Pb isotope signatures of sediments from Guanabara Bay, SE Brazil: Evidence for multiple anthropogenic sources

Sediments from Guanabara Bay and two rivers were analyzed for Pb isotope composition. The results define linear groups interpreted as different sources of Pb. The samples from Iriri and Surui rivers present different Pb compositions probably resulting from two active pollutants which are transported in the waters to the Guanabara Bay, where they are mixed. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb values of 1.151 and 1.091 presented here are in the range of Brazilian galena ore signature.     

Sulfur isotope studies in early Archaean sediments from Isua,West Greenland: Implications for the antiquity of bacterial sulfate reduction

The sulfur contents and sulfur isotope ratios (δ³⁴S) have been measured for samples collected from the Isua area of West Greenland in an effort to place narrower limits on the time of the rise of sulfate respirers during the Precambrian.The δ³⁴S values of the Isua sediments (3.7 × 10⁹ yr old) including the various facies of the banded iron-formations have their mean values close to zero %. (CDT) (±0.5%.) with a standard deviation of less than 1%.. This comes extremely close to the respective means yielded by the presumed tuffaceous amphibolites (+ 0.3 ± 0.9%.) and by the somewhat younger, between 3.1 and 3.7 ± 10⁹ yr, basaltic Ameralik dykes of the region (+ 0.6 ± 1.1%.).In view of the regional distribution of the Isua banded iron-formation sediments, the variety of environmental conditions under which the various facies were deposited and the complete absence of isotopic evidence for sulfate reducers, in contrast to the banded iron-formations of the middle Archaean (δ³⁴Svariesfrom ?20 to +20%.), it seems most unlikely that evidence for 'sulfate reducers' existed or will be found in other sediments of Isua age.The very small spread in δ³⁴S values for the Isua sediments is interpreted as due to minor fractionation during the passage of endogenic sulfur phases to their present sites of emplacement within the sedimentary succession.     

Sulfur isotope fractionation during the May 2003 eruption of Anatahan volcano, Mariana Islands: Implications for sulfur sources and plume processes

Sulfur isotope compositions of pumice and adsorbed volatiles on ash from the first historical eruption of Anatahan volcano (Mariana arc) are presented in order to constrain the sources of sulfur erupted during the period 10-21 May, 2003. The isotopic composition of S extracted from erupted pumice has a narrow range, from δ³⁴S_V-CDT +2.6‰ to +3.2‰, while the composition of sulfur adsorbed onto ash has a larger range (+2.8‰ to +5.3‰). Fractionation modeling for closed and open system scenarios suggests that degassing of SO₂ raised the δ³⁴S_V-CDT value of S dissolved in the melt from an initial composition of between +1.6‰ and +2.6‰ for closed-system degassing, or between −0.5‰ and +1.5‰ for open-system degassing, however closed-system degassing is the preferred model. The calculated values for the initial composition of the magma represent a MORB-like (δ³⁴S_V-CDT ∼ 0‰) mantle source with limited contamination by subducted seawater sulfate (δ³⁴S_V-CDT +21‰). Modeling also suggests that the δ³⁴S_V-CDT value of SO₂ gas in closed-system equilibrium with the degassed magma was between +0.9‰ and +2.5‰. The δ³⁴S_V-CDT value of sulfate adsorbed onto ash in the eruption plume (+2.8‰ to +5.1‰) is consistent with sulfate formation by oxidation of magmatic SO₂ in the eruption column. The sulfur isotope composition of sulfate adsorbed to ash changes from lower δ³⁴S values for ash erupted early in the eruption to higher δ³⁴S values for ash erupted later in the eruption. We interpret the temporal/stratigraphic change in sulfate isotopic composition to primarily reflect a change in the isotopic composition of magmatic SO₂ released from the progressively degassing magma and is attributed to the expulsion of an accumulated gas phase at the beginning of the eruption. More efficient oxidation of magmatic SO₂ gas to sulfate in the early water-rich eruption plume probably contributed to the change in S isotope compositions observed in the ash leachates.     

