关于有限单元法结点水头反常的分析讨论

引言众所周知,用有限单元法模拟抽水井时,有时在某些结点上会出现负降深,即在抽水的条件下,水头非但不下降反而有上升的现象。这种现象与实际情况相矛盾,我们称之为反常现象。根据以往的文献,反常水头还有以下几个特点:主要发生在抽水井邻近的     

非承压含水层定水头抽水两区井流数值模型研究

为了揭示在非承压含水层中定水头抽水试验引起的达西-非达西两区流动机理,提出基于有限差分法的地下水定水头抽水井流数值模型。该模型根据抽水的流态特征将含水层分为2个区域：靠近抽水井的有限非达西渗流区域和远离抽水井的半无限达西渗流区域,其中非达西流区域流态的模拟基于Izbash方程实现。通过与COMSOL Multiphysics的有限元数值解进行比较,验证了所提出数值解的可靠性。最后,研究有限非达西流效应对水头和抽水井抽水速率的影响以及井内水头对抽水井抽水速率的影响。研究表明：在抽水试验中非达西区域的影响不可忽略,湍流会分别导致两区流中水头较纯非达西流和纯达西流的水头偏大和偏小,且随抽水时间的增加逐渐变大;通过减小抽水井井内水头或增大非达西系数可提高抽水速率,但该影响会随抽水时间的增加而逐渐减弱;断面流量随径向距离的增大而不断减小,断面流量与径向距离曲线下降速率不断减小,且在转换界面处会出现转折点。该模型为定量研究在非达西流和达西流耦合作用下抽水井附近的井流水头特征提供了一种简洁的方法,并为调查定水头抽水测试期间的抽水速率提供理论依据。     

无压渗流分析的复合单元法

针对无压渗流问题,在传导矩阵调整法的基础上,对穿越自由面的单元用复合单元来处理,每个复合单元具有两套结点水头,一套用于饱和区的水头插值;另一套则用于无水区。通过变分原理,推出了控制方程并在程序中实现。应用复合单元法可以较好地解决自由面的插值问题,消除了穿过自由面单元的水上部分对自由面附近结点水头的贡献,同时对逸出面边界条件的处理也更加方便和准确。算例表明了该方法的有效性。     

抽水试验中不同位置自动水位计响应数据应用分析

抽水试验中,动水位数据采集记录及处理分析对水文地质参数计算具有重要意义。近年来自动水位计被广泛用于抽水试验,通过传感器压强水头变化值获取水位降深。因井管内水流动会产生水头损失,自动水位计安放位置不同会导致获取的井水位降深不同,不同于传统方法测得的井水面降深,对水文地质参数计算将产生一定影响,因此如何合理放置自动水位计以及在参数计算中如何应用其获取的水位降深都亟待开展试验研究。在黑河流域第四系大厚度含水层地区,选择典型单层试验孔和利用分层封隔技术实现的一孔同径多层抽水孔开展试验研究,在动水位以下抽水试验层段上部、中部、下部以及潜水泵上部和下部分别放置自动水位计进行了系统的数据采集分析。结果表明:抽水试验中因井管内水流沿程水头损失及速度水头差异导致不同位置自动水位计获得压强水头变化值不同,本次试验实测到井筒内不同部位井损值;井损值在潜水泵进水口处最大,随距潜水泵距离的增大而减小,为避开井筒内较大水头损失对参数计算的影响,自动水位计宜优选安放在潜水泵上部接近动水位位置;在单孔抽水试验中利用稳定流公式计算水文地质参数时,自动水位计获取水位降深含井损不可忽略,需通过多落程抽水试验数据分析扣除后使用。同时,抽水试验中自动水位计不同位置获取数据的处理分析方法为更好地理解井中水头损失提供了依据。     

宜兴抽水蓄能电站试验洞的反分析研究

结合江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站地下厂房试验洞量测资料的分析,研究了成层各向异性岩体中洞室工程问题的反分析方法。采用分层均质模型进行反分析计算。计算区域的各层岩层均被分别视为均质各向同性体,初始地应力假设呈线性分布。有限元分析中,对倾斜成层的岩层、软弱夹层及断层节理等分别划分了单元,据以模拟成层岩体的各向异性特征。为使计算过程简化,对离洞室较远的岩层拟按地质资料对材料特性参数赋值,反分析计算的目标未知数为初始地应力和试验洞相邻围岩的弹性模量。结果表明,与工程实践符合较好。     

