西安市潜水埋深与降水量的关系分析

降水入渗是地下水重要的补给来源,研究地下水与降水的关系,可为区域性城市降雨“蓄、渗、用、排”的有机协调提供重要的依据。根据已有的西安市潜水埋深和降水量数据分析了潜水埋深与降水量的关系。从年际间关系来看,1983～2003年洪积平原地区潜水埋深和降水量的相关性最大,相关系数为0．6799,而黄土台塬地区仅为0．228。从潜水变化量与降水变化量间的关系来看,2002～2003年潜水埋深的年变化量与年降水变化量之间的相关性为0．482;对比99组潜水埋深月变化与月降水量变化的数据发现,仅有40组能说明潜水埋深的月变化与降水的月变化有一定的关系。     

地中蒸渗计水分运移机理及其监测误差分析

对地中蒸渗计与自然潜水水分运移机理存在的差异及误差进行了分析。结果表明：地中蒸渗计与自然潜水在水位动态、水分存储、水分运移等方面存在一定的差异，使得利用地中蒸渗计监测的潜水蒸发量、降雨入渗补给量与自然潜水的实际情况产生了一定的误差，这种误差随着潜水埋深的变化而变化，潜水埋深越浅，误差越大，潜水埋深越深，误差越小。特别对于潜水埋深小于1．5m的地中蒸渗计，使用其资料时一定要作适当的技术处理，如果直接引用，将会给计算成果带来较大的误差。     

陕北能源化工基地资源开发引起的植被生态风险

地下水和煤炭资源开发是否会破环生态环境,以及会给生态环境安全带来多大的风险,是陕北能源化工基地资源开发和生态环境保护中不可逾越的课题。以陕北能源化工基地生态环境最为脆弱的风沙滩地区为研究区,在研究地下水位埋深与植被生态关系的基础上,建立了不同地貌类型、不同潜水水位埋深对应的植被群落类型和植被指数的分布关系,利用Modflow软件建立了风沙滩地区地下水流数值模拟模型,采用蒙特卡洛方法建立了植被生态随机模型,根据地下水水位埋深与植被生态的关系实现了地下水流模型和植被生态模型的耦合求解,对地下水资源和煤炭资源开发可能引起的植被生态变化进行预测和风险评估。     

降水、河流径流量与开采对西安地区潜水流场影响分析

为定量分析降水、径流和开采对西安地区潜水流场影响程度,应用小波变换、最小二乘相关分析等研究方法,对区域平均地下水位,水源地漏斗中心水位及漏斗面积与降水、径流和开采变化之间的特征进行了研究。结果表明:1986—2010年期间,平均地下水位随降水量的增大呈线性函数递增趋势,降水量每增加100 mm,平均水位上升0.77 m,漏斗中心水位变化速率随降水量的增大呈直线下降趋势,年均降水量每增加100 mm,漏斗中心水位上升0.7 m(灞河水源地)、0.27 m(沣皂河水源地)和0.14 m(渭滨水源地);1986—2010年期间,径流量每增加1×10~8m~3,区域平均水位上升0.9~1.98 m,漏斗中心水位上升0.32~2.36 m,漏斗面积减小0.019~13.2 km2;1998—2010年期间,地下水开采量每增加0.1×10~8m~3,区域平均水位降幅达1.14~5.37 m,水源地漏斗中心水位降幅0.94~5.76 m,漏斗面积扩大0.44~27 km2;关联度分析表明,降水、开采是西安地区潜水流场变异的主导因素。     

气候变化与人类活动对石家庄市藁城区地下水位埋深的影响分析

为了探寻石家庄市藁城区地下水埋深动态变化规律,以藁城区2001—2018年的年降水量、地下水人工开采量等数据为基础,对藁城区地下水位埋深进行研究。首先采用P-Ⅲ型曲线法确定降水序列的丰、平、枯年份,分析不同降水量情况下地下水位埋深变化规律;其次,利用地下水开采潜力系数法和灰色关联度法对人工开采量和地下水位埋深的关系进行研究。结果表明：1）藁城区地下水位埋深在2001—2016年逐渐增大,在2016—2018年趋于减小,2016年为转折点;在空间上藁城区地下水位埋深呈现出北部埋深小、南部埋深大的特征,北部水位埋深较同期南部水位埋深要浅5~10 m。2）降水是驱动藁城区地下水位埋深变化的重要因素,枯水年水位埋深变幅在0.8~1.5 m之间,平水年水位埋深变幅在0.3~1.2 m之间,丰水年水位埋深变幅在0.3~1.1 m之间。主灌期（3—6月）的地下水位埋深增加速率均为cm/d级,非主灌期（7—10月）的地下水位埋深减少速率均为mm/d级。3）人工开采是驱动藁城区地下水位埋深变化的主导因素,其中农业开采量占人工开采量的80%。综上认为,藁城区一直处于严重超采状态,地下水累计超采量每增加1亿m³,地下水位埋深增加0.45 m。     

