考虑岩体碎胀效应的采场覆岩冒落规律分析

应用改进的岩石破裂过程分析系统(RFPA2D),分析了煤层开采过程中上覆岩层发生离层、弯曲、端部和中部开裂直至冒落的全过程,再现了采动影响下冒落带、裂隙带、下沉带3带的形成过程以及裂隙拱的形成发展、整体覆岩的周期性运动模式。数值计算中,引入了冒落岩体的碎胀效应,使得计算结果更合理地反映了现场实际,主要表现在：冒落岩体的碎胀效应及拉伸、剪切破坏联合控制了覆岩的运动模式,随着工作面的不断推进,上覆岩层可呈现出周期性的运动特征;裂隙拱发展到一定高度后,工作面垂直方向上不再扩展,只在工作面推进方向向前扩展,此时裂隙拱拱顶为一近似水平线,冒落带、裂隙带和下沉带3带分明;覆岩运动引起的地表下沉范围和下沉量亦都更符合现场实际。     

大采高综放开采覆岩破坏特征和裂隙演化规律

工作面回采过程中,覆岩破坏特征对于煤矿水灾害和瓦斯防治具有重要意义,为了进一步研究综放开采覆岩破坏特征。以山西某矿5.82m大采高工作面为试验面,采用分段注水、钻孔电视、地质雷达、微震监测探测覆岩破坏高度,对破坏过程进行了数值模拟研究,并对裂隙演化进行了相似模拟试验,同时对传统经验公式进行了修正,研究结果表明:综放开采垮落带发育高度为43.1m,断裂带发育高度为86.7m;垮落带、断裂带、导水断裂带各测试方法之间相差分别小于4.5%、7.1%、9.0%;工作面采动前,裂隙发育度低,而采动后,裂隙数量明显增多,发育度增加;近煤壁区域为裂隙聚集区,密度曲线呈“蛇”型分布;得到新的适合该矿地质条件下的覆岩导水断裂带发育高度经验公式。     

基于微震监测的深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育特征

导水裂隙带发育高度是矿井水害预测的重要技术参数之一。以彬长矿区文家坡煤矿4103工作面为研究对象,利用井-地联合微震监测技术对顶板导水裂隙带发育特征进行研究。研究结果表明:深埋煤层开采时,微震事件超前工作面回采位置发育,超前影响角最大为35°,最小为28°;断层的存在降低了覆岩稳定性,相较于正常基岩,更易在回采影响下发生应力集中和破坏;断层加大了微震事件发生的超前距,而采空区则使微震事件的高密度区向其所在部位发生偏移,加剧覆岩破坏程度,增大导水裂隙带发育高度;垂向上,4103工作面监测区内的微震事件高密度区域主要集中在高程+400~+520 m,结合微震事件数量和能量分布特征,判定4103工作面垮落带发育高度为50 m,垮采比13.16,导水裂隙带发育高度为117 m,裂采比为30.79。该成果可为彬长矿区类似煤矿深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度研究及顶板水防治提供重要依据。移动阅读      

煤层顶板"两带"高度的微地震监测技术

主要介绍了中国和澳大利亚两个煤矿在长壁开采过程中的微地震监测成果，并进行了深入的理论分析和研究。该监测的主要目的是动态测定煤层开采过程中顶板岩石“两带”（冒落带和裂隙带）的发展规律和高度，以指导相邻采区留设合理的防水或防砂煤柱。观测结果表明：研究区域“两带”的最大高度均没有到达煤层上方的含水层，顶板突水的可能性非常小，这一结果与实际情况符合；同时也表明微地震监测是确定“两带”高度及设计防水和防砂煤柱的一种可靠手段。     

Application of magnetotelluric method to the detection of overburden failure height in shallow seam mining

This paper studies the reliability of magnetotelluric (MT) method detection for overburden failure (OF) height in shallow seam mining. According to the geological conditions of the 52,505 working face in the Daliuta mine, five observation lines have been designed to detect the apparent resistivity (AR) of the overburden before and after mining. Analyzed the characteristic points of the face and the AR of the overburden on the main section and studied the characteristics of AR for various overburden lithologies. The AR of the overlying strata corresponding to different failure conditions is also different. Further obtained the height of the caved zone (CZ) on the working face was 25.6 m, and the height of the water flowing fracture zone (WFFZ) was 82.5 m. Finally adopted the numerical simulation and an empirical formula for calculation to validate the MT detection results and proved that it was reliable to use the MT method to detect OF height, thus providing a convenient, fast, economical, and reliable method for detecting OF heights when mining in shallow seams.     

