若尔盖沼泽湿地的萎缩机制

1960年以来,若尔盖沼泽湿地的快速萎缩严重影响黄河上游水量补给和当地湿地生态系统,但其机制尚不清晰。基于2010—2013年野外调查、气象水文资料和遥感影像,分析若尔盖沼泽退化的主要原因与机制。尽管气温的缓慢升高,但降水量并未减少,考虑到沼泽的季节性特征,气候变暖对沼泽萎缩影响相当有限,但不是主要原因。经遥感判读和统计,共识别现有920 km的人工渠道,其疏干的沼泽面积约648.3 km2,占总萎缩面积的27%。人工开渠作为强烈的人类活动干扰,是若尔盖沼泽快速萎缩的重要原因。自然水系的溯源侵蚀长期疏干沼泽、降低地下水水位和放射状地向沼泽内部切穿是沼泽萎缩的重要机制。人工开渠连通自然水系强化沼泽内河床下切和排水作用。     

若尔盖沼泽湿地的萎缩机制

1960年以来,若尔盖沼泽湿地的快速萎缩严重影响黄河上游水量补给和当地湿地生态系统,但其机制尚不清晰。基于2010—2013年野外调查、气象水文资料和遥感影像,分析若尔盖沼泽退化的主要原因与机制。尽管气温的缓慢升高,但降水量并未减少,考虑到沼泽的季节性特征,气候变暖对沼泽萎缩影响相当有限,但不是主要原因。经遥感判读和统计,共识别现有920 km的人工渠道,其疏干的沼泽面积约648.3 km2,占总萎缩面积的27%。人工开渠作为强烈的人类活动干扰,是若尔盖沼泽快速萎缩的重要原因。自然水系的溯源侵蚀长期疏干沼泽、降低地下水水位和放射状地向沼泽内部切穿是沼泽萎缩的重要机制。人工开渠连通自然水系强化沼泽内河床下切和排水作用。     

基于GSFLOW的镜湖湿地地表水与地下水耦合数值模拟

湿地地表径流包括明渠流和片流等多种形式,且存在海绵状土壤层,其地表水-地下水耦合模拟困难。针对湿地片流和海绵层模拟不准确的问题,以绍兴镜湖国家城市湿地公园为研究对象,考虑湿地多年植物生长沉积形成的独特海绵层,基于GSFLOW模型构建湿地地表水与地下水耦合数值模型,通过二维扩散方程模拟湿地片流、一维圣维南方程模拟湿地明渠流,使用竖管法测量湿地海绵层渗透系数,利用模拟区水文站的监测数据率定模型参数并对模拟结果进行验证,应用校正后模型模拟湿地地表水与地下水的水量交互过程,并对研究区进行水均衡分析。研究结果表明:考虑湿地海绵层的湿地地表水与地下水耦合模型能较为真实地反映湿地水文特性,湿地以地表水补给地下水为主,补给量随降雨量变化。研究建立的湿地地表水与地下水耦合模型合理可靠,对湿地水文分析有良好的应用价值。     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地萎缩退化要因初探

自然因素——地质构造运动和气候温湿条件的变化是造成若尔盖高原沼泽湿地萎缩退化的主导因素，人为因素——超载过牧和对湿地进行开渠排水是其次要因素。由于主导因素和次要因素长期共同作用的结果，使若尔盖高原沼泽湿地呈现明显的萎缩退化趋势。     

桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统水循环对降水的响应

岩溶湿地是西南岩溶生态系统的重要调节器,对该地区的可持续发展有重要意义,而水循环作为维系岩溶湿地健康运转的核心因素,已经成为当前的研究热点。2020年4月15日—5月30日野外监测了桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统参数,采用水文动态分析与水均衡等方法,开展了地下河系统水循环研究。结果表明:(1)地表径流、土壤水、表层岩溶带水和岩溶地下水均对大气降雨响应敏感,但敏感程度有差异,其中岩溶地下水的敏感性最高,地表径流和表层岩溶带水的敏感性较弱,土壤水的敏感性受深度影响较大。(2)不同等级降雨中地下河系统的各类水变化量的比例有差异。本次研究中,小雨(24 h累计降雨量范围为4.2～10 mm)时系统内土壤水变化量比例最大,约为75.87%;中雨(24 h累计降雨量为17.8 mm)时土壤水变化量和岩溶地下水变化量的比例最大,分别约为43.38%和44.12%,大雨(24 h累计降雨量为24 mm)和大暴雨(24 h累计降雨量范围为110.8～128.2 mm)时岩溶地下水变化量比例最大,约为66.48%。(3)研究区调蓄系数平均值约为0.53,明显高于其他岩溶地区,表现出较强的调蓄能力,且随着降雨...     