种植条件下土壤水与地下水相互转化研究

选择天山北麓平原两种代表性作物冬小麦和玉米，人为控制不同潜水埋深条件下进行了种植试验，分析研究了种植条件下土壤水和地下水相互转化机理。计算了不同潜水埋深条件下冬小麦和玉米各生育期和全生长期的实际蒸发蒸腾量、潜水补耗差、包气带土壤储水量变化量及同期的潜在蒸发量，结果表明潜水埋深对土壤水和地下水相互转化及农业生态环境具有重要影响。引入了包气带一潜水系统水分转化量均衡临界深度(Z0)概念，发现潜水埋深小于Z0时，潜水向土壤水的转化起主导作用，潜水和土壤水同时对作物需水具有重要动态调节作用，潜水埋深越浅潜水的动态调节能力越强，但是潜水埋深过浅又可能引起土壤次生盐渍化等农业生态环境问题；当潜水埋深大于Z0时，土壤水向潜水的转化起主导作用，土壤水对作物需水仍具有动态调节能力，而潜水基本失去或完全失去对作物需水的动态调节作用，但是有利于潜水入渗补给，增加地下水资源。     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,于2012年4月1日~2014年3月31日在新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站开展了不同总溶解固体 (0.8 g/L、30 g/L和100 g/L)、不同包气带岩性(细砂和粉质黏土)和不同潜水埋深(0 m、0.5 m、1.0 m、2.0 m和3.0 m)潜水蒸发量的监测工作。结果表明:当潜水埋深大于0.5 m时,包气带岩性对高总溶解固体(Total Dissolved Solids, TDS)潜水蒸发量的影响与淡水基本一致;潜水埋深0.5 m、TDS为30 g/L时,包气带岩性的差异对潜水蒸发量的影响远小于由于潜水的TDS和外界大气蒸发能力对潜水蒸发共同造成的影响;潜水位埋深为0 m、TDS为100 g/L、包气带为粉质黏土时,年内潜水蒸发趋势与大气蒸发能力E_Φ20的趋势相反;潜水埋深0.5~1.0 m时,在非冻结期随着TDS的升高,潜水蒸发量逐渐减小;当潜水埋深为3.0 m时,TDS的变化对潜水蒸发抑制作用存在滞后性。     

吉林省西部潜水资源与生态环境风险分析

吉林省西部是我国主要粮食产区,但区内农业水利规划管理同时面临潜水资源与生态环境双重风险。近20年来,区内曾尝试多种水资源利用模式,但缺少不同模式应用效果的定量化对比。文章建立了不同水资源利用模式,对比分析各模式的水资源与次生盐碱化风险。以洮儿河流域为例,采用循环神经网络预测2019—2023年该地区大气降水和地表水对地下水补给量;通过随机数值模拟预测现状开采、连续干旱、无序开采、地下水库建设、节水灌溉、旱田改水田6种情形下,区内潜水水位空间分布特征。以防止次生盐碱化为目标,定义水位埋深上限为1 m;以含水介质厚度为参考,定义水位埋深下限为12 m。遴选适合吉林省西部地区地下水资源可持续利用模式。结果显示:无序开采是导致区内水资源枯竭的主要诱因;地下水库建设和旱改水工程有助于潜水资源维护,但长期运行可加剧生态环境风险。节水灌溉（净采强度为2.0×108～3.0×108 m3/a）是降低区内水资源风险和生态环境风险的最佳方式。文章采用的神经网络—随机模拟分析方法成功预测了地下水位变化驱动因子和地下水位中长期变化趋势,为我国干旱半干旱地区潜水资源利用方案制定提供了新方法。     

巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发的数值模拟研究

为了确定巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发强度与地下水埋深的关系,基于巴丹吉林沙漠的气候背景、砂土特征和不同地下水埋深时的典型植被特点设计了54种情景,利用Hydrus-1D建立不同情景下的SPAC水分运移模型,对周期性气象条件驱动下的潜水蒸发开展数值模拟。模拟结果表明:多年平均潜水蒸发量有着随地下水埋深增大而非线性减小的趋势;不同情景的极限埋深都大于3m,在埋深等于3m时潜水蒸发量都小于最大值的5%;当地下水埋深为0.5~1.5m时,潜水蒸发量对地下水埋深的变化最为敏感;当地下水埋深为1m时,潜水蒸发量对包气带岩性的变化也很敏感;在地下水埋深小于0.5m和大于1.5m的区间,气候、岩性、地下水埋深的变化对潜水蒸发量的影响变得微弱。另外,多年平均潜水蒸发量和地下水埋深的这种非线性关系可以用一个新提出的经验公式进行较为准确的拟合,将这个研究结果用于评价巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊集中区地下水的蒸发消耗,发现潜水蒸发总量显著大于湖面蒸发总量,前者约为后者的2.5~2.6倍,必须在沙漠水分平衡的分析中加以考虑。     

