Evaluation of on-line pyrolysis two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Py-GC × GC-ToFMS) on whole sediments from a Mediterranean sapropel sequence

Analysis of the molecular composition of the organic matter (OM) from whole sediment samples can avoid analytical bias that might result from isolation of components from the sediment matrix, but has its own analytical challenges. We evaluated the use of GC × GC-ToFMS to analyze the pyrolysis products of six whole sediment samples obtained from above, within and below a 1 million year old OM-rich Mediterranean sapropel layer. We found differences in pyrolysis products <n-C₂₂ between the OM-rich sapropel samples and the OM-poor background marls. The presence of alkyl pyrroles, probably derived from chlorophyll, in pyrolysates of the sapropels but not in those of the marls suggests that higher marine productivity and greater OM preservation accompanied deposition of the sapropels. Detection of tetramethyl benzenes considered to be pyrolysis products of isorenieratene in the sapropel samples is evidence that nitrogen-fixing green sulfur bacteria contributed to the high productivity. Greater abundances of shorter chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, pyrroles, furans and alkyl aromatics in the pyrolysates of sapropel samples relative to the marls confirm better preservation of marine OM in the sapropels. In addition, the presence of greater amounts of thiophenes in the sapropels than in the marls is consistent with the existence of euxinic conditions during sapropel deposition. The combination of whole sediment pyrolysis and GC × GC-ToFMS is promising, but the procedure requires careful selection of its multiple analytical variables, particularly the pyrolysis temperature and the operational features of the GC columns.     

Organic Matter Accumulation in the Upper Permian Dalong Formation from the Lower Yangtze Region, South China

The Late Permian was marked by a series of important geological events and widespread organic-rich black shale depositions, acting as important unconventional hydrocarbon source rocks. However, the mechanism of organic matter (OM) enrichment throughout this period is still controversial. Based on geochemical data, the marine redox conditions, paleogeographic and hydrographic environment, primary productivity, volcanism, and terrigenous input during the Late Permian in the Lower Yangtze region have been studied from the Putaoling section, Chaohu, to provide new insights into OM accumulation. Five Phases are distinguished based on the TOC and environmental variations. In Phase I, anoxic conditions driven by water restriction enhanced OM preservation. In Phase II, euxinic and cycling hydrological environments were the two most substantial controlling factors for the massive OM deposition. During Phase III, intensified terrestrial input potentially diluted the OM in sediment and the presence of oxygen in bottom water weakened the preservation condition. Phase IV was characterized by a relatively higher abundance of mercury (Hg) and TOC (peak at 16.98 wt%), indicating that enhanced volcanism potentially stimulated higher productivity and a euxinic environment. In Phase V, extremely lean OM was preserved as a result of terrestrial dilutions and decreasing primary productivity. Phases I, II and IV are characterized as the most prominent OM-rich zones due to the effective interactions of the controlling factors, namely paleogeographic, hydrographic environment, volcanism, and redox conditions.     

Tectonic and climate control of oil shale deposition in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (Songliao Basin, NE China)

Oil shales were deposited in the Songliao Basin (NE China) during the Upper Cretaceous period, representing excellent hydrocarbon source rocks. High organic matter (OM) contents, a predominance of type-I kerogen, and a low maturity of OM in the oil shales are indicated by bulk geochemical parameters and biomarker data. A major contribution of aquatic organisms and minor inputs from terrigenous land plants to OM input are indicated by n-alkane distribution patterns, composition of steroids, and organic macerals. Strongly reducing bottom water conditions during the deposition of the oil shale sequences are indicated by low pristane/phytane ratios, high C₁₄-aryl-isoprenoid contents, homohopane distribution patterns, and high V/Ni ratios. Enhanced salinity stratification with mesosaline and alkaline bottom waters during deposition of the oil shales are indicated by high gammacerane index values, low MTTC ratios, high β-carotene contents, low TOC/S ratios, and high Sr/Ba ratios. The stratified water column with anoxic conditions in the bottom water enhanced preservation of OM. Moderate input of detrital minerals during the deposition of the oil shale sequences is reflected by titanium concentrations. In this study, environmental conditions in the paleo-lake leading to OM accumulation in the sediments are related to sequence stratigraphy governed by climate and tectonics. The first Member of the Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn₁) in the Songliao Basin, containing the oil shale sequence, encompasses a third-order sequence that can be divided into three system tracts (transgressive system tract—TST, highstand system tract—HST, and regressive system tract—RST). Enrichment of OM changed from low values during TST-I to high-moderate values during TST-II/III and HST-I/II. Low OM enrichment occurs during RST-I and RST-II. Therefore, the highest enrichment of OM in the sediments is related to stages of mid-late TST and early HST.     

