A STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF LINFEN M7(3/4) EARTHQUAKE IN 1695

A magnitude 7(3/4) earthquake happened in Linfen, Shanxi, on May 18, 1965(the 34th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi). In the Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes, the epicenter of this earthquake is located at the northwest of Zhangli Village of Xiangfen County and Dongkang Village of Yaodu District, Linfen City(36.0°N, 111.5°E), and the epicentral intensity is Ⅹ. It was inferred by previous studies that Guojiazhuang Fault is the seismogenic structure of the earthquake. In this paper, in cooperation with the Archives of Linfen City and Earthquake Administration of Linfen, the author looked up in details the first-hand materials of the earthquake damage to the ancient town of Linfen and its surrounding areas, and based on this, drew the isoseismals of the earthquake. Through discussions with relevant experts, we consider that it would be more appropriate that the location of the macroscopic epicenter of this earthquake is in Donguan area of the ancient town of Linfen, the epicentral intensity is Ⅺ, and the major axis of the isoseismals is in NWW. Later, in the implementation of "Linfen city active fault detection and seismic risk evaluation", we found two earthquake fault outcrops near the macroscopic epicentral area of the 1695 Linfen earthquake. Shallow seismic exploration lines and drill rows perpendicular to the strike of the fault outcrops were arranged to implement the exploration. The results demonstrate that the right-lateral stepover composed of Guojiazhuang Fault and Liucun Fault, together with the Luoyunshan Fault(Longci segment), were involved in the 1695 Linfen earthquake, the intersection of the faults is the microscopic epicenter of the earthquake, and the above-mentioned three faults are the seismogenic structure of the earthquake. In addition, the seismic geological remains in this region(landslides, earthquake ground cracks, sand emitting channels, etc.) are mainly distributed on the hanging wall of the Guojiazhuang Fault, this proves from another perspective that the earthquake remains is the product of activity of Guojiazhuang Fault in 1695.     

临汾地区共轭活动构造与地震关系的研究

通过对临汾地区地质构造环境的分析，结合地表地震形变遗迹的研究，初步认为共轭活动构造对１３０３年洪洞８级地震和１６９５年临汾级地震的发生和震中分布位置起着重要的控制作用。     

洪洞临汾大震震源断层的相互作用和地震趋势分析

山西临汾地区1303年和1695年发生了洪洞(M8)和临汾(M7 3/4)两次相距最近特大地震。地震所在区域至今仍有持续不断的小震活动。我们根据1670次中、小地震精确震源定位结果和149个小地震的震源机制。通过震源三维空间分布和震源机制解的分析,认为洪洞地震和临汾地震的强相互作用是解锁,因此导致临汾地震提前发生;此外,2者之间还存在弱相互作用,并且和随机发生的地震达到一种平衡。2次大地震对区域所积累的应变基本释放完毕,难以再形成与应力场一致的大破裂,使得临汾地区连续的地震活动以中小地震的形式体现,连续300多年都没有5级以上地震发生。估计今后临汾地区的这种低水平活动将继续下去,发展趋势是安全的。     

Intracontinental basins and strong earthquakes

Introduction A M=8 earthquake occurred in the intracontinental Linfen basin on September 17, 1303. This is the Hongtong M=8 earthquake in Shanxi Province. It is the first recorded M = 8 earthquake since the Chinese historical seismic records had started. The earthquake killed 200 000 people (LI, 1960; XIE, CAI, 1983). The year 2003 is the 700th anniversary of the earthquake occurrence. In memory of the people died in the earthquake, for further improving earthquake prevention and disas…     

