Social networks in spatial data infrastructures

Data sharing over the internet is increasingly efficient and increasingly anonymous. This growing anonymity makes it difficult for data users to exchange feedback: interesting ideas, innovations, ancillary data, concerns about data quality, etcetera. For data producers not knowing the end-users makes it more difficult to collect end-user feedback and tailor the production process to users needs. Feedback can be exchanged through social networks, in other words contacts with other users. Very little is known about such social networks in the case of data sharing. In this paper we present an analysis of the social networks associated with two land cover datasets. We found that most users have zero to two links to other users and virtually no links to users in other her organisations. Without these links, it seems almost impossible to identify users of a particular dataset. Internet technology can help but is currently not used to enhance exchange of feedback within the user community.     

从"创新的空间"到"空间的创新"

当前，科技园区本身作为创新空间，大大推动了我国社会经济的发展，但其建设过程中亦出现了种种问题，很多甚至偏离了建设的初衷。以宁波科技园区规划为例，通过对园区现状存在问题的分析，提出若干空间创新的规划理念与措施，从而为我国科技园区未来的发展提供借鉴。     

GIS and ANN-based spatial prediction of DOC in river networks: a case study in Dongjiang, Southern China

This paper investigates the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a river network and evaluates the impacts of watershed characteristics on stream DOC. Samples and relevant environmental variables were obtained from field sampling at 28 hydrological response units (HRUs) and a MODIS/SRTM DEM satellite image. HRUs can provide reliable spatial interpolation for filling data gaps and incorporate potential spatial correlation among observations in each ANN neuron. The process and results of neural network modeling were assessed by deterministic and statistical methods and spatial regression kriging. The spatial prediction results show that ANN, using improved back propagation algorithms of 7-15-1 architecture, was the optimal network, by which predictions maintained most of the original spatial variation and eliminated smoothing effects of RK. The sum of the relative contributions of four sensitive variables, including soil organic carbon density, geographic longitude, surface runoff and Chl a in river water, was >75 %. A minor prediction error of ~6 % was found in HRUs of open shrublands, but HRUs of urban and croplands had an error of 24–30 %. This pattern exemplifies anthropogenic impacts in urban areas on stream DOC and agricultural activities in croplands. The usefulness of ANN modeling-based GIS in this study is demonstrated by depiction of spatial variation of stream DOC and indicates the benefits of understanding sensitive factors for watershed impact assessments.     

Externalities, knowledge spillovers and the spatial distribution of innovation

The aim of the paper is to investigate the process of spatial agglomeration of innovation and production activities and to assess the extent to which the degree of specialisation or diversity externalities in the area may affect the innovative output in a particular local industry. The analysis is carried out thanks to an original databank on innovation and production activity across 85 industrial sectors and 784 Italian Local Labour Systems, which are groupings of municipalities characterised by a high degree of self-contained flows of commuting workers. According to the global and local indicators of spatial association there are clear signs of spatial correlation in the distribution of innovation activities. The econometric analysis shows that the two types of externalities – specialisation and urbanisation economies – are both effective. Moreover, we find evidence for knowledge spillovers since technological activities of a local industry influence positively innovations of the same sectors in contiguous areas.     

中国汞的地球化学空间分布特征

20世纪80年代以来中国积累了岩石、土壤和水系沉积物中的大量可靠的汞分析数据和图件,为分析汞的地球化学空间分布特征提供了依据.从空间分布上看,从中国北部到南部,从西部到东部,土壤和水系沉积物中汞的含量背景值逐渐增高,汞在以干旱荒漠区、半干旱荒漠区、黄土地区和高寒山区为主的西部和北部呈低背景,在东部的森林沼泽区和半湿润低山丘陵区为中等背景,在南部的湿润低山丘陵区、热带雨林区和高山峡谷区为高背景,尤其在以云南东南部、贵州、广西西部、湖南西部岩溶区为中心的低温成矿域内,无论岩石、土壤还是水系沉积物,汞含量背景值达到最高.一般情况下,岩石、土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有继承性,在地理空间分布上呈明显的对栽应关系,并且土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有相近性,土壤和水系沉积物较岩石更为富集汞.     