一种基坑降水影响半径的有限元计算方法

基坑降水总涌水量的计算是基坑降水方案设计的关键环节,影响半径是基坑降水总涌水量的重要参数。目前工程上通常采用经验公式、经验值及图解法估算影响半径。经验公式仅考虑井中水位降深和渗透系数对影响半径计算的影响,对其他影响因素考虑较少;图解法受测量及绘图误差的影响较大。为此提出了一种基于实域总势能极小原理计算影响半径的有限单元法:当井壁达到控制水位时,将地下水原始稳定水位、降水井水位、控制水位与降水井水位之间的出渗段(水跃区段)以及影响半径分别看作上游边界水头、下游边界水头、逸出边界、渗流场的水平尺寸,求解影响半径便可简化成已知上游边界水头、下游边界水头及逸出边界,求解模型水平尺寸的问题。通过求解工程算例表明,该方法较现场抽水试验结果及经验公式可精确地计算出影响半径。该研究成果可提高基坑降水总涌水量计算的准确性,使基坑降水设计方案更完善,具有潜在的工程应用价值。     

水文地质计算中的有限单元和边界单元交连耦合法

 本文提出的有限单元和边界单元交连耦合法(CFEBEM)可作为地下水流场和水文地质参数正反演计算的有效工具。该方法改进了Liggett(1983)的代入耦合法,通过内边界节点组和交连方程,实现有限单元和边界单元的多区耦合。CFEBEM方法发挥了有限单元和边界单元各自的特长,具有单元区划分灵活、方程组装简便和计算精度高等特点,可有效地解决结构复杂含水层及大型密集抽水条件下的流场计算和水文地质参数反演。在太原岩溶地下水资源评价和合理开发研究中的应用,证明了这种方法的有效性。     

华北东部平原深层抽水井水跃值计算方法及其规律研究

文章分析了目前常用的几种水跃值计算方法的适用性与不足,认为在华北东部平原地下水位变化强烈的漏斗区,这些方法均难以应用。同时提出了C—G法,即一次定流量抽水同步观测抽水井和观测井的水位,合理地解决了区域背景水位对水跃值计算的影响。研究表明,与修正后的多次定流量试验法——两次定流量抽水法相比,C—G法计算结果可靠。然后探讨了如何间接获取抽水期间抽水层区域背景水位动态资料的方法,校正背景水位波动对抽水水位的影响,采用自动水位计(DIVER)同步监测井中大气压对地下水位的影响。最后分析水跃值随时间和抽水井水位降深的变化规律。     

流量的数值计算法

应用有限单元法、有限差分法可以很方便地求得各种复杂边界条件下不同时刻渗流区内水头的分布情况。由此,联想到如何应用数值法直接用计算机同时计算出这种水头分布情况下,通过某一断面的流量或者流入各类取水建筑物的流量。关于这个问题以往文献中介绍的方法用起来不太方便。      

夹弱透水层的双抽水含水层越流系统数学模型及有限元解法

众所周知,正确的数学模型是资源评价工作正确进行的必要前提,而有关的计算方法则是探讨模型的手段。随着人们对复杂的渗流机理研究和水文地质条件认识的深化及现代数学技术的发展,有关越流理论的探讨逐步获得进展。继M.S.汉土什和O.E.雅各布之后,S.P.纽曼与威瑟斯庞进一步就相邻含水层水头随抽水层开采发生变化且同时考虑弱透水层弹性储量的越流系统给出了数学模型及理论解。在模型中假设含水层为均质且各向同性、平面无限边界以及允许有一个开采含水层的情况。然而广泛存在非均质各向异性、不规则的有限边界和不同类型边界条件以及两个(或更多)开采层的复杂越流系统。     

钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日有限元方法研究

依据模拟钻井船在黏土层中插桩对邻近桩影响的离心模型试验结果,研究了通过耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）有限元计算并结合非线性地基梁有限元计算,分析钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响问题的可行性。CEL有限元方法将产生大变形的土体设为欧拉体,采用欧拉有限元方法计算该区域的变形响应,计算过程中,欧拉体的空间网格形状、大小位置保持不变,物质可在网格之间运动;其他土体设为拉格朗日体,采用拉格朗日有限元方法计算变形响应,计算过程中,物质的运动和网格的变形保持一致。运用罚函数方法实现欧拉体与拉格朗日体的耦合。通过CEL有限元计算,可以确定钻井船插桩导致的邻近桩桩身水平位移。进一步通过非线性地基梁有限元模型计算确定桩身弯矩。计算结果表明,利用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法计算出的桩身位移和弯矩沿桩长的变化与离心模型试验结果基本一致。说明采用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法分析黏土层中插桩对邻近桩的影响问题是可行的。CEL有限元模型中欧拉土体范围的设置对计算结果有明显影响。研究表明,若插桩深度小于0.75倍桩靴直径,可将欧拉土体范围设置成1.00～1.25倍桩靴直径;若插桩深度大于0.75倍桩靴直径,将欧拉土体范围取为插桩深度以下0.5倍桩靴直径是恰当的。     