1303年洪洞8级地震震源过程研究

运用霍山断裂滑动速率和１３０３年洪洞８级地震错距的资料，将霍山断裂面取作位错面，使用粘弹介质中位错模型的有限单元公式￣［１］，计算震前断层蠕滑动和震时断层错动对应的临汾盆地应力和应变能密度年速率分布，由此得出：（１）１３０３年洪洞地震前，在临汾盆地以霍山断裂中段和南段应力和应变能密度年速率正值最高，为积累过程，而震时（含震后），年速率负值最高，为释放过程；（２）１３０３年洪洞地震加速了１６９５年临汾地震应力和应变能积累；（３）用有限单元分析方法中的劈节点技术离散位错面，可以符合位错概念     

山西太谷断裂带全新世活动及其与1303年洪洞8级地震的关系

最新调查结果表明，太谷断裂断错山前冲沟Ⅰ级阶地以及在黄土台地前缘形成断坎，在地表及探槽中多处见到断裂断错全新世地层，断裂的最新活动是1303年洪洞8级地震，活动方式为右旋走滑兼正倾滑活动. 在该次地震中，太谷断裂与灵石隆起上的绵山西侧断裂、临汾盆地东边界的霍山山前断裂一起活动，形成长约160 km的地表破裂带. 除此之外，该断裂曾在全新世中期及距今7 700年以后有过活动. 由此得到，在山西断陷系，两个断陷盆地边界断裂的贯通活动发生8级特大大震.      

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone, Shanxi Province, and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong M=8 earthquake

Introduction The Taigu fault is located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin in the Shanxi fault depression system, which is one of the 12 major active basin boundary faults, and is also less studied among them. The reason for this is, firstly, the Jinzhong basin has no historical earth-quakes with M 7, while the two basins linked together in the northern and southern sides, the Linfen and Xinding basins all have had historical earthquakes with M 7; secondly, because the Jiaochen…     

谈山西洪洞ML5.0地震的应急

2003年11月25日在山西省洪洞县甘亭镇发生了ML5．0地震，这次地震造成的灾害损失虽然不大，但对山西临汾市地震应急工作是一次有效的实战检验。介绍了这次地震的基本情况，包括震感、烈度分布、灾害损失以及震前、震后出现的宏、微观异常现象；就地震发生后的地震应急工作，从临汾市委、市政府采取的应急措施、地震应急现场工作队及全市地震部门的应急工作三方面进行了总结；得出了在这次地震应急工作中的经验、教训和启示。     

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone, Shanxi Province, and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong M =8 earthquake

The Taigu fault zone is one of the major 12 active boundary faults of the Shanxi fault-depression system, located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin. As the latest investigation indicated, the fault zone had dislocated gully terrace of the first order, forming fault-scarp in front of the loess mesa. It has been discovered in many places in ground surface and trenches that Holocene deposits were dislocated. The latest activity was the 1303 Hongdong earthquake M=8, the fault appeared as right-lateral strike-slip with normal faulting. During that earthquake, the Taigu fault together with the Mianshan western-side fault on the Lingshi upheaval and the Huoshan pediment fault on the eastern boundary of the Linfen basin was being active, forming a surface rupture belt of 160 km in length. Moreover, the Taigu fault were active in the mid-stage of Holocene and near 7 700 aB.P. From these we learnt that, in Shanxi fault-depression system, the run-through activity of two boundary faults of depression-basins might generate great earthquake with M=8. Foundation item: Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (201017). Contribution No. 2003A004, Institute of Crust Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration.     

DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AD 1556 HUAXIAN EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERED DISASTERS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