常德市规划区湿地地质环境特征及保护建议

常德市作为全球首批“国际湿地城市”,也是我国首批海绵城市建设试点城市,其湿地保护与修复工作取得了举世瞩目的成就,为全国提供了城市湿地、水系生态修复的成功经验。通过对常德市规划区内花山河湿地、枉水湿地和盘塘湖湿地地层结构、含水层特征、地下水位变化、沅江及柳叶湖地表水位长期监测数据的综合分析,剖析了湿地地下水与沅江、柳叶湖等地表水交互关系,针对各湿地提出了相应的调整建议和保护建议,研究认为：常德市湿地地表水与地下水之间的水量交换和水质变化情况直接影响湿地生态系统的保护;地表水—地下水的相互转化程度主要体现在时间和空间上,影响湿地水文周期的主要因素有气候变化、地表水径流的变化、地下水位变化、地下水开采情况和湿地补水、排水情况变化。加强对区内地表水-地下水相互转化关系的深入研究,可为科学合理保护常德市规划区湿地生态系统和洞庭湖区湿地保护修复提供科学依据。     

神农架大九湖泥炭湿地关键带监测进展

关键带科学是当代地球科学的热点研究领域之一.国际上主要通过关键带监测来促进关键带科学的发展,服务于社会经济发展和生态保护.在我国,关键带研究与监测还处在起步的阶段.神农架大九湖湿地是中纬度地区少见的亚高山泥炭藓湿地,是丹江口水库最大入库河流堵河的源头之一,已被列入国际重要湿地名录,是开展泥炭湿地监测的优良场所.在10多年来系统的古气候与现代过程研究基础上,我们在大九湖部署了较为系统的监测体系,涵盖了关键带的各种要素,特别是生物、水体及温室气体等方面.在监测点的设置上,既考虑了泥炭湿地内部的空间变化,也考虑表层和深部之间的关联,还设置了河流和湖泊对照点.在监测技术上,部分实现了在线高频监测,大部分达到了野外现场测试的要求.本文将对前期的工作进行回顾总结,并对后续的努力方向进行展望.在前期工作的基础上,要逐步完善监测技术和监测设施,并聚焦于泥炭湿地关键带对气候变化(如干旱)的响应,评估气候变化对大九湖泥炭湿地生态功能的影响.加强与国内外同行的合作,在大九湖开展多学科交叉研究.在关键带系统监测的基础上,完善亚高山泥炭湿地关键带的理论认识,并建立合适的泥炭湿地关键带模型,为湿地保护和可持续发展服务.      

若尔盖沼泽湿地遥感动态监测

应用二个同月份不同年代的卫星遥感资料,对若尔盖沼泽湿地近20多年来的空间变化进行了遥感动态监测,监测表明若尔盖沼泽湿地正处于萎缩退化的过程之中。     

浅钻技术在若尔盖地区泥炭调查中的应用

泥炭是一种具有多种用途的宝贵自然资源,泥炭中的有机碳储量是研究全球碳库变化及碳循环过程的重要参数。由于泥炭多分布于沼泽中,且泥炭松软含水量大的特性,对于泥炭深度的调查、获取用于测试泥炭原状样品的质量不高,导致泥炭碳储量评价仍存在不确定性和偏差。笔者等在典型泥炭形成地若尔盖沼泽湿地地区,开展了浅钻泥炭调查取样工作,通过在泥炭斑块边缘及中心两种不同沼泽湿地地层开展的试验,验证了轻便钻机在难进入的沼泽湿地的适应性,配套的振动冲击工艺可高质量的获得无扰动的泥炭样品,同时查明了泥炭层的厚度。通过试验初步探索了采用轻便钻机配套振动冲击钻进工艺进行泥炭调查取样的有效性。浅层取样钻探作为泥炭调查取样的一种直接有效的技术手段,可以有效地提高泥炭调查效率和精度,为准确评价泥炭储量数据提供可靠的钻探技术服务支撑。     