Green technology innovation and energy intensity in China

This paper investigates the relationship between green technology innovation and energy intensity for 29 provinces in Mainland China from 1999 to 2010. Based on changes in energy intensity in the data, the provinces are divided into four groups: the conventional group, the gradational group, the contemporary group, and the low-carbon group. Industrial structure is included in the study because of its impact on energy intensity, thus avoiding the problem of omitted variable bias. The empirical results indicate that there is a negative, long-run, cointegrated relationship between energy intensity and green technology innovation. We also discover unidirectional causality from green technology innovation to energy intensity in the conventional and low-carbon groups, whereas green technology innovation directly affects energy intensity through a feedback system for the gradational and contemporary groups. To achieve the goal of energy intensity, policymakers should encourage green technology diffusion from the low-carbon group to the conventional group and improve the share of green technology innovation in the gradational and contemporary groups.     

中国主要铀矿类型、特点及其空间分布

中国铀矿床通常划为四大类型,即花岗岩型、火山岩型、碳硅泥岩型、砂岩型。本文根据一些火山岩型铀矿的形成环境与火山岩浆活动关系不大,主要受火山岩浆活动之后的中酸性斑岩侵入活动控制的事实,辟出斑岩铀矿类型;斑岩型与花岗岩型、火山岩型铀矿是并列关系。花岗岩型和斑岩型铀矿归为构造控制型铀矿,火山岩型、碳硅泥岩型和砂岩型铀矿归为层位控制型铀矿。中国铀矿在空间分布上,具有成带成片、相对集中、不均衡分布特点,以SN向贺兰山—龙门山—小江断层带为界,可划分为东部滨太平洋铀成矿域、西(北)部古亚洲铀成矿域、西(南)部特提斯铀成矿域。滨太平洋铀成矿域可进一步划分为华南铀矿省、华北铀矿省和东北铀矿省。西(南)部的特提斯铀成矿域,工作程度低,找矿潜力尚待深入研究。西(北)部古欧亚大陆铀成矿域,有西北铀矿省。4大铀矿省内共划分出18个成矿带(区)。以火山岩、斑岩型铀矿为主的成矿带主要分布在我国东部靠近沿海的滨太平洋构造岩浆活动带内,以花岗岩型铀矿为主的成矿带则主要分布在我国中东部多期构造—岩浆活动带内,以碳硅泥岩型铀矿为主的成矿带主要分布在扬子陆块北部和东南部边缘地带和南秦岭地带,以砂岩型铀矿为主的成矿带主要分布在我国北部陆相沉积盆地内。铀成矿带(区)分布的不均匀性,不仅受区域成矿地质背景、保矿条件等因素控制,而且还与当前地质勘查工作程度、经济技术条件有关。     

中国北方地区寒潮时空特征及其成因分析

基于中国北方地区269个站点1960 - 2017年逐日气温观测数据与大气环流指数等, 采用线性回归、 相关分析、 反距离加权法（IDW）及熵权法等方法, 探讨了近58年中国北方地区寒潮频次的时空变化特征及影响因素, 进而利用研究区耕地面积、 人均GDP、 农作物播种面积等社会经济统计数据, 从致灾因子、 孕灾环境、 承灾体易损性、 防灾减灾能力四个方面对中国北方地区寒潮进行风险区划分析。结果表明： 近58年来, 中国北方地区寒潮频次总体呈0.2次·（10a）^-1的速率减少, 近58年研究区域共发生了159.7次寒潮, 其中冬季和十一月份寒潮频次最多。高频次出现在吉林省靖宇县、 安图县, 内蒙古阿尔山市、 苏尼特左旗、 苏尼特右旗, 频次高达508次以上, 平均每年8.8次, 最少寒潮频次出现在华北南部, 新疆喀什和阿克苏。不同等级寒潮频次差距较大, 一般寒潮频次最多, 共102.9次。一般寒潮、 较强寒潮、 强寒潮、 特强寒潮与寒潮频次在空间分布上比较相似, 大体呈由南向北增加的分布规律, 东北地区是寒潮的活跃区, 华北地区的活跃区在内蒙古中部, 西北地区寒潮活跃区主要在新疆阿勒泰地区。年尺度而言, 中国北方地区寒潮主要受CA、 APVII、 AO和APVAI的影响, 各季节影响因子有所差异, 春季寒潮主要受CQ和CA的影响, 秋季寒潮与APVII、 CA、 AO关系显著, 冬季寒潮与APVII、 CA、 AO、 SHI均达到显著相关关系。综合风险区划结果表明, 新疆阿勒泰地区、 黑龙江大兴安岭地区、 吉林省东南部以及山东省为寒潮发生的高风险区, 低风险区分布在新疆阿克苏和喀什地区, 与寒潮频次空间分布相吻合。     