求解非稳定对流占优水质模型的非标准Galerkin有限元法

在求解非稳定地下水溶质运移模型时,若对流项占优,则模型表现出双曲方程的特性。针对这种特性,采用非标准Galerkin有限元方法进行求解是解决这类问题的有效途径。分别采用Wavelet-Galer-kin有限元方法、迎风有限元方法和特征有限元方法对强对流溶质运移模型进行了求解,并将其结果与标准Galerkin有限元和解析解进行对比。结果表明:标准Galerkin有限元方法会产生强烈的数值振荡;Wavelet-Galerkin有限元方法的时空定位效果好;迎风有限元方法能够有效降低数值振荡现象,但迎风因子对解的影响较大,而且会带来时间延迟;特征有限元方法能够提高解的精度,故可以认为特征有限元方法是求解强对流地下水溶质运移模型的首选方法。     

湖南柿竹园野鸡尾尾矿库渗流与稳定性有限元分析

本文以柿竹园野鸡尾尾矿库为依托,采用有限元方法对其渗流及稳定性进行分析。利用热流与地下水渗流有限元实现环境的相似性,模拟尾矿库的渗流场并进行分析,确定渗流浸润线及水头分布情况;对浸润线上下的土体采用不同的容重,并考虑有效应力参数,建立有限元静力分析模型,并分别从应力、滑移面、塑性区等方面对尾矿库的静力稳定性做了简要分析,同时研究探讨库区水位变化对尾矿库稳定性的影响。结果表明:在给定的计算条件下,野鸡尾尾矿库在渗流下的稳定性良好,具有较高的安全储备,库区水位变化对于该尾矿库稳定性的影响并不大。     

Heat transport by groundwater flow during the Baikal rift evolution

A two-dimensional modelling study of sedimentation, fluid flow, and heat flow in the Baikal rift basin undergoing flank uplift and basin subsidence has been performed in order to understand the impact of these processes on the surface heat flow signal. Heat flow anomalies of different scales and magnitudes have been observed at the sediment surface of the lake Baikal basin, and the presence of a hydrothermal vent suggests that fluids play an important role in the regional distribution of heat flow. The BASIN-code applied for this study allows to simulate topographically and compaction-driven hydrodynamical fluid flow and coupled heat transfer.The flank uplift history provides the basis for a regional groundwater circulation towards the central basin area, with predicted Darcy velocities at present-day situation in the basement varying between 1 and 100 cm/year. Within the basin, the presence of aquifers and the pinch-out layering has a major control on the flow field, and compaction-driven flow velocities are strongly altered when combined with topography-driven flow. When velocities in the basement are larger than several centimeters per year, the regional fluid circulation is an effective mechanism of heat redistribution. Heat is brought from the flanks towards the basin area, with largest heat transported at a depth of 1–2 km at both sides. During the flank uplift, heat advection increases, with secondary variation related to the deposition of sedimentary layers. The heat flow is increased over the basin and reduced in the flanks, with a total heat output balance always positive. The extra heat output over the modelled transection is 2–10% of the initial heat output. The maximum computed heat fluxes are smaller than measured in the heat flow anomalies of the lake Baikal basin. Nevertheless, the model suggests that flow in the sedimentary basin combined with a topographically driven heat advection in the surrounding basement is a sufficient mechanism to account for the increased heat flow over the basin and the main features of the heat flow distribution.     

Deforested Mangroves Affect the Potential for Carbon Linkages between Connected Ecosystems

Mangrove forests are important sinks and sources of carbon especially for connections to coral reefs and seagrass beds. However, they are increasing under threat from anthropogenic influences. We investigated correlations between carbon fluxes from the sediment and water column in deforested and intact mangroves. Our findings show that deforestation has a negative effect on sediment organic carbon storage and CO₂ fluxes. However, species richness and density showed a positive correlation with sediment organic carbon storage and CO₂ fluxes. An increased density of saplings showed a positive relationship with dissolved inorganic and organic carbon draining the mangrove forest at high tide. This research offers insights into the importance of the key forest characteristics influencing the storage and fluxes of carbon. Alterations in mangrove carbon stocks and retention may affect connected ecosystems.     