浅钻技术在若尔盖地区泥炭调查中的应用

泥炭是一种具有多种用途的宝贵自然资源,泥炭中的有机碳储量是研究全球碳库变化及碳循环过程的重要参数。由于泥炭多分布于沼泽中,且泥炭松软含水量大的特性,对于泥炭深度的调查、获取用于测试泥炭原状样品的质量不高,导致泥炭碳储量评价仍存在不确定性和偏差。笔者等在典型泥炭形成地若尔盖沼泽湿地地区,开展了浅钻泥炭调查取样工作,通过在泥炭斑块边缘及中心两种不同沼泽湿地地层开展的试验,验证了轻便钻机在难进入的沼泽湿地的适应性,配套的振动冲击工艺可高质量的获得无扰动的泥炭样品,同时查明了泥炭层的厚度。通过试验初步探索了采用轻便钻机配套振动冲击钻进工艺进行泥炭调查取样的有效性。浅层取样钻探作为泥炭调查取样的一种直接有效的技术手段,可以有效地提高泥炭调查效率和精度,为准确评价泥炭储量数据提供可靠的钻探技术服务支撑。     

Water budget management of a coastal pine forest in a Mediterranean catchment (Marina Romea, Ravenna, Italy)

In Mediterranean coastal catchments, water management for preservation of pine forests and other natural areas faces particular challenges. Limited rainfall, water consumption by vegetation as well as subsidence, drainage and salt water intrusion all play an important role. Traditionally forest and water management are carried out independent of one another and do not consider water budget calculations. We show with this study that is very important to have quantitative information of all the components of the water budget as well as the size of the fresh water lenses in the aquifer to be able to integrate the water- and forest management. We use an integrated hydrologic-ecologic methodology based on easily attainable data to assess the monthly water budget of a coastal catchment, Marina Romea (Ravenna, Italy). We present detailed monthly water table records, rainfall data, drainage data, tree density and tree perimeter and use published sap flow measurements of single pine trees (Pinus Pinea) to quantify the actual transpiration of single pine trees in different periods of the year. Transpiration amounts to 10–30 l per day per tree. These values are confirmed by independent estimates of tree transpiration based on our water budget calculations: 9–34 l/tree/day. Because typically there are so many trees in planted pine forests, the total transpiration rates over the whole watershed take up a large percentage (up to 200 %) of the precipitation. In Marina Romea, four monitoring periods out of twelve, the tree transpiration is larger than precipitation. In nine monitoring periods, drainage in the watershed is larger than precipitation or tree water transpiration. The measurements and calculations show that not much freshwater is left to recharge the fresh water lens underneath Marina Romea. Monthly monitoring of groundwater table elevation and salinity in the pine forest of Marina Romea from March 2007 to February 2008 shows that the groundwater table strongly fluctuates and groundwater salinity is constantly very high (up to 17.7 g/l). Analytical calculations based on the Ghyben Herzberg Dupuit principle suggest that even a small continuous annual recharge of 15 mm could form a 2-m deep freshwater lens in the unconfined aquifer. This freshwater lens is not present in the study area and this is due to the fact that tree water transpiration and drainage take out most of the fresh water coming into the watershed. In catchments like Marina Romea, water consumption by the (natural) vegetation and seasonal differences as well as the fact that fresh water lenses are limited in salty surroundings should be taken into account in water and forest management.     

冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理

为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义.     