松辽盆地嫩江组油页岩发育控制因素

松辽盆地嫩江组一段和二段发育的油页岩是极其优质烃源岩, 生物标志化合物参数指示油页岩母质生源主要来自于水生生物其繁盛受温湿气候和湖泊富营养化控制.岩石学、元素地球化学、生物标志化合物等参数表明, 高盐和缺氧条件下的稳定水体分层是嫩一段油页岩沉积时期有机质保存的主控因素, 而嫩二段油页岩沉积时期水体盐度分层明显减弱, 此时藻类个体增大和孤立藻数量增多条件下的高生物生产力有利于有机质富集.为揭示嫩江组不同沉积环境下油页岩发育的控制因素, 建立了嫩一段油页岩沉积时期保存条件控制和嫩二段油页岩沉积时期生物生产力控制的两种有机质富集模式, 这对含氧淡水大型陆相湖泊的有机质富集成因探讨具有重要借鉴意义.      

Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidized marine sediments (Madeira Abyssal Plain)

In ocean margin sediments both marine and terrestrial organic matter (OM) are buried but the factors governing their relative preservation and degradation are not well understood. In this study, we analysed the degree of preservation of marine isoprenoidal and soil-derived branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) upon long-term oxygen exposure in OM-rich turbidites from the Madeira Abyssal Plain by analyzing GDGT concentrations across oxidation fronts. Relative to the anoxic part of the turbidites ca. 7-20% of the soil-derived branched GDGTs were preserved in the oxidized part while only 0.2-3% of the marine isoprenoid GDGT crenarchaeol was preserved. Due to these different preservation factors the Branched Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index, a ratio between crenarchaeol and the major branched GDGTs that is used as a tracer for soil-derived organic matter, substantially increases from 0.02 to 0.4. Split Flow Thin Cell (SPLITT) separation of turbidite sediments showed that the enhanced preservation of soil-derived carbon was a general phenomenon across the fine particle size ranges (<38 μm). Calculations reveal that, despite their relatively similar chemical structures, degradation rates of crenarchaeol are 2-fold higher than those of soil-derived branched GDGTs, suggesting preferential soil OM preservation possibly due to matrix protection.     

Constraining Sources of Organic Matter to Tropical Coastal Sediments: Consideration of Nontraditional End-members

Molar organic carbon to total nitrogen to organic phosphorus (OC:TN:OP) ratios are used in tandem with carbon isotopic values to constrain sources of organic matter (OM) to marine sediments in a tropical coastal embayment. Analysis of end-members specific to the study site indicates that the bulk OM pool cannot be modeled as a simple mixture of two end-members (terrestrial vs. marine OM), but rather reflects a more complex, multicomponent mixture. Mangrove, coral reef ecosystems, and bacterial biomass contribute OM to tropical coastal marine sediments that is compositionally distinct from traditional marine and terrestrial end-members and thus preclude the application of a classical two end-member mixing model of the sort that has been used traditionally in sediments from temperate environments. A survey of elemental ratios and carbon isotopic values of potential OM end-members reported in the literature, as well as depth profiles before and after whole-core incubation experiments conducted as part of this study, were used to evaluate the strength of OC:TN versus OC:OP ratios as OM source indices. Our study suggests that OC:TN ratios are a weaker indicator of OM source than OC:OP ratios, because: (1) the more restricted dynamic range of OC:TN ratios prevents clear distinction of terrestrial-from marine-derived OM, and (2) post-depositional changes in OC:TN ratios occur during diagenesis, obscuring the source signature of initially deposited OM. The fidelity of OM indices during early diagenesis underscores the importance of quantifying OP in sediments to assess sedimentary OM source.     

