Geochemistry and origin of the Cretaceous sedimentary kaolin deposits,Red Sea,Egypt

This work reports, for the first time, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Cretaceous sedimentary kaolin deposits in the Red Sea area, Egypt and sheds the light on their source. Mineralogical and geochemical analyses of both bulk deposits and the sand and clay fractions of these deposits indicated that they are composed of kaolinite (average of 75 wt.%) and quartz (average of 22 wt.%). Traces of anatase (average of 1 wt.%) were identified in all kaolin samples, while traces of halite (average of 2 wt.%) and hematite (average of 1 wt.%) were reported in the majority of the analyzed samples. The clay fractions show relatively high contents of TiO₂ (average of 2.1%), Ni (average of 103 ppm), Nb (average of 98 ppm), Y (average of 67 ppm), and Zr (average of 630 ppm). Sum of the rare earth elements (ΣREE) in the clay fractions varies between 193 and 352 ppm. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show enrichment of the light REE relative to the heavy REE ((La/Yb)_N = 9) and negative Eu anomaly (Eu*/Eu = 0.67).     

松辽盆地南部上白垩统烃源岩和原油中正构烷烃的氢同位素组成研究

以松辽盆地南部上白垩统的烃源岩及原油为研究对象,对烃源岩抽提物和原油中正构烷烃的单体氢同位素组成进行了测定。生物标志化合物和正构烷烃的碳氢同位素组成特征表明,在未成熟—成熟阶段正构烷烃的单体氢同位素组成受热成熟度的影响不明显,可以作为油源对比的一个有用的辅助指标。氢同位素组成在母源判识以及重建古沉积环境方面可以提供更多的信息,与碳同位素组成结合应用具有一定的优势。     

蒙古国东部塔木察格盆地南部白垩系地层结构及沉积充填特征

盆地的古地形及构造坡折带的形态和类型决定其沉积充填的特征和储集层砂体的分布。根据对蒙古国东部塔木察格盆地南部地区南贝尔凹陷和塔南凹陷的盆地边缘的古地貌结构特征分析,将南贝尔凹陷和塔南凹陷白垩纪发育的古构造坡折带划分为4种类型,分别控制着4种类型沉积相的形成和分布。断崖型坡折带控制近岸水下扇相及前方的远岸湖底扇相的形成和分布;断阶型坡折带控制扇三角洲相和近岸水下扇相的形成和分布;缓坡型坡折带控制扇三角洲相的形成和分布。在基准面下降阶段,盆内坡折带控制着远岸湖底扇的形成和分布。     

四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩沉积微相研究

页岩气是我国未来一个重要的且比较现实的非常规油气资源,加强该领域的基础研究对页岩气油气成藏理论创新、页岩气开采技术运用和资源量的准确计算都非常必要.因此,本文运用野外露头资料、钻取岩芯和测井资料,以及页岩有机地球化学分析化验结果等大量第一手资料,通过详细分析四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩沉积微相特征及其含气性特征,并结合研究区沉积相标志和测井相特征,明确指出泥质深水陆棚微相是四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组优质页岩最有利沉积微相带.     

塔南凹陷早白垩世构造演化及其对沉积充填和砂体分布的控制

塔南凹陷早白垩世经历了断陷初期冲积-滨浅湖盆层序、强烈断陷期半深湖-深湖湖盆层序及断坳期三角洲-湖泊盆型层序的沉积演化序列。受盆地整体格架的控制,凹陷内可划分出5个次级构造单元,各次级构造单元古构造格架决定了沉积相带展布、砂体的发育和分布。     

川西盆地下白垩统古流向逆变及沉积地球化学响应

通过对川西盆地下白垩统古流向的研究发现,川西盆地东缘早白垩世早期沉积的平均古流向为142°～145°,中、晚期沉积的平均古流向则为264°～288°,说明古流向发生了逆变。下白垩统泥质岩稀土、微量元素丰度的纵向变化表明,与此古流向逆变过程相对应沉积层段的元素丰度,也产生了明显的相对异常。这一地球化学异常既为该古流向逆变的存在提供了进一步的佐证,也揭示了该现象具有很好的、区域性的沉积地球化学响应。     