Groundwater recharge study based on hydrological data and hydrological modelling in a South American volcanic aquifer

In humid subtropical regions, baseflow is mainly governed by aquifer discharges and this dynamic is fed by groundwater recharge. To better comprehend the watershed groundwater recharge using a large-scale approach, two watersheds located over the Serra Geral Aquifer System (Southern South America) were studied. Three different groundwater recharge methods were utilized to study the baseflow: a simplified water budget, a hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt filter with different ways of obtaining the BFI_max parameter, and the MGB–IPH hydrological model, which is unprecedented in being used for this purpose. These methods showed a general mutual convergence, where recharge magnitude remained similar in most methods. The MGB–IPH model proved to be a useful tool for understanding the occurrence of groundwater recharge. Uncertainties associated with the representativity of interflow demonstrated by hydrograph separation and shown in the model may indicate that the groundwater recharge estimate could be lower than those obtained considering hydrograph numerical filters.     

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs (e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and 18O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.     

Rapid development of an unusual peat-accumulating ecosystem in the Chilean Altiplano

Stratigraphic relationships, radiocarbon dating, sediment and peat characteristics, and rates of peat and carbon accumulation from a soligenous peatland, or “bofedal,” in the Chilean Altiplano shows the peatland to be unusually young, dynamic, and sensitive to environmental changes. The site lies in the National Park Nevado de Tres Cruces in the puna desert grassland at an elevation of 4300 m a.s.l. Eight peat cores were extracted from a 1.75-km transect yielding a maximum of 3.6 m of organic sediment. Organic matter began to accumulate 1700-1100 cal yr B.P. under a progressively arid local climate, after a period when regional climate is believed to have been more humid than at present. Areas of greater relief and better drainage in the valley bottom eventually fostered the growth of a riparian cushion plant community after water flowing down the valley began to diminish. This led to rapid lateral expansion of the riparian peatland communities over open water in topographic depressions at a rate heretofore unprecedented in the peatland literature. It appears that development of the peatland has been encouraged by autoregulation of internal hydrology. The drainage impediment created by organic mass accumulation in lower-relief areas probably reduced the amount of water arriving at the lower reaches of the peatland. These areas have become progressively drier and have since died and oxidized. Through endogenous peat accumulation and a concomitant drainage impediment, the ecosystem has been migrating upstream over the past 50 years.     

GIS based groundwater modeling study to assess the effect of artificial recharge: A case study from Kodaganar river basin,Dindigul district,Tamil Nadu

Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishable natural resource. The numerical modeling techniques serve as a tool to assess the effect of artificial recharge from the water conservation structures and its response with the aquifers under different recharge conditions. The objective of the present study is to identify the suitable sites for artificial recharge structures to augment groundwater resources and assess its performance through the integrated approach of Geographic Information System (GIS) and numerical groundwater modeling techniques using MODFLOW software for the watershed located in the Kodaganar river basin, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu. Thematic layers such as geology, geomorphology, soil, runoff, land use and slope were integrated to prepare the groundwater prospect and recharge site map. These potential zones were categorized as good (23%), moderate (54%), and poor (23%) zones with respect to the assigned weightage of different thematic layers. The major artificial recharge structures like percolation ponds and check dams were recommended based on the drainage morphology in the watershed. Finally, a threelayer groundwater flow model was developed. The model was calibrated in two stages, which involved steady and transient state condition. The transient calibration was carried out for the time period from January 1989 to December 2008. The groundwater model was validated after model calibration. The prediction scenario was carried out after the transient calibration for the time period of year up to 2013. The results show that there is 15 to 38% increase in groundwater quantity due to artificial recharge. The present study is useful to assess the effect of artificial recharge from the proposed artificial structures by integrating GIS and groundwater model together to arrive at reasonable results.     

矿坑排水与岩溶地面塌陷的关系

浙江省某岩溶矿区南部洼地先后发生6处地面塌陷,引发了当地居民的恐慌。矿区排水是唯一地下水开采活动,为分析塌陷区与矿区之间的水力联系,遂在研究区全面布置地下水监测系统。通过对比分析观测水位、矿坑排水量及当地降雨量数据,探讨地面塌陷与矿区排水之间的关系及其潜在成因。研究表明,研究区岩溶地下水动态变化整体保持一致,受降雨、矿坑排水等综合因素影响。北部矿区和南部洼地存在岩溶连通管道,两者在雨季水力联系微弱、旱季水力联系密切。经长期径流潜蚀作用,〖JP2〗导致区内地面塌陷区灰岩顶板岩溶发育处上覆土层出现土洞,当矿区排水量急剧增大时,南部洼地岩溶水位大幅度下降,使得土洞中出现负压、上覆土层所受浮托力降低、孔隙水与岩溶水补排关系改变,在多种效应共同作用下,土洞最终形成地面塌陷。      