Phosphatase and microbial activity with biochemical indicators in semi-permafrost active layer sediments over the past 10,000 years

Core samples of boreal terrestrial sediments from depths of 0–300 cm at Rikubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan were analyzed for alkaline and acid phosphatase enzymatic activities. Enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were greatest at the surface and decreased with depth; ALP and ACP activities were 25.5 and 22.0 nmol min⁻¹ g⁻¹, respectively, within the top 5 cm. These biological indicators were compared with measurements of microbial cell density and chemical indicators, including total organic C (TOC) and total hydrolyzed amino acids (THAA). The product–moment correlation coefficients (r) for ALP and ACP versus microbial cell density were 0.949 and 0.810, respectively. The coefficients for THAA and TOC versus ALP were 0.997 and 0.995, respectively. Vertical distributions of enzymatic activity are highly consistent with the observed microbial biomass profile and diagenetic organic matter in the sediment. However, the vertical profile of PO₄ concentration shows a negative correlation coefficient for ALP and ACP of −0.937 and −0.855, respectively. Consequently, ALP and ACP were shown to be useful biomarkers of microbial activities in the terrestrial sediment over the past 10 ka at Rikubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.     

Lead isotopes in lacustrine sediments and lichen transplants, contrasting and complimentary indicators of sources

The isotopic composition of lead has proven a powerful tool for the characterization of the types of its sources, and with other information on their identity. Lead is dispersed in the environment through water courses or airborne particulates, and has serious impact on the natural and human environments. Lake sediments record deposition derived mainly from its catchment while lichen represents the fine-grained atmospheric deposition of the site. The records of deposition differ in the scales of grain size, time and space. This investigation aims at comparing and contrasting these two types of records in an area affected essentially by a single visible emission source, and to improve the understanding of the controls on the formation of these records. The visible source is a Cu smelter complex with mining installations within the town of Karabash, in the southern Ural Mountains of Russia and considered one of the most heavily polluted areas in the world.     

The onset of anthropogenic activity recorded in lake sediments in the vicinity of the Horne smelter in Quebec,Canada: Sulfur isotope evidence

Contents and δ³⁴S values of several S compounds, enumerations of S-reducing bacteria (SRB) and Fe-reducing bacteria (IRB), and Fe, Pb and In concentrations were determined for ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores from two lakes in Quebec, Canada. Both lakes are located approximately 70 km downwind of the Horne smelter and refinery in Rouyn-Noranda. Increases in Fe, Pb and In concentrations and a decrease in the δ³⁴S values of total S in both lake sediment cores coincide with the start-up of the smelter in 1927. The shift towards more negative δ³⁴S values was primarily caused by an increase in the extent of S isotope fractionation during bacterial (dissimilatory) SO₄ reduction due to SO₄ loading of the lakes after smelting began. Consequently, an enhanced accumulation of ³²S-enriched reduced inorganic S compounds is evident in the sediments. δ³⁴S values of organic S in the sediments decreased only slightly due to the smelter emissions between 1930 and 1980. Hence, due to the sulfide depositing mechanisms, S isotope ratios constitute a useful tracer recording the onset of S pollution in sediments of the two previously SO₄-limited lakes investigated. In contrast, total S concentrations alone are not reliable indicators for anthropogenic S loading in lake sediment records.     

雅浦海沟北部深渊和超深渊沉积物的物质组成、来源和形成过程研究

为探究雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物的组成、来源和形成特征,以1 cm分层对采自该海域不同深度的五根柱状沉积物样品的0~8 cm沉积层进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和X射线能谱(EDS)分析,并且分析了这些样品的含水率,锰结核含量, Al、Ca、Fe、Mn、Ti、Mg等6种常量金属和Ba、Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Cu、Zn等9种微量金属元素含量,以及总有机碳(TOC)含量等参数。结果表明,研究区域沉积物主要为深海软泥沉积,是不同年代沉积物的复杂混合,包含以盘星石为代表的颗石藻、海绵骨针、放射虫和硅藻等多种微体古生物化石以及辉石、重晶石、钛铁矿、长石等多种矿物。沉积组分主要来自生物源、火山源、陆源和海底热液,其中陆源沉积出现于海沟东侧深渊区。海沟西侧崖壁的沉积物比东侧崖壁的沉积物更容易发育锰结核。研究区域沉积物含水率较高并且颗粒较大,其含水率随深度增加呈减少趋势。研究区域超深渊站位沉积物的TOC和微体古生物化石含量均高于深渊站位,存在明显的漏斗效应。整体上海沟西侧崖壁沉积物含水率和TOC含量低于东侧崖壁的沉积物。自更新世以来,雅浦海沟北部的碳酸钙补偿深度(CCD)线从4 568 m以深变为4 435 m至4 568 m之间。研究区域的沉积环境为氧化环境,其0~8 cm沉积层的古老沉积物与现代沉积物发生了混合和再沉积作用,形成年代跨度极大。研究区域沉积物的形成受到海沟坡度、水动力环境、重力滑塌、浊流沉积、火山活动、漏斗效应等多种因素的显著影响。     