非平稳时序模型在地下水动态预报中的可行性分析

以陕西省宝鸡峡灌区一典型井的水位埋深数据为资料,运用回归分析,傅立叶级数频谱分析及自回归模型分析等方法,建立地下水埋深的非平稳时序模型。采用该模型对该典型井未来水位埋深进行预测,将预测结果与实测数据进行对比。分析该模型的预测精度及其误差来源,阐述其应用于地下水动态预报的可行性,从而对如何提高该模型预测精度提出建议。     

Assessment and mapping of slope stability based on slope units: A case study in Yan’an,China

Precipitation frequently triggers shallow landslides in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi, China, resulting in loss of life, damage to gas and oil routes, and destruction of transport infrastructure and farmland. To assess the possibility of shallow landslides at different precipitation levels, a method to draw slope units and steepest slope profiles based on ARCtools and a new method for calculating slope stability are proposed. The methods were implemented in a case study conducted in Yan’an, north-west China. High resolution DEM (Digital Elevation Model) images, soil parameters from in-situ laboratory measurements and maximum depths of precipitation infiltration were used as input parameters in the method. Next, DEM and reverse DEM were employed to map 2146 slope units in the study area, based on which the steepest profiles of the slope units were constructed. Combining analysis of the water content of loess, strength of the sliding surface, its response to precipitation and the infinite slope stability equation, a new equation to calculate infinite slope stability is proposed to assess shallow landslide stability. The slope unit stability was calculated using the equation at 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-year return periods of antecedent effective precipitation. The number of slope units experiencing failure increased in response to increasing effective antecedent rainfall. These results were validated based on the occurrence of landslides in recent decades. Finally, the applicability and limitations of the model are discussed.     

河南省沉积盆地区五大构造单元地热地质特征

河南省沉积盆地区是地热资源的主要赋存区.河南省有11个省辖市市区和60多个县城分布于沉积盆地区五大构造单元内.对五大构造单元524眼地热井研究分析显示,不同构造单元地热井的分布密度不均,地热井的取水段深度相差较大.五大构造单元平均取水段深度为这些地区施工地热井深度确定提供了依据.五大构造单元地热井分布密度统计表明,有三大构造单元地热井分布密度小于0.9眼/100 km²,具有较大的开发空间.     

我国北方典型岩溶地下水位对降水及气象指数的响应特征——以鲁中地区为例

我国北方岩溶水资源是其经济社会发展的重要资源基础,表征水资源赋存特征的岩溶地下水位动态及其影响因素分析能够为岩溶水资源管理及合理开发利用提供重要支撑。本文选取鲁中地区3个典型水文地质单元,基于2010-2017年月值降水、地下水位及NPI气象指数数据,采用小波分析方法对上述指标的周期性、响应特征及遥相关特征进行了分析。结果表明:（1）各岩溶地下水位动态、降水与NPI的主波动周期均为1 a,其显著周期与分布时段等的异同是受自然条件和人类活动共同作用的结果。（2）各水文地质单元岩溶水位对降水的响应时滞为95.81~146.64 d,其差异主要源于观测站所处的地下水流系统的位置的不同。（3）NPI与降水存在一定的遥相关,与受降水影响的岩溶水位动态也存在遥相关。各岩溶水位对NPI的遥相关时滞为111.75~169.77 d,相比水位对降水时滞有所增加。鲁中岩溶地区地下水位对降水与NPI存在规律性的响应时滞,此种特征可为我国北方岩溶地下水位的预警预报提供帮助。      

Geophysical,geochemical and hydrological analyses of water-resource vulnerability to salinization: case of the Uburu-Okposi salt lakes and environs,southeast Nigeria