微生物降解蒙脱石层间吸附有机质的实验研究

近年来,国内外学者意识到,有机质在蒙脱石结构层间的吸附是有机质保存的重要机理之一,然而,目前关于微生物能否降解蒙脱石层间吸附有机质以及降解的程度等尚没有任何实验数据的支撑。本文试图通过人工合成含有层间吸附有机质的蒙脱石,利用海洋和湖泊沉积物中常见的降解有机质的微生物对其进行降解实验,据此探讨有机质的蒙脱石层间吸附在沉积物埋藏过程中对有机质保存的贡献。有机质选择半胱氨酸和甲苯,前者是生物生长所需的一种重要氨基酸,后者大量存在于土壤和沉积物中,多种细菌可以在有碳氢化合物的环境下将其降解。实验菌种选择恶臭假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas putida)和腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens CN32)2种细菌,它们均为海洋和湖泊沉积物中的主导微生物,前者有较强的有机质降解能力,后者为铁的还原菌,厌氧代谢过程中能将蒙脱石结构中的Fe(III)还原为Fe(II)。通过上述不同菌种对蒙脱石层间吸附不同性质有机质的降解实验,结果显示,微生物对蒙脱石层间吸附的有机质的降解方式主要有分泌有机酸直接降解和破坏层间结构释放有机物从而进行降解。代表菌种假单胞菌和希瓦氏菌对半胱氨酸绿脱石及甲苯绿脱石的作用表明,微生物通过分泌有机酸的形式对蒙脱石层间吸附的有机质降解作用很有限,该结构在恒定的有氧和无氧条件下对保存有机质有利;希瓦氏菌在严格无氧条件下通过还原Fe(III)进行代谢,实验表明,无氧条件下,希瓦氏菌可以一定程度破坏矿物结构,释放并消耗有机物,因此,铁还原微生物对蒙脱石层间吸附有机质的保存有一定的影响,但由于微生物对矿物晶体结构的破坏能力有限,故其对层间吸附有机质降解的能力也有限;不同有机物对生物降解过程也有影响,这些影响取决于有机质的特性及有机质与细菌之间的相互作用。绿脱石层间吸附的半胱氨酸对生物生长有利,从而可能促进生物还原Fe(III)作用。相反,甲苯却很明显的抑制了Fe(III)的还原。由此可见,有机质的蒙脱石层间吸附是有机质保存的重要方式之一。     

中国海域表层沉积物分布规律及沉积分异模式

中国海域拥有宽广的大陆架，同时还有陆坡和深海盆，有众多河流入海并输入巨量的陆源物质，沉积物记录了海陆变迁、环流变化、海平面升降、物质输送和气候变化等环境信息。沉积物的粒度特征可以反映沉积动力、物质来源和搬运距离等，可以通过沉积物粒度组成、参数及各种图解来研究沉积环境的变化。前人对中国海域表层沉积物的粒度分布特征展开了大量的研究，取得了丰富的研究成果，但这些研究多集中在某一海域或区域，缺乏对整个中国海域的表层沉积物类型的宏观系统认识。本文基于中国地质调查局“1：100万海洋区域地质调查项目”获取了中国海域4300个海底表层沉积物样品，通过沉积物粒度分析，结合前人已发表资料，对中国海域表层沉积物的沉积类型特征、物质来源和运移模式等开展了系统的研究。本文把浅海和半深海沉积物按照含砾石和不含砾石主要划分出5个和7个沉积物类型，深海沉积物主要划分了9个沉积类型，研究结果表明：中国海域表层沉积物沉积类型多样、来源复杂，主要受控于物质来源、水动力条件和地形地貌的变化，在东部海域总体呈现“大江大河-宽缓陆架-残留慢速沉积”的条带状沉积分异模式，而在南部海域呈现的是“短源性河流-多类型陆架-重力流快速沉积”的环带状沉积分异模式。本文的结果对研究中国海域沉积物的宏观分布规律提供了基础资料，对理解海洋沉积动力过程具有重要意义，同时沉积物粒度的特征对海底砂矿分布也具有指示意义。     

