的研究进展。包括资源研究、类型研究、区域研究、跨学科研究等。其中,资源研究主要有对旅游地貌资源的定义、调查、分类、评价、开发、规划与管理以及保护等。类型研究可以细分为对岩类风景地貌和营力风景地貌的研究。岩类风景地貌包括丹霞地貌、喀斯特地貌、张家界地貌、嶂石岩地貌。营力风景地貌包括冰川地貌、风沙地貌、海岸地貌、山崩地貌等。在区域旅游开发的影响下,区域地貌研究逐渐向区域旅游地貌研究延伸。随着旅游地貌学研究内容的拓展,该学科逐渐向其他学科渗透。笔者讨论并构建中国旅游地貌学的学科体系。     

地貌过程研究回顾与展望

地貌学是现代地理科学的一个重要分支学科。本文对中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所以来在地貌研究领域的主要研究成果进行了综述,包括河流地貌、黄土高原与坡地地貌、青藏高原及南极地貌与第四纪、喀斯特与旅游地貌、地貌实验与模拟、地貌制图共六个方面,对地理资源所地貌研究团队目前的研究方向进行了介绍,并就提高地理资源所地貌研究在学科发展和服务国家建设中的作用提出了建议。     

我国五大岩石造型地貌景观特征及对比

正岩石地貌是由特定地貌形体与特定岩性相结合而构成的地貌类型。我国岩石地貌类型众多,从岩浆岩形成的花岗岩地貌、玄武岩地貌到沉积岩形成的石灰岩地貌、砂岩地貌、页岩地貌等;从变质岩体形成的诸如泰山变质杂岩地貌,再到第四纪黄土堆积形成的黄土地貌等,在我国均有典型发育,特别是由沉积岩体形成的造型地貌已成为目前学术界研究的热点[1]。我国幅员辽阔,地质发育历史悠久,在长期的构造运动和造岩作用下,岩性区域差异明显;多期造山活动的叠加,特别是喜马拉雅差异性升降运动的影响,不仅     

基于地理格网的新疆地貌区划方法与实现

利用遥感影像和Srtm-DEM等多源信息解译的新疆数字地貌图为基础数据源,运用地理格网方法对新疆地貌类型分布进行定性与定量分析,在此基础上,通过自下而上的合并与自上而下的划分相结合的系统聚类分析法,确定各级地貌区划单元及其区划界线,实现新疆地貌的智能化分区。将新疆地貌分为一级、二级和三级地貌区划。其中,一级为6个地貌区 ,二级为23个地貌区,三级为200个地貌区。研究结果表明,在所依据的地貌数据基础上,采用地理格网地貌区划方法,能够实现地貌区划的智能化分区。本研究中的地貌分区和区划等级合理,区划界线准确可靠,利用地理格网方法实现了区划的定量化和数字化。     

新疆地貌的基本特征

我国阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山与准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地构成了新疆地貌的基本轮廓.新疆地质构造与气候条件复杂,地貌类型多样,主要可划分为熔岩地貌、冰川地貌、冰缘地貌、流水地貌、黄土地貌、干燥地貌、风成地貌和湖成地貌等类型,具有山系走向与深大断裂方向一致,山地与盆地高差悬殊,山地层状地貌明显,山间盆地多,沙漠面积大,各山地气候地貌垂直分带各异,地貌类型组合呈环状结构等特点.     

New progress of research on water cycle in atmosphere in China

New progresses are introduced briefly about the water cycle study on atmosphere of China made in recent years. The introduction includes eight aspects as follows: 1) precipitation characteristics, 2) stability of climatic system, 3) precipitation sensitive region, 4) regional evaporation and evapotranspiration, 5) water surface evaporation, 6) vegetation transpiration, 7) cloud physics, and 8) vapor source.     

New progress of research on water cycle in atmosphere in China

1 Precipitation characteristics Since the 1980s, Chinese climatologists have conducted a lot of researches on the law of precipitation variation in recent 100 years. Zhang Xiangong et al. (1982)[1], Tu Qipu (1984)[2], Wang Shaowu (1994)[3], Chen Longxun, et al. (1998)[4] have carried out researches on temperature and precipitation changes of the last 100 years in China, viewing that China has the characteristics of cold-wet and warm-dry alternations. Shi Neng et al. (1983) studied the rel…     

Visualization issues in the development of electronic atlas in China

In this paper, we discuss the development of electronic atlas in China, with focus on the issues of visualization. We particularly categorise this development into four periods, and then analyse the characters in each period and discuss the visualization issues. The four periods are highlighted: 1) Infant period (<1990) characterized as computer assisted mapping with products of screen maps; 2) Starting period (1991-1995) characterized as object-oriented mapping with products of interactive maps/atlases; 3) Advancing period (1996-2000) characterized as integrated mapping with products of multimedia cartographic maps; 4) New era (> 2001) characterized as web mapping and adaptive map design with products of Internet maps and atlas as well as adaptive maps. It is obvious that the development follows the logical way from static to dynamic, and even real time visualization, from single user to multiple users, from presentation to exploration for effective communication and knowledge construction. Current research and development projects are focused on customisation of atlas information systems for real-time tasks, Internet operability, small displays and mobile environments. The major challenges involved in each of such customisation processes are identified and commented in relation to the further development of visualization.     