Modeling sulfur isotope fractionation and differential diffusion during sulfate reduction in sediments of the Cariaco Basin

Sulfur isotope composition (δ³⁴S) profiles in sediment pore waters often show an offset between sulfate and sulfide much greater in magnitude than S isotope fractionations observed in pure cultures. A number of workers have invoked an additional reaction, microbial disproportionation of sulfur intermediates, to explain the offset between experimental and natural systems. Here, we present an alternative explanation based on modeling of pore water sulfate and sulfide concentrations and stable isotope data from the Cariaco Basin (ODP Leg 165, Site 1002B). The use of unique diffusion coefficients for and , based on their unequal molecular masses, resulted in an increase in the computed fractionation by almost 10‰, when compared to the common assumption of equal diffusion coefficients for the two species. These small differences in diffusion coefficients yield calculated isotopic offsets between coeval sediment pore water sulfate and sulfide without disproportionation (up to 53.4‰) that exceed the largest fractionations observed in experimental cultures. Furthermore, the diffusion of sulfide within sediment pore waters leads to values that are even greater than those predicted by our model for sulfate reduction with unique diffusion coefficients. These diffusive effects on the sulfur isotope composition of pore water sulfate and sulfide can impact our interpretations of geologic records of sulfate and sulfide minerals, and should be considered in future studies.     

Carbonate stromatolites from a Messinian hypersaline setting in the Caltanissetta Basin, Sicily: petrographic evidence of microbial activity and related stable isotope and rare earth element signatures

Lower Messinian stromatolites of the Calcare di Base Formation at Sutera in Sicily record periods of low sea‐level, strong evaporation and elevated salinity, thought to be associated with the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Overlying aragonitic limestones were precipitated in normal to slightly evaporative conditions, occasionally influenced by an influx of meteoric water. Evidence of bacterial involvement in carbonate formation is recorded in three dolomite‐rich stromatolite beds in the lower portion of the section that contain low domes with irregular crinkly millimetre‐scale lamination and small fenestrae. The dominant microfabrics are: (i) peloidal and clotted dolomicrite with calcite‐filled fenestrae; (ii) dolomicrite with bacterium‐like filaments and pores partially filled by calcite or black amorphous matter; and (iii) micrite in which fenestrae alternate with dark thin wispy micrite. The filaments resemble Beggiatoa‐like sulphur bacteria. Under scanning electron microscopy, the filaments consist of spherical aggregates of dolomite, interpreted to result from calcification of bacterial microcolonies. The dolomite crystals are commonly arranged as rounded grains that appear to be incorporated or absorbed into developing crystal faces. Biofilm‐like remains occur in voids between the filaments. The dolomite consistently shows negative δ¹³C values (down to ?11·3‰) and very positive δ¹⁸O (mean value 7·9‰) that suggest formation as primary precipitate with a substantial contribution of organic CO₂. Very negative δ¹³C values (down to ?31·6‰) of early diagenetic calcite associated with the dolomite suggest contribution of CO₂ originating by anaerobic methane oxidation. The shale‐normalized rare earth element patterns of Sutera stromatolites show features similar to those in present‐day microbial mats with enrichment in light rare earth elements, and M‐type tetrad effects (enrichment around Pr coupled to a decline around Nd and a peak around Sm and Eu). Taken together, the petrography and geochemistry of the Sutera stromatolites provide diverse and compelling evidence for microbial influence on carbonate precipitation.     

Sulfur and oxygen isotope study of sulfate reduction in experiments with natural populations from Fællestrand, Denmark