吉林省松江盆地下白垩统烃源岩地球化学特征及油气勘探前景

吉林省松江盆地油气勘探程度很低。通过松江盆地下白垩统长财组和大砬子组的系统取样与多项地球化学指标测试,详细评价了该区烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型及成熟度等各项指标。初步得出:松江盆地面积虽小,但巨厚的下白垩统沉积盖层中,大砬子组二段烃源岩发育,有机质丰度高,类型较好,且主要处于成熟阶段,具有较好的生烃能力;区内长财组和大砬子组一段发育储集层和盖层,形成了以上生下储为主的有利生储盖组合条件,具有一定的油气勘探前景,是松辽盆地外围油气勘探的较有利目标区。     

伊拉克东南部白垩系塞诺曼阶—土伦阶下部沉积微相与沉积模式

伊拉克东南部白垩系塞诺曼阶—土伦阶下部巨厚型碳酸盐岩油藏具有强非均质性,储层特征受沉积作用控制.应用岩心和铸体薄片资料,结合区域沉积背景,基于岩石结构、颗粒组分和生物碎屑类型等特征识别沉积微相,根据微相组合建立研究区碳酸盐岩沉积模式,并分析了沉积环境及其演化.结果表明:①伊拉克东南部白垩系塞诺曼阶—土伦阶下部发育28种...     

准噶尔盆地南缘天然气地球化学与成因研究

准噶尔盆地南缘地区是我国天然气勘探和研究长期关注的一个热点,天然气成因过往一直认为是以侏罗纪煤系为主,但鉴于区内尚有其他多套潜在烃源岩系,因此是否存在其他来源与成因天然气并不很清楚,限制了成藏规律认识与勘探部署。通过较系统的天然气地球化学分析,包括组分、烷烃系列碳同位素、轻烃等,结合地质地球化学背景,取得了新认识,发现研究区的天然气除了已有认识到的侏罗系成因外,还有其他2种成因类型,分别为可能的三叠系/二叠系来源高—过成熟煤型气,以及古近系来源低—中等成熟油型气,而白垩系油型气可能是因为混入量相对较低而未能显现,但理应存在。这些不同类型的天然气在地球化学特征上可以显著区分,且分布具有明显的地区规律性差异,遵循"源控论",即受控于烃源岩的分布。据此,提出研究区多种成因类型的天然气为可能的规模成藏提供了物质基础,侏罗系天然气是相对最为现实的勘探目标,霍-玛-吐背斜带是下步天然气勘探的重点目标区。这些认识还可供我国中西部前陆盆地和其他具有相似地质背景的盆地进行天然气勘探和研究时类比参考。     

Paleoenvironments and origin of the sedimentary phosphorites of the Napo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Oriente Basin, Ecuador)

The Napo phosphorites were deposited at the edge of a stable marine shelf during the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) oceanic anoxic event (OAE 3) at the transition from bioclastic limestone to organic-rich shale facies. Phosphogenesis was triggered in the shelf margin environment by a number of factors including strong upwelling currents, high biological activity, plankton blooms, and large amounts of organic matter production and subsequent accumulation. Dissolved phosphate levels increased in the sediment from a combination of anoxic conditions and microbial activity. Once dissolved phosphate concentrations were high enough, apatite began to form around nucleic sites including mineral grains, shells, wood fragments, and foraminifera tests forming peloidal fluorine rich carbonate fluoroapatite (francolite). As the peloids formed, sedimentation continued and dissolved phosphate concentrations diminished. A period of minor winnowing ensued, and as dissolved phosphate concentrations remained low, shale layers were deposited separating the various phosphate layers.     

Mineralogy and palynology of the Mesopotamian plain sediments, Central Iraq

This work was done on the representative section (230 cm) in Dora site which located in Baghdad in the central of the Mesopotamian Plain. Eleven soil samples were examined mineralogically and palynologically. Grain size analyses showed that silt is the higher fraction (61%), clay is the least (9%), whereas sand forms 30%. Translucent and opaque heavy minerals contributed 57% from the sand fraction, whereas the light minerals formed just 43%. The type of heavy minerals and its maturity defined four provenances—they are granitic, basic igneous and metamorphic rocks—that belong to the high lands of south Turkey and north of Iraq. The fourth provenance is the sedimentary rocks which are located north of Mesopotamian Plain around the Tigris River and their tributaries. Dinoflagellate within thin bed of marine origin clearly indicated the transgression of the Arabian Sea northward through Tigris and Euphrates valleys or high marine waves reached to Baghdad before 10,000 years P.B. approximately. This means that the marine sediments were also an additional source of the Mesopotamian Plain. Three specific climatic features are identified via palynological interpretation; a temperate-wet climate extended from 10,000 to 5,000 years P.B. followed by dry period extended from 5,000 to 3,500 years P.B. and the last climatic feature is characterized by oscillation of wet to dry periods which is dominant since 3,500 till now.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪岩相古地理与地下水相关性探讨