中国电子地图发展中的可视化问题

1IntroductionSpatial data can be visualized and explored in various ways. Developments in hardware and software have led to and will surely continue to stimulate novel methods for visualizing spatial data and creation of electronic atlas information syste…     

我国沙漠化地区贫困县经济发展探讨

我国沙漠化地区涉及的212个县(旗市)中,有贫困县82个。82个贫困县经济基础薄弱,人民生活贫困,其原因为生产方式粗放,人口增长过快和素质低,自然生态条件差等。改变贫困面貌的途径在于依靠科技进步,整治生态环境,调整产业结构,开发资源,发展交通运输,扩大商品经济生产,控制人口数量和提高人口素质。本文还对不同地区的贫困县提出相应的经济发展意见。     

Ontological considerations in GIScience

Ontology is a significant research theme in GIScience. While some researchers believe that the progress in GIScience is being directed through an engagement with the concept of ontology, some dismiss it as irrelevant. This paper is aimed at (i) exploring the theoretical and practical roles of ontologies; (ii) making the definitions and terminology explicit; (iii) assessing the applicability of ontology to problems in the geographical domain; and (iv) assessing whether a unified approach to ontology exists in GIScience. The results will be helpful for GIScientists in (i) understanding the validity of employing ontology within their own work, (ii) assessing what operational framework of terms and methods to use for developing their own ontology, and (iii) to assess what existing ontological models are available and applicable within their domain or application. A comprehensive and critical review will also help in identifying the signficant issues and directing future research agenda in GIScience.     

地理学的十四大原理

已有的地理学原理可以概括成十四大要义。其中的"区位选择与放弃、区位选择是一种空间优化"这两条是关于区位选择的基本要义。关于地球表面差异性的要点包括:"差异性的度量和解释受到尺度和规模的影响;热力差异是地表差异的基础;外驱动力对地理环境的形成与演变具有重要影响;风化、侵蚀、搬运和堆积是形成地表特性的一种基本自然过程;两地间的相互作用随其距离的增加而减小;地方的创造和发展建构了地球表层上差异化的关于人的世界;人口迁移、产品贸易与地表上的差异性互为因果。"关于人地关系的原理包括:"人的个体或群体对空间上利益的竞争是人地关系的第一要义;地球表面的绝大多数要素的相互作用不能为人的个体或群体在其占据的空间内所掌控"。"空间临界点"是地理分析的基本方法性原理。"地球表面不同尺度上人类活动的外部性是分析环境问题产生的起点;个人之间观念的差异,地区之间、国家之间利益的差异是人们在对地球资源、环境的利用与保护方面发生分歧或对立的基本因素"是关涉地球表面开发保护政策的要义。     

我国城市化进程中的城市空间演化研究

分析我国城市化进程中城市空间演化的问题。提出协调我国城市化进程与城市空间演化过程的对策建议 :协调重点是盘活现有城市用地 ;协调核心是控制城市用地的外延扩张 ;协调关键是优化城市用地结构 ;协调保障是强化城市土地利用规划和城市规划的宏观指导作用     

Freshwater Ostracodes in Quaternary Permafrost Deposits in the Siberian Arctic

Ostracode analysis was carried out on samples from ice-rich permafrost deposits obtained on the Bykovsky Peninsula (Laptev Sea). A composite profile was investigated that covers most of a 38-m thick permafrost sequence and corresponds to the last ca. 60 kyr of the Late Quaternary. The ostracode assemblages are similar to those known from European Quaternary lake deposits during cold stages. The ostracode habitats were small, shallow, cold, oligotrophic pools located in low centred ice wedge polygons or in small thermokarst depressions. In total, 15 taxa, representing 7 genera, were identified from 65 samples. The studied section is subdivided into six ostracode zones that correspond to Late Quaternary climatic and environmental stadial-interstadial variations established by other paleoenvironmental proxies: (1) cold and dry Zyrianian stadial (58–53 kyr BP); (2) warm and dry Karginian interstadial (48–34 kyr BP); (3) transition from the Karginian interstadial to the cold and dry Sartanian stadial (34–21 kyr BP); (4) transition from the Sartanian stadial to the warm and dry Late Pleistocene period, the Allerød (21–14 kyr BP); (5) transition from the Allerød to the warm and wet Middle Holocene (14–7 kyr BP); and (6) cool and wet Late Holocene (ca. 3 kyr BP). The abundance and diversity of the ostracodes will be used as an additional bioindicator for paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the Siberian Arctic.     

Seasonal Changes in Mayfly Communities and Abundance in Relation to Water Physicochemistry in Two Rivers at Different Elevations in Northern Peninsular Malaysia

A field study was performed at rivers in Gunung Jerai forest reserve(Kedah,Malaysia) to assess seasonal changes in mayfly community structure and abundance in relation to altitude and water physicochemistry.Rivers at lower(Batu Hampar River) and higher(Teroi River) elevations were visited through dry and wet seasons in September 2007 to August 2008.Monthly visits were made to 20 sites on each river,and water and aquatic insects were sampled using D-pond aquatic nets.Water was warmer,more acid,and more turbid in Teroi River during wet season.Ammonia was the only nutrient exhibiting significant seasonal variations(greater during wet season).Chemical oxygen demand content was higher in Teroi River where biochemical oxygen demand content was low during wet season.Species richness was higher in Batu Hampar River,but displayed seasonal variations only in Teroi River.Among the eight families encountered,Baetidae was the commonest.Baetid abundance was usually high during wet season,and those belonging to the dominant genus(Baetis) were more abundant in Teroi River.Heptageniidae was the second commonest family;its predominant genus,Thalerospyrus was more abundant in Teroi River during dry season.Caenidae,Leptophlebiidae and Oligoneuriidae were only found in Batu Hampar River where their abundances peaked during dry season,i.e.,Habrophlebiodes sp.and Isonychia sp.Ephemerellidae and Teloganodidae occurred only in Teroi River,with the first found only during dry season.Mayflies were recorded under very distinct physicochemical conditions,illustrating their potential usefulness for assessing water quality.Caenids,leptophlebids,oligoneurids ephemerellids and teloganodids seem to be particularly sensitive to temperature,acidity,turbidity,chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand,parameters that varied with river altitude.