This study investigates the sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionations of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and works to reconcile the relationships between the oxygen and sulfur isotopic and elemental systems. We report results of experiments with natural populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria using sediment and seawater from a marine lagoon at Fællestrand on the northern shore of the island of Fyn, Denmark. The experiments yielded relatively large magnitude sulfur isotope fractionations for dissimilatory sulfate reduction (up to approximately 45‰ for ³⁴S/³²S) with higher δ¹⁸O accompanying higher δ³⁴S, similar to that observed in previous studies. The seawater used in the experiments was spiked by addition of ¹⁷O-labeled water and the ¹⁷O content of residual sulfate was found to depend on the fraction of sulfate reduced in the experiments. The ¹⁷O data provides evidence for recycling of sulfur from metabolic intermediates and for an ¹⁸O/¹⁶O fractionation of ∼25-30‰ for dissimilatory sulfate reduction. The close correlation between the ¹⁷O data and the sulfur isotope data suggests that isotopic exchange between cell water and external water (reactor water) was rapid under experimental conditions. The molar ratio of oxygen exchange to sulfate reduction was found to be about 2.5. This value is slightly lower than observed in studies of natural ecosystems [e.g., Wortmann U. G., Chernyavsky B., Bernasconi S. M., Brunner B., Böttcher M. E. and Swart P. K. (2007) Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: dominance of isotope exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta71, 4221-4232]. Using recent models of sulfur isotope fractionations we find that our combined sulfur and oxygen isotopic data places constraints on the proportion of sulfate recycled to the medium (78-96%), the proportion of sulfur intermediate sulfite that was recycled by way of APS to sulfate and released back to the external sulfate pool (∼70%), and also that a fraction of the sulfur intermediates between sulfite and sulfide were recycled to sulfate. These parameters can be constrained because of the independent information provided by δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S, δ¹⁷O labels, and Δ³³S.     

西藏加多捕勒铁铜矿床硫、铅同位素组成及成矿物质来源

加多捕勒铁铜矿床位于念青唐古拉成矿带西段。综合研究围岩、岩体与矿石的硫、铅同位素组成,发现其矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S值变化范围为-2.1‰～6.2‰,δ~(34)S_(ΣS)值为2.16‰,总体具有岩浆硫的特征。矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S值与石英闪长岩、板岩中硫化物的δ~(34)S值相近,表明矿石的硫源可能部分由板岩与石英闪长岩提供。矿石铅同位素组成比较均一,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb的变化范围分别为18.27～18.842、15.653～15.899和38.793～39.703,与冈底斯成矿带北亚带矿床矿石硫化物的铅同位素组成相近,具有上地壳铅源的特征。矿石铅同位素组成与黑云母二长花岗岩、大理岩的铅同位素组成一致,显示铅可能主要来源于黑云母二长花岗岩和大理岩。综合分析表明,加多捕勒铁铜矿床硫、铅同位素的研究显示其成矿物质可能主要来源于黑云母二长花岗岩,部分来源于中二叠统下拉组岩石,少量由石英闪长岩提供,它们为深入研究该矿床的成矿模式提供了资料。     

太阳黑子和ENSO对日本吉野川流域水文要素影响

剖析"太阳-气候-水资源"体系作用机制对区域水资源科学管理具有重要科学意义。利用相关分析、主成分分析和小波分析方法,探究太阳黑子运动和厄尔尼诺（ENSO）对日本吉野川流域降雨、地表径流和地下水位影响。研究结果表明:太阳黑子活动和ENSO对研究区域水文过程显著影响分别发生在11 a和2~7 a周期上;太阳黑子运动能量以ENSO为"媒介"作用于流域降水和河川径流,但对地下水位波动影响不明显;太阳黑子活动在不同时频域对研究区域水文过程产生"直接"和"间接"影响,太阳黑子的"直接"影响可能通过调制ENSO外的气候模态来实现,其"间接"作用则通过"ENSO-西太平洋副高-东亚环流-水汽运动"系统作用实现。     

Sulfur isotope studies to quantify sulfate components in water of flooded lignite open pits – Lake Goitsche,Germany

A system of connected lignite mining pits (part of the former Goitsche mining complex, Germany) was flooded with river water between 1999 and 2002. A considerable accumulation of acid associated with oxidized sulfides in sediments was seen as a critical point for the development of the lake water. To characterize the components contributing to the supply of dissolved lake water SO₄ hydro-chemical and isotope investigations with respect to groundwater, pore water in the sulfide bearing sediments, river water and lake water were performed. δ³⁴S of pore water SO₄ that was dominated by oxidized pyrites ranges around −25‰ VCDT and differs strongly from river water SO₄ with about +4.4‰. Thus, interactions between lake water and sediments were particularly pronounced during the first phase of flooding. For this period, a more quantitative estimation of the SO₄ components in the lake water was difficult because of the heterogeneous SO₄ distributions between the different sub-basins of the lake and according to the flooding process itself. Later, a component separation was attempted following mixing of the whole lake, which first occurred in spring 2002. A very heterogeneous groundwater environment with respect to highly variable SO₄ concentrations and δ³⁴S values and changing interaction with the forming lakes proved to be one of the most important limitations in the calculations of the mixing.     