疏干开采条件下晋祠岩溶水系统的水箱模型

根据晋祠岩溶水系统的水均衡要素,建立晋祠岩溶水系统水箱模型及水均衡方程。使用晋祠岩溶水系统的补给量、排泄量和岩溶水位等数据建立晋祠岩溶水贮量的亏缺量与岩溶水位间的关系,采用非线性回归分析建立泉流量与岩溶水位的关系,并利用这两个关系替换水均衡方程中的未知量,从而求解所建水箱模型。通过1981至2006年的岩溶水位、亏缺量、泉流量数据检验所建模型,并以绝对误差的绝对值及线性相关系数评价模型的模拟效果。结果表明岩溶水位、亏缺量、泉流量模拟结果的误差均小于0.5,多数误差值小于0.01,线性相关系数均大于0.7,说明所建模型能够较准确地在以年为单位的时间尺度上模拟泉流量、岩溶水位和亏缺量的变化。该模型考虑了人工补给量、管井开采量及煤矿排水量等人为因素,可用于宏观的地下水资源保护及管理。      

Responses of groundwater system to water development in northern China

The increased demands on water resources in northern China have had a significant impact on groundwater systems in the last three to four decades, including reductions in groundwater recharge capacity and overall water quality. These changes limit the potential for groundwater uses in this area. This paper discusses the issues surrounding groundwater system use in the eight basins of northern China as water resources have been developed. The results demonstrate that the recharge zone has shifted from the piedmont to the agricultural area, and that the total recharge rate in the basins tended to decrease. This decrease in arid inland basins was mainly caused by both the excessive use of water in the watershed area and irrigated channel anti-seepage. In semi-arid basins, the decrease observed in the groundwater recharge rate is related to an overall reduction in precipitation and increasing river impoundment. In addition, intensive exploitation of groundwater resources has resulted in disturbances to the groundwater flow regime in arid and semi-arid inland basins. Arid inland basins demonstrated fast falling groundwater levels in the piedmont plains resulting in declines of spring flow rates and movement of spring sites to lower locations. In the semi-arid basins, i.e. the North China Plain and the Song-nen Plain, groundwater depression cones developed and intersected regional groundwater flow. The semi-arid basins of the North China Plain and the Song-nen Plain have experienced significant hydrochemical evolution of groundwater characterized by changing water type including increase of TDS and pollutants.     

Characterization of the shallow groundwater system in an alpine watershed: Handcart Gulch,Colorado, USA

Water-table elevation measurements and aquifer parameter estimates are rare in alpine settings because few wells exist in these environments. Alpine groundwater systems may be a primary source of recharge to regional groundwater flow systems. Handcart Gulch is an alpine watershed in Colorado, USA comprised of highly fractured Proterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks with wells completed to various depths. Primary study objectives include determining hydrologic properties of shallow bedrock and surficial materials, developing a watershed water budget, and testing the consistency of measured hydrologic properties and water budget by constructing a simple model incorporating groundwater and surface water for water year 2005. Water enters the study area as precipitation and exits as discharge in the trunk stream or potential recharge for the deeper aquifer. Surficial infiltration rates ranged from 0.1–6.2×10^?5 m/s. Discharge was estimated at 1.28×10^?3 km³. Numerical modeling analysis of single-well aquifer tests predicted lower specific storage in crystalline bedrock than in ferricrete and colluvial material (6.7×10^?5–2.0×10^?3 l/m). Hydraulic conductivity in crystalline bedrock was significantly lower than in colluvial and alluvial material (4.3×10^?9–2.0×10^?4 m/s). Water budget results suggest that during normal precipitation and temperatures water is available to recharge the deeper groundwater flow system.