Bacteriohopanepolyol biomarker composition of organic matter exported to the Arctic Ocean by seven of the major Arctic rivers

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are a diverse group of membrane lipids produced by a wide variety of bacteria and can be used as molecular biomarkers for bacterial processes and populations in both modern and ancient environments. A group of BHPs, including adenosylhopane and structurally related compounds, have been identified as being specific to soils, enabling the transport of terrestrial organic matter (terrOM) to the marine realm to be monitored. Estuary surface sediment samples were obtained from the five Great Russian Arctic Rivers (GRARs; Ob, Yenisey, Lena, Indigirka and Kolyma) and river sediments were obtained from two North American Rivers (Yukon and Mackenzie). Analysis of the BHP signatures, using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MSⁿ), indicated the presence of 15 different BHPs originating from a variety of different bacteria, as well as a significant presence of terrestrially derived OM. Total BHP abundance and the contribution of the “soil-marker” BHPs to the total BHP pool increased eastwards among the GRAR sediments. This suggests increasing terrestrial OM or increased preservation of OM as a result of shorter periods of permafrost thawing. The North American rivers showed greatly differing BHP levels between the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers, with a greater BHP input and thus a relatively higher soil OM contribution from the Yukon. The Indigirka River basin in the eastern Siberian Arctic appeared to be the epicentre in the pan-Arctic BHP distribution trend, with the highest “soil-marker” BHPs but the lowest tetrafunctionalised BHPs. Aminobacteriohopanepentol, an indicator of aerobic methane oxidation, was observed in all the sediments, with the source being either the marine environment or methane producing terrestrial environments.     

东海盆地长江坳陷美人峰组烃源岩沉积环境与生烃潜力评价

利用东海盆地长江坳陷古新统美人峰组烃源岩的元素、热解、干酪根δ13C、镜质体反射率、岩石薄片、X射线衍射等资料,对长江坳陷美人峰组不同层段烃源岩进行沉积环境分析及生烃潜力评价。研究结果表明:美人峰组烃源岩的沉积环境整体表现为温暖潮湿的弱氧化淡水环境,古盐度和古气候是控制美人峰组烃源岩发育的主要环境因素。美人峰组第一段和第二段沉积时期,气候温暖潮湿,有大量陆源有机质输入,水体盐度相对较高,有机质保存条件较好,有机质丰度高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,含少量II型,有机质已进入低成熟—成熟演化阶段,是美人峰组最具生烃潜力的层段;第三段和第四段沉积时期,气候相对干热,陆源碎屑及有机质输入少于第一段和第二段,水体盐度较低,不利于有机质保存,有机质丰度较低,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,有机质以低成熟演化阶段为主,生烃潜力不大;第五段和第六段沉积时期,气候恢复为温湿状态,有机质丰度较第三段和第四段高,有机质类型为Ⅲ型,但有机质热演化程度低,处于未熟状态,为无效烃源岩。随着埋深增加,美人峰组烃源岩的有机质成熟度变高,具有更大的生烃潜力。     