Fully coupled hydraulic fracture simulation using the improved element partition method

The improved element partition method (IEPM) is a newly developed fracture simulation approach. IEPM allows a fracture to run across an element without introducing extra degrees of freedom. It can also simulate any number of fractures in a prescribed mesh without remeshing. In this study, the IEPM is extended to hydraulic fracture simulation. First, the seepage and volumetric storage matrix of a cracked element are derived using virtual nodes (the intersection points of a crack with element edges). Subsequently, the fully coupled hydromechanical equation is derived for this cracked element. To eliminate the extra degrees of freedom (virtual nodal quantities), the water pressure and displacement of the virtual nodes are associated with their adjacent nodes through least squares interpolation. Finally, the fully coupled equation in terms of nodal quantities is obtained. The verification cases validate the method. By using this method, the field-scale hydraulic fracturing process is well simulated. The proposed approach is simple and efficient for field-scale hydraulic fracture simulation.     

颗粒流强度折减法和重力增加法的边坡安全系数研究

将强度折减法和重力增加法的思路引入离散单元法,对土坡安全系数的评价作尝试性研究。运用颗粒流软件,采用强度折减法和重力增加法对边坡进行稳定分析。结果表明颗粒流计算得到的结果与有限元和条分法计算结果比较接近,为计算边坡稳定开辟了一条新的途径。采用颗粒流求解边坡的安全系数不需要条分,也即不需要对条间力做假定,同时不需要假定滑移面的位置和形状,颗粒根据所受到的接触力调整其位置,最终从抗剪强度最弱面发生剪切破坏。最后对强度折减法的不等比例折减提出了不同观点,为今后的研究提供思路。     

Enhanced Benthic Nutrient Flux During Monsoon Periods in a Coastal Lake Formed by Tideland Reclamation

Sediment and water quality were investigated in an artificial coastal lake (Saemangeum Lake, Korea) that was formed by constructing a 33-km long sea-dyke offshore from the mouths of two adjacent rivers, which discharge into the Yellow Sea. Sediment showed drastic increases in fine fraction (silt and clay) after the dyke construction. TN, TP, and OC contents in the sediment showed the similar spatial variation to that of fine fraction. A mixing model indicated benthic fluxes of nutrients such as PO₄, NH₄, and SiO₂, which were considerably elevated during the summer monsoon season. It is revealed that this phenomenon was associated with the development of strong salinity stratification, elevated water temperature, and increased groundwater discharge. However, a change in the sedimentation environment due to dyke construction is suggested as the primary reason for the enhanced benthic fluxes.     

Oscillatory Magma Crystallization by Feedback between the Concentrations of the Reactant Species and Mineral Growth Rates

During crystallization of silicate magmas, silica polymers advectinto the reaction zone carrying other chemical species withthem. If some species forming minerals are more abundant relativeto Si in the liquid than in the minerals, then the species becomemore concentrated in the reaction zone as crystallization progresses.This enrichment may cause mineral growth rates to increase,thereby accelerating the advection of silica and further increasingthe concentrations. This positive feedback may be slowed downby the depletion of other reactant species that have lower concentrationratios to Si in the liquid than in the minerals. A quantitativetransport-reaction model that incorporates these competing effects,mass-action mineral-growth rate laws, and diffusion plus advection,shows that the feedback can cause oscillatory crystallization.The model represents a plausible mechanism for the origin ofrepetitive igneous layering. It predicts the repeated layeringitself, its occasional occurrence in general, its common occurrencein alkaline rocks, and paired layering. Also, it accounts directlyfor a significant property of microrhythmic layering: that theoscillatory modes of two or more minerals are spatially staggered.     

Consolidation analysis of saturated multi‐layered soils with anisotropic permeability caused by a point sink

This paper presents the analytical layer‐element method to analyze the consolidation of saturated multi‐layered soils caused by a point sink by considering the anisotropy of permeability. Starting from the governing equations of the problem, the solutions of displacements and stresses for a single soil layer are obtained in the Laplace–Hankel transformed domain. Then, the analytical layer‐element method is utilized to further derive the solutions for the saturated multi‐layered soils in the transformed domain by combining with the boundary conditions of the soil system and continuity conditions between adjacent layers. The actual solutions in the physical domain can be acquired by the inversion of Laplace–Hankel transform. Numerical results are carried out to show the accuracy and stability of the proposed method and evaluate the influence of sink depth and anisotropic permeability on excess pore pressure and surface settlement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.