A complete understanding to the disasters triggered by giant earthquakes is not only crucial to effectively evaluating the reliability of existing earthquake magnitude, but also supporting the seismic hazard assessment. The great historical earthquake with estimated magnitude of M8.5 in Huaxian County on the 23^rd January 1556, which caused a death toll of more than 830 000, is the most serious earthquake on the global record. But for a long time, the knowledge about the hazards of this earthquake has been limited to areas along the causative Huashan piedmont fault(HSPF) and within the Weihe Basin. In this paper, we made a study on earthquake triggered landslides of the 1556 event along but not limited to the HSPF. Using the high-resolution satellite imagery of Google Earth for earthquake-triggered landslide interpretation, we obtained two dense loess landslides areas generated by the 1556 earthquake, which are located at the east end and west end of the HSPF. The number of the interpreted landslides is 1 515 in the west area(WA), which is near to the macro-epicentre, and 2 049 in the east area(EA), respectively. Based on the empirical relationship between the landslide volume and area, we get the estimated landslide volume of 2.85~6.40km³ of WA and EA, which is equivalent or bigger than the value of ~2.8km³ caused by Wenchuan earthquake of M_W7.9 on 12^th May 2008. These earthquake triggered landslides are the main cause for the death of inhabitants living in houses or loess house caves located outside of the basin, such as Weinan, Lintong, Lantian(affected by WA) and Lingbao(affected by EA). Our results can help deeply understand the distribution characteristics of coseismic disaster of the 1556 Huaxian earthquake to the south of Weihe Basin, and also provide important reference for the modification of the isoseismals.     

Average recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes and potential risky segments along the Taiyuan-Linfen portion of the Shanxi graben system

Introduction In AD 1303, the great Hongtong, Shanxi, earthquake of magnitude 8 caused a very serious disaster, which killed over one hundred thousands people at least (Department of Earthquake Dis- *aster Prevention, State Seismological Bureau, 1995). On the occasion of commemorating this ca-tastrophe having occurred for 700 years, we have important problems that need to be answered: How long the average recurrence interval of the grea…     

1303年洪洞8级地震GIS系统与震害分布特征分析

采用GIS技术，建立了1303年洪洞地震的地理信息系统. 应用GIS平台空间分析功能研究了1303年洪洞地震的震害空间分布特征和地震等震线的特点. 通过与标准地震烈度衰减关系的对比，分析了地震烈度异常分布的空间特征及其与构造、场地条件、盆地之间的关系. 研究了震源与近源地下结构对地表地面运动的影响，探讨了这种烈度分布特征对区域地震区划、抗震设防、震害预测以及地震应急响应等方面的影响.      

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震研究综述

叙述了1967年至2002年间国内有关研究1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的进展情况。综合叙述了有关这次地震的地震参数、地震破坏、地震断层、地震形变遗迹、地震发生的新构造与深部构造等。     

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone,Shanxi Province,and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>=8 earthquake

The Taigu fault zone is one of the major 12 active boundary faults of the Shanxi fault-depression system, located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin. As the latest investigation indicated, the fault zone had dislocated gully terrace of the first order, forming fault-scarp in front of the loess mesa. It has been discovered in many places in ground surface and trenches that Holocene deposits were dislocated. The latest activity was the 1303 Hongdong earthquake M=8, the fault appeared as right-lateral strike-slip with normal faulting. During that earthquake, the Taigu fault together with the Mianshan western-side fault on the Lingshi upheaval and the Huoshan pediment fault on the eastern boundary of the Linfen basin was being active, forming a surface rupture belt of 160 km in length. Moreover, the Taigu fault were active in the mid-stage of Holocene and near 7 700 aB.P. From these we learnt that, in Shanxi fault-depression system, the run-through activity of two boundary faults of depression-basins might generate great earthquake with M=8.     

对1937年托索湖7.5级地震若干问题的探讨

1937年托索湖7.5级地震发生在东昆仑活动断裂带的东段,前人曾对该地震组织过4次不同程度的考察,并得出了4种不同的结果。带着上述问题对该地震地表破裂带重新进行了实地考察、测量和综合研究,然后对该地震地表破裂带的西端点、最大左旋水平位移量、最大垂直位移量、宏观震中等问题进行了重新厘定,认为1937年托索湖7.5级地震地表破裂带西端点在阿拉克湖以西,长度至少为240km,最大左旋水平位移量为8m,垂直位移量为3.5m,宏观震中在三岔口一带     

Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province

Introduction The 1303 Shanxi Hongtong M=8 earthquake is the earliest M=8 event determined in histori-cal records in China and the largest recorded in Shanxi fault-depression system in history. Some researchers have discussed the tectonic environment of this earthquake (DENG, et al, 1973; DENG, 1984; DENG, XU, 1994, 1995; Seismo-geological Brigade, State Seismological Bureau, Depart-ment of Geology and Geography, Peking University, 1979; LIU, XIAO, 1982; ZHANG, JIA, 1986; SU, …     

Seismic characteristics near the epicenter of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province and its implication

Introduction A great earthquake occurred on Sept. 25 of 1303 (Seventh of Dade, Yuan Dynasty) around Zhaocheng and Hongtong in Shanxi Province. The great earthquake is a very famous one, which is affirmed as the first earthquake with magnitude 8 in Chinese history. The catastrophes took place; meanwhile, huge archives of the disaster were recorded. According to these disaster recordings, the first isoseismal map in China was delineated, which provide us with abundant information of intensi…     

山西罗云山山前断裂带中段龙祠-峪口全新世活动证据

通过断错地貌调查和探槽开挖,获得了临汾盆地西界罗云山山前断裂带龙祠-峪口段的最新活动信息:该段山前洪积扇后缘断断续续存在高2.5m、5.2m、8m左右的地表地貌陡坎;附近冲沟的Ⅰ级阶地热释光测年为距今7500a左右;在NW向的席坊沟内存在拔沟3.5m、8m、18m左右的3级阶地,与地貌陡坎有对应关系;席坊沟探槽揭示罗云...     

TEXTUAL RESEARCH OF 1568 M7 GAOLING EARTHQUAKE IN SHAANXI AND ANALYSIS OF ITS SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

Study of historical earthquake is one of the important methods to understand the seismic activities and analyze the seismogenic faults. On the May 25^th, 1568 AD, a destructive earthquake occurred to the northeast of the present-day city of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. Because this earthquake happened shortly after the 1556 M8 earthquake and was regarded as an aftershock, it has received little attention in previous studies. Previous earthquake catalogue agreed in assigning a magnitude 6 3/4 to this earthquake but had different epicentral locations and seismic intensity, and the seismogenic structure remains ambiguous. Based on textual research of historical earthquake and field investigation, the Jingyang County, Gaoling County, and Xianning County, were the worst hit area by the earthquake, and the areas, including Yongle Town, Gaozhuang Town at southeastern Jingyang County to Gaoling County and its southeastern present-day Jijia and Zhangbu, should be the mesoseismal area of this earthquake. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake is Ⅸ⁺(9~10 degrees), and the magnitude is estimated to be 7. The isoseismal lines were drawn to exhibit the various intensities of the areas damaged during the event, with its major axis directed NWW. Intensities reached Ⅸ⁺ in the zone extending west-northwest parallel to the Weinan-Jingyang Fault. This fault, characterized by a normal fault that developed during the Cenozoic extensional history of the Weihe Basin, dipping to the north at an angle of 60°~80°, is one part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe graben. There are geomorphological and geological evidences of recent activity of the fault during (180±30)a BP to (1 600±30)a BP. At T₁-T₂ fluvial terraces on the north bank of Weihe River, the scarps were faulted during Ming Dynasty, and sandy soil liquefaction, dense structural tensional fissures and faulted strata are noted in stratigraphic profiles and trenches. Thus, we suggest that this fault can reliably be regarded as being active during Holocene, and re-name the earthquake as the Shaanxi Gaoling earthquake.     

The GIS and analysis of earthquake damage distribution of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake

Introduction The 1303 Hongtong earthquake is an important earthquake in the eastern China. There is a lot of information in historical documents about the earthquake and many traces destroyed by the earthquake in the southern Shanxi Province. Many scholars have studied the earthquake from dif-ferent aspects, but mainly limited the definitions of the isoseismal and three factors of the earth-quake. Owing to being limited by the analysis technique, many useful damage information of the earthqu…