应用TIMA分析技术研究Alum页岩有机质和黄铁矿粒度分布及沉积环境特征

Alum页岩(中寒武—早奥陶世)是北欧一套重要的海相烃源岩,其成熟度跨度从为成熟-过成熟度阶段。由于我国下古生界海相烃源岩均已过成熟,未成熟-低成熟度的Alum页岩是研究下古海相的烃源岩生烃潜力特征的重要参照样品。因此,对这套成熟度较低的Alum页岩的生物组成特征、矿物组成及其沉积环境的分析,可为后续国内外下古生界海相烃源岩的对比研究奠定基础。本文以欧洲上寒武统富含有机质Alum页岩为主要研究对象,在有机碳含量(TOC)和有机岩石学观察的基础上,应用综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)进行扫描,通过细化样品扫描参数,获得了页岩矿物组成、含量及粒度分布。Alum页岩有机质成熟度较低(固体沥青反射率为0.30),TOC含量在11.16%~12.24%之间。有机质主要为浮游藻类降解形成的层状藻类体、底栖藻类来源的海相镜状体和裂缝中充填的固体沥青。TIMA扫描获得的有机质相对质量百分含量为9.79%~10.64%,略低于碳硫分析仪测定的TOC含量;黄铁矿含量为4.17%~4.49%。TIMA扫描获得的有机质与黄铁矿比值与化学法的C/S比值相近,均分布在2.18~2.55范围。粒径分布特征上,有机质粒径主要分布在0.9~27.0μm之间(80%以上颗粒分布在1.2~5.5μm);草莓状黄铁矿粒径分布在0.9~17.0μm之间(小于0.5μm的颗粒占78%以上),反映了缺氧甚至硫化的环境。综合C/S比、有机岩石学与TIMA黄铁矿粒度分布特征,认为该页岩形成于闭塞封闭甚至硫化的沉积水体体系。该研究为油气地质领域的烃源岩(包括页岩)的研究提供了一种新的技术支持。     

中国西部陆内前陆盆地沉积特征与层序格架

中国西部陆内前陆盆地发育于造山带与克拉通之间,是板块碰撞后陆内远程效应引起冲断作用所形成的一种盆地。它与国外典型前陆盆地有一定的差异,不存在被动陆缘所形成的海相生油岩系及海相磨拉石建造。陆内前陆盆地同样富集油气,近年来广泛地受到石油地质界的关注。文章从多个方面研究分析了陆内前陆盆地与典型前陆盆地的差异性,认为其主要沉积特点是冲断作用期粗粒沉积物的叠加可形成连续的裙边状沉积体;冲断作用松懈期发育的煤系地层及泥质岩可形成良好的烃源岩;沉降中心的不断迁移与沉降中心和沉积中心的偏移现象普遍。根据沉积物叠加样式将陆内前陆盆地分为前展型、上叠型和后退型三类,并建立了相应的沉积层序格架。最后据不同类型的盆地分析了其油气生成、储集和保存条件,这将有利于根据不同的样式针对性地进行油气勘探,从而提高勘探效率。     

Petroleum geochemistry of the Potwar Basin, Pakistan: 1. Oil-oil correlation using biomarkers, δC and δD

Geochemical characterisation of 18 crude oils from the Potwar Basin (Upper Indus), Pakistan is carried out in this study. Their relative thermal maturities, environment of deposition, source of organic matter (OM) and the extent of biodegradation based on the hydrocarbon (HC) distributions are investigated. A detailed oil-oil correlation of the area is established. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and bulk stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of saturated and aromatic HC fractions reveals three compositional groups of oils. Most of the oils from the basin are typically generated from shallow marine source rocks. However, group A contains terrigenous OM deposited under highly oxic/fluvio-deltaic conditions reflected by high pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph), C₃₀ diahopane/C₂₉Ts, diahopane/hopane and diasterane/sterane ratios and low dibenzothiophene (DBT)/phenanthrene (P) ratios. The abundance of C₁₉-tricyclic and C₂₄-tetracyclic terpanes are consistent with a predominant terrigenous OM source for group A. Saturated HC biomarker parameters from the rest of the oils show a predominant marine origin, however groups B and C are clearly separated by bulk δ¹³C and δD and the distributions of the saturated HC fractions supporting variations in source and environment of deposition of their respective source rocks. Moreover, various saturated HC biomarker ratios such as steranes/hopanes, diasteranes/steranes, C₂₃-tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane, C₂₈-tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane, total tricyclic terpanes/hopanes and C₃₁(R + S)/C₃₀ hopane show that two different groups are present. These biomarker ratios show that group B oils are generated from clastic-rich source rocks deposited under more suboxic depositional environments compared to group C oils. Group C oils show a relatively higher input of algal mixed with terrigenous OM, supported by the abundance of extended tricyclic terpanes (up to C₄₁₊) and steranes.Biomarker thermal maturity parameters mostly reached to their equilibrium values indicating that the source rocks for Potwar Basin oils must have reached the early to peak oil generation window, while aromatic HC parameters suggest up to late oil window thermal maturity. The extent of biodegradation of the Potwar Basin oils is determined using various saturated HC parameters and variations in bulk properties such as API gravity. Groups A and C oils are not biodegraded and show mature HC profiles, while some of the oils from group B show minor levels of biodegradation consistent with high Pr/n-C₁₇, Ph/n-C₁₈ and low API gravities.     