西藏拿若铜（金）矿床硫、铅同位素组成及成矿物质来源

为探讨多龙矿集区拿若铜（金）矿床的成矿物质来源,研究矿床成矿机制,本文在详细的野外地质调查和矿石学研究基础上对矿石样品进行硫和铅同位素分析,并对成因意义进行讨论。研究结果表明,17件金属硫化物的δ³⁴S值变化于－2.3‰~2.3‰之间,均值为－0.1‰;其中13件黄铁矿δ³⁴S值变化范围为－2.3‰~2.3‰,均值为0.2‰;4件黄铜矿的δ³⁴S值变化范围为－1.5~－0.8‰,均值为－1.1‰。δ³⁴S值频率直方图总体具有塔式分布特征,平均值接近于零,具幔源硫特征。金属硫化物的²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb介于38.209~38.854之间,平均值为38.635;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb变化范围为15.541~15.665,平均值为15.605;²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.942~18.580,平均值为18.461,具有正常铅的特征。铅同位素μ值变化范围为9.40~9.57,均小于9.58,表明矿床铅主要来自幔源物质。拿若矿床的硫和铅同位素特征与多龙矿集区斑岩型矿床类似,成矿物质主要来源于岛弧环境下幔源物质,可能存在壳源物质的混入。

     

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith,Australia

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of a number of granite suites and mineral separates from the New England Batholith indicate that O¹⁸ can be used to discriminate the major granite protoliths. The granite suites previously subdivided on the basis of mineralogical and geochemical criteria into S-type (sedimentary) and I-type (igneous) have O¹⁸ values consistently higher in the S-type granites (10.4–12.5) than in the spatially related I-type plutons (7.7–9.9). There appears to be a systematic variation in O¹⁸ from the most S-type to the most I-type granites, the dividing point between the two occuring at O¹⁸ equal to 10. A group of leucocratic granites that form about half of the batholith and difficult to classify mineralogically and geochemically is found to have low O¹⁸ values (6.4–8.1), suggesting an affinity to the most I-type granites. A single leucogranite pluton with minor muscovite has a O¹⁸ of 9.6 which is significantly higher than other leucogranites indicating a different origin perhaps involving amphibole fractionation.The behavior of D in the plutonic rocks is much less systematic than O¹⁸. Excluding samples collected adjacent to major faults, the D values show a rough positive correlation with water content similar to, but less pronounced than, the trend previously observed in the Berridale Batholith, southeastern Australia. This relation is considered to reflect an interaction between meteoric water and the granites, the largest effect being observed in samples with the least amount of water. Of note is the generally lower D values of the upper Paleozoic New England Batholith compared with the Silurian Berridale Batholith. This difference may be related to a near equatorial paleolatitude of 22 °S in the Silurian and near polar paleolatitudes in the late Carboniferous that have been inferred for these regions. Granite samples collected from near major faults, and one ignimbrite sample of rhyodacite composition, have very low D values (less than –120) suggesting a much greater degree of interaction with meteoric water.     

Diagnostic lipid biomarker and stable carbon isotope signatures of microbial communities mediating the anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulphate

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulphate is the most important sink for methane in marine environments. This process is mediated by a consortium of methanotrophic archaea and sulphate reducing bacteria. So far, three groups of anaerobic methane oxidisers (ANME-1, -2 and -3) related to the methanogenic Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales were discovered. The sulphate reducing partner of ANME-1 and -2 are two different eco-types of SRB related to the Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus cluster (Seep-SRB1), whereas ANME-3 is associated with Desulfobulbus spp. (DBB). In this article, we reviewed literature data to assign statistically significant lipid biomarker signatures for a chemotaxonomic identification of the three known AOM communities. The lipid signatures of ANME-2/Seep-SRB1 and ANME-3/DBB are intriguingly similar, whereas ANME-1/Seep-SRB1 shows substantial differences to these AOM communities. ANME-1 can be distinguished from ANME-2 and -3 by a low ratio of the isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol diethers sn2-hydroxyarchaeol and archaeol combined with a comparably low stable carbon isotope difference of archaeol relative to the source methane. Furthermore, only ANME-1 contains substantial amounts of isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), however, with the probable exception of the ANME-2c sub-cluster. In contrast to the ANME-1 archaea, the tail to tail linked hydrocarbon tetramethylhexadecane (crocetane) is unique to ANME-2, whereas pentamethylicosenes (PMIs) with 4 and 5 double bonds without any higher saturated homologues were only found in ANME-3. The sulphate reducing partner of ANME-1 can be discerned from those of ANME-2 and -3 by a low ratio of the fatty acids (FAs) C_16:1ω5 relative to i-C_15:0 and, although to a lesser degree, by a high abundance of ai-C_15:0 relative to i-C_15:0. Furthermore, substantial amounts of ¹³C depleted non-isoprenoidal monoalkyl glycerol ethers (MAGEs) were only found in the sulphate reducing partners of ANME-2 and -3. A differentiation of these SRB is possible based on the characteristic presence of the FAs cy-C_17:0ω5,6 and C_17:1ω6, respectively. Generally, the data analysed here show overlaps between the different AOM communities, which highlights the need to use multiple lipid signatures for a robust identification of the dominating microbes involved.     

Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance of isotope exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130)

Microbially mediated sulfate reduction affects the isotopic composition of dissolved and solid sulfur species in marine sediments. Experiments and field data show that the composition is also modified in the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms. This has been attributed either to a kinetic isotope effect during the reduction of sulfate to sulfite, cell-internal exchange reactions between enzymatically-activated sulfate (APS), and/or sulfite with cytoplasmic water. The isotopic fingerprint of these processes may be further modified by the cell-external reoxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, and the subsequent disproportionation to sulfide and sulfate or by the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. Here we report values from interstitial water samples of ODP Leg 182 (Site 1130) and provide the mathematical framework to describe the oxygen isotope fractionation of sulfate during microbial sulfate reduction. We show that a purely kinetic model is unable to explain our data, and that the data are well explained by a model using oxygen isotope exchange reactions. We propose that the oxygen isotope exchange occurs between APS and cytoplasmic water, and/or between sulfite and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) during APS formation. Model calculations show that cell external reoxidation of reduced sulfur species would require up to 3000 mol/m³ of an oxidant at ODP Site 1130, which is incompatible with the sediment geochemical data. In addition, we show that the volumetric fluxes required to explain the observed data are on average 14 times higher than the volumetric sulfate reduction rates (SRR) obtained from inverse modeling of the porewater data. The ratio between the gross sulfate flux into the microbes and the net sulfate flux through the microbes is depth invariant, and independent of sulfide concentrations. This suggests that both fluxes are controlled by cell density and that cell-specific sulfate reduction rates remain constant with depth.     

Leachable trace elements in San Francisco bay sediments: Indicators of sources and estuarine processes

Geographic variations of leachable Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, and Ni in San Francisco Bay sediments indicate that Fe, Mn, Co, and Ni are all predominantly supplied to bay sediments from the San Joaquin-Sacramento River system, with little evidence for direct contributions from municipal and industrial sources. In contrast, both Cu and Zn have significant sources within the Bay system, probably municipal and industrial discharges. Precipitation and coagulation of Fe oxides in the low-salinity region of the estuary results in significantly greater concentrations of that element in the most landward portion of the estuary. Co and Ni appear to be actively coprecipitating with Fe but their distributions are also influenced by other factors. Mn is not a major geochemical agent in this system. Its pattern is different from the other elements and it does not account for any of the other elemental variance. The behavior of Cu and Zn is affected not only by the presence of nonriverine sources but also through surface-active processes and organic complexing, coupled with the transportation of fine-grained sediment.     

西藏西南部休古嘎布蛇绿岩的Sm-Nd年龄及Nd-Sr-Pb同位素特征

休古嘎布蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带西段,属于SSZ型蛇绿岩。用Sm-Nd法测定了该蛇绿岩中辉长辉绿岩的结晶年龄,辉石、斜长石和两个全岩样品的等时线年龄为(126.2±9.1)Ma,代表新特提斯洋在该区俯冲消减的时限。同时,对辉长辉绿岩的Nd-Sr-Pb同位素的测定结果表明,辉长辉绿岩的初始εNd(t)值高(6.7～9.1),反映原始岩浆起源于强烈亏损的地幔源区,未受大陆地壳物质的混染;初始206Pb/204Pb比值较低(17.412～17.523),但初始208Pb/204Pb比值较高(37.352～37.706),并具有较高的ISr值(0.70278～0.70383),指示休古嘎布蛇绿岩源于印度洋MORB型地幔域。