Formation of fractured zones in overburden due to longwall mining

The fractured zones caused by mining were studied in the overburden of the Torezko-Snezhnyanskaya area, Ukraine, through the change in natural gas emission from these zones during longwall coal excavation. Zones of interconnected fractures and separate horizontal fractures were studied with vertical wells drilled from the ground surface down to active underground workings. The maximum heights of the zone of interconnected fractures and separate horizontal fractures may reach 19–41 and 53–92 times the thickness of the coal seam respectively. It was found that the ratio between the maximum height of the zone of interconnected fractures and the thickness of the extracted coal seam increases with the increasing number of rock layer interfaces and decreases with the increasing stiffness of immediate roof. It is shown that the growth of the zone of interconnected fractures occurred during 17–39 days at an average rate of 0.94–1.97 m day^?1 and it was accompanied by increasing methane emission from overburden. Observation shows that the formation of separate horizontal fractures began only 11–49.5 days after the height of the zone of interconnected fractures reached its maximum value. Formation of separate horizontal fractures in overburden over the longwall excavation occurred as a stepped process from lower to upper sandstone–sandy shale layer interfaces in the direction of the ground surface.     

废弃采空区裂隙带高度预测模型及应用

煤炭开采引起覆岩破断及地表下沉,覆岩及地表运移规律可反映裂隙带高度的动态演化过程。因地表下沉滞后于煤炭开采,对于废弃采空区,长期压实作用导致裂隙带高度较采动期间有所降低。基于地表点下沉速度的阶段特征将裂隙带高度的演化过程分为2个阶段,第1阶段裂隙带发育对应岩层破断逐步向上传递的过程,第2阶段裂隙带高度降低对应离层及裂隙闭合、断裂岩层受压后变形回弹及破碎岩体自然压实的过程。着眼于压实作用对裂隙带高度的影响,根据煤层采厚、垮落带和裂隙带岩层变形量及地表下沉值之间的定量关系,建立了第2阶段裂隙带高度预测模型,并结合太平煤矿实测结果进行验证,采用控制变量法分析了单一因素影响下废弃采空区裂隙带高度的演化特征。结果表明：废弃采空区裂隙带高度受控于垮落带块体强度、垮落带初始碎胀系数、采动期间裂隙带高度最大值及对应的垮落带高度、煤层埋深、地表最终下沉量等因素,太平煤矿采后15 a的裂隙带高度实测值11.36～13.00 m与理论预测值12.75 m吻合度较高,模型的可靠性得到验证。最后,应用此预测模型对武安煤矿（关停矿井）2002－2003年采空区裂隙带高度开展理论计算,结合地空瞬变电磁探测确定了地面瓦斯抽采钻孔理想的终孔位置并成功开展了地面钻孔瓦斯抽采试验。     

山西某煤矿开采地表变形破坏特征分析

河南、山西和西北地区煤层多赋存于山区地表条件下,开采引起的岩层移动不仅与覆岩性质有关,还与地表地形和工作面的组合关系相关。本文以山西某矿31002工作面为研究对象,利用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了该工程地质条件下2种典型工况模型和工作面实际走向剖面下山区地表变形破坏特征,总结出最大下沉点偏向覆岩较薄的位置,地势突起的部位水平位移值较大,坡体部位为地质灾害易发区域。     

考虑覆岩结构影响的近松散层开采导水裂隙带发育高度预测模型研究——以淮北煤田为例

近松散层开采覆岩导水裂隙带沟通上覆含水层导致了顶板水害事故的发生.在其他开采因素相似时,工作面顶板覆岩结构的不同会致使导水裂隙带发育高度出现较大差异.为此,通过收集淮北煤田17例近松散层开采覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度实测数据作为训练样本,利用一行两列向量对近松散层工作面顶板覆岩结构进行量化,并联合煤层采厚、煤层倾角、工作面...     