岩石是地下水储存运移的重要介质,不同的岩石为地下水形成、储存与循环提供了不同的空间条件。岩相古地理反映了沉积环境中的古地理条件和沉积物特征中的岩性特征。沉积相对储层物性有明显的控制作用,不同沉积相内水动力条件不同,因而形成的砂体类型也不同,其岩性、粒度、分选、填隙物特征以及砂体的岩相组合、时空展布特征均有差异,结果导致不同相带内储集体物性特征各不相同。通过岩相古地理研究,能客观反映形成岩石的环境特征、岩石的纵横向展布及其物性特征,从而对区域地下水的水质、水量分布进行宏观预测和评价。本文即是基于此种思路对鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系岩相古地理与地下水相关性的研究。研究表明,沙漠相沙丘砂岩、辫状河道砂体、三角洲分流河道砂体、曲流河边滩砂体、滨岸带砂体是较好的储水体;沙漠相沉积的洛河组和盆地北部以冲积扇、辫状河沉积为主的环河组是其主要的含水层。     

乌兰花凹陷原油特征及成因

乌兰花凹陷是二连盆地南部新发现的富油凹陷,对乌兰花凹陷原油物理性质和地球化学性质进行了系统的分析以揭示其特征及来源。原油物理性质显示,乌兰花凹陷原油比重（API gravity）介于20.2°~40.0°之间,主体为正常原油。原油生物标志化合物参数表明,不同构造带之间原油特征存在差异,可以划分为两类原油。一类以土牧尔构造带原油为主,具有低姥值比（Pr/Ph）和C₂₁/C₂₃三环萜烷,相对较高的伽马蜡烷/C₃₁藿烷和规则甾烷/C₃₀藿烷的特征,原油主要为烃源岩在成熟阶段早期的产物,主要以藻类来源为主。另一类原油包括赛乌苏和红井构造带原油,具有高姥值比（Pr/Ph）和C₂₁/C₂₃三环萜烷,相对较低的伽马蜡烷/C₃₁藿烷和规则甾烷/C₃₀藿烷,主要为陆源有机质和藻类有机质混合来源,原油具有更高的成熟度。原油碳同位素和正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素表明这两类原油应是一套烃源岩在不同成熟阶段的产物,原油主要来源于南洼槽阿尔善组烃源岩。阿尔善组烃源岩的非均质性和成熟度导致了两类原油的差异。      

思茅盆地下白垩统蒸发岩硫同位素地球化学特征及其钾盐成矿意义

关于思茅盆地下白垩统勐野井组蒸发岩主要物源为海水的认识争议很少,但是关于其成矿时代和成矿模式的认识还有争议,关于陆源淡水对蒸发岩物质成分的影响还缺乏探讨。本文主要通过分析盆地内L2井27件蒸发岩样品的化学成分和硫同位素地球化学特征,结合邻区已发表的硫同位素数据,探讨了蒸发岩的物质来源、陆源淡水对蒸发岩物质成分的影响、成盐时代以及可能的钾盐成矿模式。结果表明:(1)思茅盆地蒸发岩受陆源淡水和火山热液补给,其中陆源淡水补给使蒸发岩硫同位素明显低于同一地质时期的其他海相样品;(2)海水可能自现今盆地北西方向补给,一级周期上海水补给存在两次,二级周期上海水补给至少存在七次;(3)物源海水的时代为中侏罗世,沉积析盐的时代为早白垩世晚期,可能的钾盐成矿模式为中侏罗世海水侧向迁移成矿。这些结果对解释思茅盆地及邻区海相蒸发岩异常低的硫同位素值、高硫同位素值与中侏罗世海水相当以及钾盐成矿缺失"碳酸盐岩相和硫酸盐岩相"有重要的意义。     

Palynomorph and palynofacies indications of age, depositional environments and source potential for hydrocarbons: Lower Cretaceous Zubair Formation, southern Iraq

Assemblages of miospores and dinoflagellate cysts encounterd in core samples three boreholes drilled in southern Iraq an Aptian-mid Albian age-range for the Zubair Formation, the largest oil reservoir in southern Iraq and neighbouring Kuwait. Four types of palynofacies have been identified, and are interpreted to indicate delta top swamp and marsh, delta front, prodelta and marine platform environments respectively. Amorphous matter comprises more than 50% of the organic component of some of the palynofacies in the upper part of the Zubair Formation. The rocks with which they are associated are highly rated as a potential source of liquid hydrocarbons. Those deposits yielding less than this (down to 12%) are considered to have moderate potential.     