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle−Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C_(15)–n C_(19)), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ～1, regular steranes with C_(29) C_(27) C_(28), gammacerane/C_(30) hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δD_(org) of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks; the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks; and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.     

应用岩石热解数据S2-TOC相关图进行烃源岩评价

应用岩石热解数据评价烃源岩的传统方法具有一定的局限性。由于矿物基质的吸附或“死碳”的影响,有机质类型的“范氏图解”往往夸大烃源岩有机质类型的非均质性。对松辽盆地上白垩统不同有机质丰度和有机质类型的烃源岩生烃动力学研究表明,它们具有相似的生烃动力学特征,说明尽管有机质丰度存在较强的非均质性,但其有效源岩类型（区别于应用范氏图划分的有机质类型）是一致的。这些烃源岩的岩石裂解烃（S2）与有机质丰度（TOC）的相关系数很高,与生烃动力学的分析结果一致,表明应用S2-TOC相关图划分烃源岩的有机质类型可以更真实地反映烃源岩的有效源岩类型,S2-TOC相关图是评价烃源岩有效源岩类型的有效手段。过去岩石热解数据用于反映烃源岩成熟度的主要指标是tmax,tmax对于偏Ⅱ／Ⅲ型的烃源岩比较适用,而对于Ⅰ型烃源岩,由于生油窗内变化不明显,tmax不能完全反映有机质的成熟过程;而且tmax也受运移油等其他因素影响。不同成熟度的烃源岩的S2-TOC图分析结果显示,随着成熟度的增加,S2-TOC的回归斜率和TOC逐渐减小;利用不同成熟度的烃源岩建立的S2-TOC图可用于评价烃源岩的成熟度。松辽盆地不同沉积相中烃源岩的S2-TOC相关图的特征表明。只要有有利的有机质保存条件,各沉积相下均可发育优质的烃源岩;S2-TOC相关图可以反映烃源岩形成的沉积环境和有机质保存条件。     

阿姆河盆地侏罗系海相烃源岩地化特征及与中国海相烃源岩比较

阿姆河盆地上侏罗统海相烃源岩是一套公认的成熟烃源岩,其成熟度与中国古生界高-过成熟度海相烃源岩不同,通过对阿姆河右岸地区上侏罗统岩石样品的地球化学分析及与中国塔里木和华北、四川、吐哈、渤海湾等盆地类似烃源岩的比对,研究了阿姆河盆地成熟海相烃源岩地化特征,建立了有机质丰度与类型的评价标准与图版。结果表明:阿姆河盆地侏罗系存在灰岩和泥岩两类海相烃源岩,灰岩有机质丰度略高于塔里木盆地古生界和华北地台中上元古界灰岩,与四川盆地二叠系灰岩接近,泥岩有机质丰度与吐哈盆地侏罗系煤系泥岩相当,成倍好于塔里木盆地、华北地台海相泥岩;海相泥岩属于Ⅰ₂~Ⅱ型烃源岩,海相灰岩属于Ⅲ~Ⅱ型烃源岩,综合分析认为:1）阿姆河盆地上侏罗统灰岩好烃源岩有机碳含量标准为0.5%,泥岩好烃源岩有机碳含量标准为3%;2）以低等生物为主的海相碳酸盐岩或泥岩,其可溶有机质氯仿沥青“A”族组分、Pr/Ph与Ph/nC₁₈关系、甾烷ααα（C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉）-20R含量、多环芳香“三芴”系列等参数既揭示了烃源岩的生源环境,也是鉴别母质类型的良好参数。阿姆河盆地上侏罗统海相泥岩和灰岩烃源岩评价标准与图版的建立,对国外海相盆地油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