A methodology to assess the spatial configuration of urban systems in Iran from an interaction perspective

The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology for identifying various dimensions of the spatial configuration of urban systems in Iran from an interaction perspective. Through the provision of empirical evidence of different types of flows of people including air passenger flows, passenger flows by bus and car, this paper compares the resulting spatial constellations of these flows through the innovative use of indices to systematically describe and measure five dimensions of an urban system’s spatial configuration that include: (1) centrality and dominance of vertices, (2) network cohesion, (3) network strength, (4) network symmetry, and (5) communities and levels. The findings show that although the spatial configurations of different flows are not the same, all were characterized by having a significant distance within a polycentric urban system due to the primacy of the Tehran metropolis. In regard to passenger flows by car and bus, it was found that for various functional regions, there was a balanced distribution of centrality and urban hierarchy evident in Iran. By contrast, air passenger flows were not able to determine centrality within a national urban hierarchy because of the limited distribution of centers for air travel in Iran at higher levels of spatial organization.     

中国地勘企业制度创新研究

通过对我国地勘企业制度创新研究，建立适合我国地勘企业发展的、可操作性强的现代化企业制度模式，为推进地勘企业改革做一些有益的探索，努力为各行业和部门所属的地勘企业和其它生产性事业单位改革提供借鉴。     

The rise of venture capital centres in China: A spatial and network analysis

Due to the importance of venture capital (VC) firms in spurring regional economic growth, the geography of VC firms and VC investments have attracted a lot of attention. However, the spatial patterns of cross-regional VC flows have rarely been explored, particularly in the context of emerging economies. Drawing on a unique dataset on VC firms and investments related to domestic initial public offerings (IPOs), this study combines location analysis with network analysis to investigate the spatial patterns of VC activities in China. The results confirm that Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai are the leading VC centres in the country. Although Yangtze Delta Area hosts the largest number of investments, Beijing and Shenzhen have a considerable advantage over Shanghai in terms of the number of VC firms, investments, and the number of domestic VC-backed IPOs. Beijing and Shenzhen also appear more central than Shanghai in China’s VC networks, with Beijing-Shenzhen representing the most important city-dyad in terms of VC investment flows. The article explains how the dynamics of the VC centres is embedded in China’s institutional and cultural context, critical to understanding the evolution and geography of China’s VC industry.     

逻辑回归和人工神经网络模型在滑坡灾害空间预测中的应用

以三峡坝区到巴东段为研究区,选择坡度、坡向、软弱夹层、水系影响范围和土地利用状况等9项评价指标,分别采用逻辑回归和人工神经网络(ANN)模型,在ArcGIS平台上进行滑坡灾害危险性预测。此外,应用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)分析方法对两种模型的预测结果进行对比,分析结果表明滑坡危险性预测区划图和实际的滑坡发育情况基本吻合,逻辑回归模型和ANN模型的ROC曲线下面积AUC值分别为0.806和0.799,两种模型的预测结果可以相互验证,且逻辑回归模型的预测精度相对较高。     

我国岩溶资源环境领域的创新问题

中国岩溶地区资源环境问题突出,制约着经济社会的发展。“十八大”以来国家大力推进科技创新和生态文明建设。科技创新不仅有助于解决和应对岩溶地区的资源环境问题,也将推动岩溶科学的发展,服务我国生态文明建设。今后的岩溶研究应当落实地球系统科学在岩溶学中的应用,发挥我国岩溶研究的地域优势,探索我国岩溶关键带的特征和重要过程;加强岩溶作用应对全球变化、岩溶碳汇速率和稳定性的研究,建立应对极端气候的长效机制;考虑古纬度和古气候对古岩溶形成的影响;深入探索微生物对深部碳酸盐岩岩溶形成的作用;系统梳理和总结我国第一期石漠化治理工程的经验和存在的问题,更好地指导下一步的治理工作;思考从南北方岩溶分界线的角度开展岩溶自然遗产地的申报工作;将现代大数据等技术运用到岩溶资源环境、水文地质研究中,做好地质灾害的预警预报和应对资源短缺问题的研究,服务国家需求。     

The spatial variability of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity in an intermittent river, northwestern China

Streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K) plays an important role in river water and groundwater interaction. The K at the ten transects (Ts1–Ts10) at the Donghe River (an intermittent river) in the Ejina Basin, northwestern China, was measured to investigate its spatial variation. Based on the sediment characteristics and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed, the entire riverbed of the Donghe River could be divided arbitrarily into two parts: an upper part (starting at Ts1 and ending at Ts9, without an obvious and continuous clogging layer) and a lower part (the remaining riverbed, with an obvious and continuous clogging layer). In the upper part, although the K varied with depth within the 0–30 cm layer, the variability with depth could be ignored in practice. The arithmetic mean K of the upper part ranged from 12 to 27.6 m/day, three orders of magnitude larger than that of the lower part (0.06 m/day). The change of K along the river cross section was significant, and larger values of K often occurred in the parts of the channels with greater water depth. However, there were no consistent patterns of the variability of K at transects across the river, which was influenced by the variation in streambed characteristics. The results could be useful for the estimation of groundwater recharge from river and groundwater resources evaluation in the Ejina Basin.     

The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban street dust of Beijing,China

The components and concentrations of metals in street dust are indictors of environmental pollution. To explore the pollution levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb in street dust and their spatial distribution characteristics, 220 dust samples were collected in a grid pattern from urban street surfaces in Beijing. Multivariate statistics and spatial analyses were adopted to investigate the associations between metals and to identify their pollution patterns. In comparison with the soil background values, elevated metal concentrations were found, except those for Mn and Ni. The results of the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and the potential ecological risk index (Erⁱ) of the metals revealed the following orders: Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > Mn and Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni. Levels of I_geo ranging from 0 to 5 were found and about 80% of the samples were below the moderately polluted level. The Erⁱ values of single elements were within the low ecological risk level in most sampling sites. Most of the metals in the street dust of Beijing were statistically significantly correlated. It is hard to clearly identify the sources of each metal in the street dust since local environments are very complex. Cadmium, Cu, Cr, Mn and Pb showed medium spatial autocorrelations within the sampling region. Similar spatial distribution patterns were observed for Cu, Cr and Pb, and these metals had relatively high spatial variabilities and were enriched in the center of the city with several peaks scattered in the suburbs. Metal pollution anomalies were identified by using cluster and outlier analyses. Locations identified as clusters with high values indicated non-point source pollution, while locations identified as outliers with high values indicated point source pollution. Traffic, construction, and other human activities influenced these high values. In addition, the locations identified as outliers with low values in urban areas might benefit from less transportation and better management.     

中国地质调查信息网格平台的分布式空间数据服务技术

通过对中国地质调查信息网格平台中分布式空间数据服务关键技术的研究,提出了一套有效的空间数据共享与服务解决方案,并以全国重要矿产资源潜力预测评价网格应用示范为例,介绍了该方案的具体实施与应用过程。     

Historical space as narrative medium: on the configuration of spatial narratives of time at historical sites

This paper examines how narratives of history are organized spatially at historical sites and memorial spaces, especially in urban settings and in places invested with a sense of collective memory. Much recent research has focused on landscape, memory, and place and how relationships of political and social power influence the representation of historical events in public spaces. Although the meaning of such sites may be hotly contested for long periods of time, we focus here on narrative theory and the related, but unexplored, issue of how such historical stories are configured on the ground at actual historical sites. We identify a number of narrative strategies which are frequently used to configure historical stories in space. Declamatory strategies using markers presenting a snapshot of an event are common, but sequential and non-sequential linear strategies are also used, as are thematic strategies that cross-cut space and time to present complex historical stories at various spatial scales. Examples are drawn from a range of historical sites in North America, Europe and Israel.     

论地质调查中的科技进步与创新

“新一轮国土资源大调查”是中国在新的历史时期的一项极为重要的基础性、公益性、战略性地质工作。项目实施３年来,全国上万多名地学工作者无私地奋战在广袤的国土和海域,初步取得了一批重要的地调和科研方面的高水平成果,得到了国际地学界的瞩目。但是,随着全球科学技术的飞速进步,特别是伴随国家地质队伍“野战军”的健全完善,新形势对国家地质工作在更深的层次、更广的领域提出了新的要求,地质工作“面临着采用新理论、新技术、新方法的重大任务”。科技创新是国家地质工作的灵魂,是地质成果向生产力转移的催化剂。为此,我们要…