Lower Cretaceous paleosols and paleoclimate in Sichuan Basin,China

Abundant Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian–Hauterivian) paleosols have been recognized in the Sichuan Basin, along with the preserved pedogenetic features, e.g., soil horizons, soil structure, root traces and pedogenic nodules. Chemical, geochemical and mineralogical analyses were used to examine the paleosols. These paleosols were classified as Entisols, Inceptisols, Aridisols and Alfisols in terms of the modern soil taxonomic system. Early Cretaceous paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature in the Sichuan Basin were estimated from the degree of chemical weathering for non-calcareous paleosols, and from the depth to the calcic horizon and stable oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates in calcareous paleosols, respectively. A temperate semi-arid climate generally prevailed in the Sichuan Basin as a part of the South China Block (SCB) and was controlled by subtropical high-pressure and a rain-shadow effect because the humid air masses from the Paleo-Pacific were impeded by the highlands of the South China Block. Further, several intervals of sub-humid paleoclimate occurred due to strengthened monsoonal circulation in the Early Cretaceous. Using the paleosol barometer, the paleoatmospheric CO₂ levels of the Early Cretaceous are estimated to range from ∼120 to ∼520 ppmv, with a mean of 305 ppmv. Regional temperature is generally coupled with atmospheric CO₂ concentration and is roughly consistent with the sea level fluctuation.     

准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统层序界面的识别

准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统内部的层序及界面单纯在地震剖面或电测曲线上都较难识别,但它们在岩石地球化学等特征上有较明显的反映.研究发现,层序边界处具有Ro值的突变,有机质含量(TOC)的低谷,ΔlogR曲线处于基线,粘土矿物组合突变,坡缕石、伊/蒙混层的含量明显增加;Cu、Li、Zn、Cr、V、Ba等微量元素的含量处于低谷;锆石等稳定重矿物含量以及黄铁矿含量较低,褐铁矿含量高等特征.结合地震剖面、测井曲线等特征,将准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统划分出2个三级层序,每个层序又分别由低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域组成.     

准噶尔盆地白垩系烃源岩与原油地球化学特征

准噶尔盆地白垩系含油气系统理论上具备一定的勘探能力,但研究程度较低。为加深对该问题的理解,分析了白垩系的烃源岩和原油地球化学特征,并进一步结合地质背景,探讨了勘探潜力。结果发现,白垩系发育有一定数量和规模的泥质烃源岩,存在有机碳TOC含量大于1.0%的样品,类型以Ⅱ型为主,目前主体处于低成熟—成熟演化阶段,因此可望具有一定的生烃,特别是生油潜力。油源对比发现白垩系的确有过原油生成,典型地球化学特征表现为轻碳同位素(-29.6‰~-27.9‰)、低Pr/Ph值(0.54~1.01)、高伽马蜡烷丰度(伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷=0.29~0.53),反映属于一类还原和盐度环境中有机质所生原油。这类原油主要分布在盆地南缘白垩系烃源岩的沉积中心区,表现出源控特征。这些认识可供国内外其他白垩系油气地质研究时类比考察。     

Correlation of crude oils from the San Jorges Basin,Argentina

The aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions of sixty oils from the San Jorges Basin, Argentina have been analysed by computerized-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The initial aim of this study was the correlation of the oils using sterane and triterpane biomarkers. The oils could be divided into four groups which were distinguished by the relative proportions of regular to demethylated hopanes. Although it has been previously suggested that the demethylated hopanes found in oils could have resulted from biotransformation of the oils in the reservoir, in this basin the possibility that these compounds originated directly from the source beds cannot be entirely eliminated since the oils do not appear to be extensively biodegraded on the basis of their aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions. An alternative theory for the hydrocarbon distributions observed in these oils, is initially biodegradation of the oils in the reservoir followed by addition of non-degraded oil to produce a mixture of degraded and non-degraded oil.