显生宙烃源岩分布的古板块再造研究

提要：本文依据古地磁方法对不同时期的全球古板块进行再造,并在此基础上叠加了全球大地构造背景、洋流系统、气候带分布以及岩相古地理等要素,共编制了11个时间段古板块格局下的全球烃源岩分布图。综合各种地质要素可以看出烃源岩在时间和空间分布上具有强烈不均匀的特征,在时间上,中、新生代烃源岩无论是从分布范围,还是厚度上,都较古生代更为发育;在空间上,全球显生宙海相烃源岩主要分布于陆棚及斜坡相、台内坳陷等环境,而陆相烃源岩则主要分布在湖盆中心。烃源岩的沉积和保存受到超大陆旋回的控制,超大陆汇聚过程中陆架和适宜陆缘的消失不利于烃源岩的沉积和保存,反之亦然。较高的海平面以及上升流的存在是烃源岩发育的有利条件,全球优质烃源岩富含的有机质泥页岩多发育于海侵体系域顶部与高位体系域底部的密集段中。     

中国南方海相油气地质基本特征与有效性研究

中国南方海相沉积盆地形成演化与扬子板块的离散、聚合及周缘山系的形成密切相关,在早古生代被动陆缘发育阶段、挤压前陆盆地台内坳陷沉积盆地发育阶段及晚古生代陆内裂陷盆地发育阶段构成了现今南方海相沉积区的主要烃源岩,有效与否在于后期改造过程的演化及保存程度.在纵向上形成了上、下两个含油气组合.海相沉积经受多期次的构造运动叠加、...     

Amino acids and hexosamines in the Hess Rise core during the past 220,000 years

Core sediment samples collected from the Hess Rise, North Pacific, were analyzed for 20 common amino acids (AA) and two hexosamines (HA) to understand the relation between glacial–interglacial variations and deposition/preservation of sedimentary organic matter (OM). The sediments are predominantly carbonaceous (carbonates 35–80%). AA-based parameters—aspartic acid/glycine ratio and serine+threonine relative mole content—suggest that calcareous plankton was the major source of OM in these sediments. This inference is supported by the similarity in distribution patterns of AA and HA contents with that of organic carbon. Low values of AA/HA and glucosamine/galactosamine ratios (average 4.4 and 1.1, respectively) imply that much of the planktonic OM was replaced by microbial OM. The relative molar concentration of two nonprotein AA (β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid) varied with age of sediments; i.e., they were less abundant in recent sediments and more abundant in the oldest sediments. This trend is an indicator of extremely slow but continuous enzymatic degradation of proteinaceous OM within the sediments. So far, bulk OM has been believed to be one of the best proxies for estimation of primary productivity. However, it may be an underestimate, even for the late Quaternary sediments. Comparison of AA and HA content variations with SPECMAP stack revealed their enhanced deposition and preservation during glacial periods relative to interglacial periods. This, in turn, affected not only the planktonic production in surface waters but also the benthic community, including bacteria on the seafloor.     

海底大地电磁探测的实时数据备份技术

海洋环境复杂.国外的文献和国内的应用例子均表明, 电磁探测仪器在海底工作时, 由于各种不测因素导致数据丢失的现象时有发生.相对于陆上同类测量而言, 海底大地电磁探测成本高, 作业难度大, 且不易实施数据采集的重复观测.因此, 实时数据备份技术的研发, 对确保实测数据的完整性, 从而提取探测区域的全部介质电性信息, 将具有重要的科学意义.在所确定的技术方案中, 以PC104计算机为主控单元, 自主开发ISA总线转USB总线的接口电路, 实现将海底采集的大地电磁数据实时地同时存入IDE盘和U盘.电路采用了CPLD译码及逻辑控制、双向数据收发及CH375A接口转换等芯片, 并在PC104源程序中扩展了对上述芯片的控制指令.仪器具备了实时数据备份的功能后, 以冗余的数存量确保了海底大地电磁信息的完整保存.经黄海海试, 证实了本技术的实用效果.