大柳塔煤矿12404工作面过沟的可行性分析

大柳塔煤矿12404工作面煤层埋深浅、上覆基岩薄、松散含水层厚，地表让有母河沟横过。通过对工作面不同采高条件下冒落带、裂隙带的计算及老顶破断岩块形成结构的力学分析，认为工作面涌水灾害不可避免，但岩块只发生切落溃沙；据此提出了采用疏排水与预提高支架的支护阻力来防止工作面涌水、溃沙灾害的发生．为类似条件下煤层的安全开采提供了理论指导。     

岩层移动动态过程的离散单元法分析

采动覆岩动态发展过程受地质、采矿条件诸多因素的影响,是一个十分复杂的时空过程。通过离散单元法数值模拟,揭示了综放开采条件下采场上覆岩层动态发展规律,特别是覆岩离层缝隙的分布规律、发展形态、空间位置以及与地质采矿条件的关系,揭示了工作面推进过程中,采场上覆岩层中重新分布的应力大小、方向及其发展变化规律,该应力的存在和变化规律是确定井下开采方法、支护方式的依据。     

考虑指标变异性时开采覆岩破坏高度预计探讨

本文应用工程可靠度理论,推导出考虑指标变异性时开采覆岩破坏带高度的概率表达式,初步用实例验证了其可信性后,将其应用于金乡矿区北区覆岩破坏高度的预测。     

A RBFNN-based method for the prediction of the developed height of a water-conductive fractured zone for fully mechanized mining with sublevel caving

The movement and failure of overlying strata induced by underground coal mining cause “three zones,” including the caving zone, the water-conductive fractured zone, and the sagging zone from the bottom up. For knowledge about the height of the water-conductive fractured zone, there has been no empirical or theoretical formulae for thick coal seam using fully mechanized longwall mining with sublevel caving. This paper presents a methodology of determining the height of the water-conductive fractured zone based on the radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) model in MATLAB software. Before modeling, the relationship between the height of the water-conductive fractured zone and mining thickness, the lithologic character of the overburden and its composite structures, and workface parameters was studied. After that, 32 and 7 measured data were used as training and testing samples, respectively. It has been found that the average relative error is 6% and the maximum relative error is 10% for 7 test samples by comparing actual results with predicted results. The model was applied to the no. 31503 workface in the Gaozhuang coal mine for safety evaluation. The predicted value is 59.6 m, and the measured value is 55.9 m. The RBF-based model shows much better performance than empirical formulae in the Regulations for Coal Mining and Coal Pillar Design under Buildings, Water-bodies, Railways and Main Shafts for the prediction of the height of the water-conductive fractured zone for fully mechanized mining with sublevel caving.     

煤层顶板次生离层水体透水机理及防治技术

为了研究以煤层顶板弱富水含水层为直接充水水源的顶板透水机理,并探索防治方法,以宁夏宁东煤田红柳煤矿1121工作面开采期间发生的4次大规模透水为切入点,通过理论分析、数值模拟并结合井下钻探等工程技术手段,得出该工作面透水是由煤层开采后顶板岩移形成的次生离层水体引发,提出了煤层顶板覆岩中隔水关键层是造成次生离层水体透水的必要条件;研究了隔水关键层位置、尺寸及其水理性质对次生离层水体周期性透水的控制作用;确定了临界隔水关键层厚度为18 m,并提出了次生离层水体致灾前疏放的最佳时机为次生离层水体形成且周期垮落前,最佳位置垂向上为煤层A主隔水关键层顶板,平面上位于下顺槽距煤帮1/6~1/3工作面斜长范围。      

霍洛湾煤矿22101工作面顶板两带发育规律

在详细分析霍洛湾煤矿水文地质条件基础上,根据2-2煤层上覆不同岩层的岩石力学参数建立了工作面回采过程中覆岩变形与破坏特征的数值模拟模型,研究了工作面回采过程中顶板覆岩在不同来压阶段导水裂隙带和垮落带的发育高度;通过对钻孔冲洗液漏失量的现场观测,进行了“两带”发育高度的探测。将数值模拟结果及现场观测资料对比分析,确定22101工作面的导水裂隙带高度为33.6~37.8m,垮落带高度约9.6m。这为评价研究区水体下开采可行性和水体下开采防水煤柱的设计提供了科学依据。      

Numerical simulation on tendency mining fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth

In order to master the tendency mining-fracture-evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth in mining process, the 1221 working face in Zhao mine is selected as the engineering background and a mathematical model is established. The displacement variation, stress and strain of overlying strata and coal seams are simulated by using ANSYS software. In the mining process, the movement characteristics, displacement variation laws and fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth along inclination direction are discussed. Simulation results show that with the advance of working face, the fracture development of overlying strata and coal seams is larger and larger; the area of gob is gradually expanding and the transverse stress of overlying strata and coal seams is also expanding. Stress contour of overlying strata and coal seams at both ends of gob becomes denser and denser; the activity of the overlying strata and coal seams near the up-roadway side of the gob is violent. The pressure relief zone is formed in the upper part of the strata and the roof above the gob. Large inclination angle of coal seam results in larger supporting pressure in the underside of the gob and smaller supporting pressure in the upper side of the gob. Along the inclination direction of the working face, the pressure relief zone is mainly concentrated in the outlet roadway of the working face; the fracture development and strata separation are obvious, which offer good passage for gas flow and migration.     

基于量纲分析的非充分采动导水裂缝带高度预测

为准确预测非充分采动导水裂缝带高度,选取开采厚度M、煤层埋深H、工作面倾斜长度L、煤层倾角α、覆岩力学性质R、覆岩结构特征S为非充分采动导水裂缝带高度主要影响因素。采用量纲分析建立了导水裂缝带高度与M,H,L,α,S间的无量纲关系式。结合30组实测数据,采用多元回归得到无量纲关系式的最优函数关系式。选取2个非充分采动工作面导水裂缝带现场实例对预测模型进行了工程验证,预测模型预测结果与实测结果吻合良好,其相对误差分别为3.64%和2.93%,预测模型的预测精度可以满足煤矿安全生产现场需要。      

基于覆岩破坏传递的导水裂缝带发育高度研究

采动影响下覆岩破坏及导水裂缝带高度对于水体下采煤、保水采煤等具有重要意义。分析了采动影响下覆岩破坏传递过程,并将其划分为传递发育阶段和终止阶段;通过理论分析建立了上覆岩层悬空完整和悬伸稳定力学模型,提出以极限悬空距和极限悬伸距为判据用于判断每层岩层破坏情况,得出了计算导水裂缝带高度理论新方法,并通过工程实例与实测值进行了对比分析。结果表明,基于覆岩破坏传递模型的导水裂缝带发育高度计算方法预计的导水裂缝带高度（158.8 m）与实测结果（150~170 m）吻合较好,验证了该理论方法的可行性。      

采场覆岩裂隙发育及高位钻孔优化设计——以祁南煤矿34_下2工作面为例

为了有效地提高高位钻孔的瓦斯抽采效果,采用数值模拟方法分析了祁南矿34下2工作面开采过程中覆岩的裂隙发育规律和离层率变化规律。判定了煤层上覆岩层冒落带和裂隙带分布范围;确定了钻孔法距参数的最佳范围为距32煤层顶板12~22 m的岩层区域。研究成果可为其他工作面高位钻孔的优化设计提供参考。     

煤层开采覆岩预裂–注浆改性失水控制方法探讨

陕北榆神矿区煤层开采面临顶板水害防治与水资源协同保护技术需求,根据材料力学、断裂力学相关理论,以及不同覆岩类型的采动裂隙带统计成果,提出基于预裂–注浆改性(P-G)的煤层顶板失水控制技术思路,其基本原理为通过压裂工艺将连续性好的基岩层压裂成非连续性岩层,削弱采动导水裂隙在坚硬岩层中向上扩展的“尖端效应”,抑制导水裂隙发育高度。再采用黏土类软弱注浆材料将岩层改性为相对软弱的岩层,起到抑制导水裂隙带向上发育与降低上覆岩层导水能力的双重作用,从而实现煤层顶板含水层失水控制。本文以陕北能源基地榆神矿区为对象,提出以采煤工作面地质与水文地质条件分析,采煤工作面顶板含水层涌(失)水模式识别,P-G模式、层位与时间确定,顶板岩层水平孔水力压裂与注浆改性为主要思路,对榆神矿区采煤工作面顶板含水层失水控制方法进行了探讨,为我国陕北能源基地榆神矿区顶板水害防治和水资源协同保护技术实践提供一定的借鉴。