Until this study, the location and depth of the saline units in Uburu-Okposi salt lake areas and environs have been unknown. This study aimed at delineating the saline lithofacies and dispersal configurations to water bodies, using electrical geophysical methods such as constant separation traversing (CST) and vertical electrical sounding (VES). Results showed weathered zones that represent aquifers mostly at the fourth geoelectric layer: between upper layered aquitards and underlying aquitards at depths 30–140 m. Lateral distribution of resistivity variance was defined by the CST, whereas the VES tool, targeted at low-resistivity zones, detected isolated saline units with less than 10 ohm-m at depths generally >78 m. The saline lithofacies were suspected to link freshwater zones via shear zones, which steer saline water towards the salt lakes and influence the vulnerability of groundwater to salinization. The level of salinization was verified by water sampling and analysis, and results showed general alkaline water type with a mean pH of 7.66. Water pollution was indicated: mean total dissolved solids (TDS) 550 mg/l, electrical conductivity (EC) 510 μS/cm, salinity 1.1‰, Cl^? 200 mg/l, N0₃ ^?35.5 mg/l, Na⁺ 19.6 mg/l and Ca²⁺ 79.3 mg/l. The salinity is controlled by NaCl salt, as deduced from correlation analysis using the software package Statistical Product for Service Solutions (SPSS). Generally, concentrations of dissolved ions in the water of the area are enhanced via mechanisms such as evaporation, dissociation of salts, precipitation run off and leaching of dissolved rock minerals.     

降水入渗补给地下水滞后时间分析探讨

利用地中蒸渗计多年资料,对不同岩性、不同埋深的蒸渗计降水入渗补给地下水滞后时间进行了分析。认为不同埋深、不同岩性的降水入渗补给地下水滞后时间随着降水特性、前期含水量的不同,表现为不同的时间段,降水入渗补给地下水滞后时间与地下水埋深符合乘幂关系,并推出了相应的数学模型。     

Precipitation spatial variability and dry areas temporal stability for different elevation classes in the Macta basin (Algeria)

The water availability relies primarily on precipitation whose spatial and temporal variability depends on meteorological and topographic attributes. Water becomes a precious natural resource, especially in semiarid areas. Generally, decisions on water resources are made on the whole watershed, but the variability of precipitation is related to topography. The work was aimed at quantifying the spatial variability of annual precipitation for a 40-year-long time series in the Macta basin (Algeria) by using a geostatistical approach and to detect the temporal stability of dry areas. To assess if annual precipitation variability could depend upon the elevation, the study area was divided into five geographical units (polygons) based on elevation and polygon kriging was applied. For each hydrologic year, the standardized relative difference of precipitation (SRDP) was evaluated and dry areas identified. The temporal stability of SRDP with elevation was assessed using the Spearman rank coefficient. Geostatistical approach showed different variability structures of annual precipitation over the considered period. Results highlighted differences in SRDP within the geographical units located at different elevation and the non-stability of dry periods with time within the same polygon. A remarkable dry tendency was assessed in the northern polygon, while the polygons at higher elevations were dominated by temporal instability. The spatio-temporal non-stability of dry areas might be attributed to the change in general atmospheric circulation in North Africa over the last decades and to the nonlinear interaction among precipitation and orography. The identification of dry areas can help decision-makers to plan management and conservation programs in Algeria.     

Relationships between precipitation,soil water and groundwater at Chongling catchment with the typical vegetation cover in the Taihang mountainous region,China

Vegetation cover plays an important role in the process of evaporation and infiltration. To explore the relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang mountainous region, China, precipitation, soil water and water table were observed from 2004 to 2006, and precipitation, soil water and groundwater were sampled in 2004 and 2005 for oxygen-18 and deuterium analysis at Chongling catchment. The soil water was sampled at three sites covered by grass (Carex humilis and Carex lanceolata), acacia and arborvitae respectively. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in rainy seasons and has no significant spatial variance in study area. The stable isotopic compositions are enriched in precipitation and soil water due to the evaporation. The analysis of soil water potential and isotopic profiles shows that evaporation of soil water under arborvitae cover is weaker than under grass and acacia, while soil water evaporation under grass and acacia showed no significant difference. Both δ¹⁸O profiles and soil water potential dynamics reveal that the soil under acacia allows the most rapid infiltration rate, which may be related to preferential flow. In the process of infiltration after a rainstorm, antecedent water still takes up over 30% of water in the topsoil. The soil water between depths of 0–115 cm under grass has a residence time of about 20 days in the rainy season. Groundwater recharge from precipitation mainly occurs in the rainy season, especially when rainstorms or successive heavy rain events happen.     

Fluid flow in cataclastic thrust fault zones in sandstones, Sub-Andean Zone, southern Bolivia

The Bolivian Sub-Andean Zone (SAZ) corresponds to a Neogene thrust system that affects an about 10-km thick Palaeozoic to Neogene siliciclastic succession. The analysis of macro and microstructures and cement distribution in thrust fault zones shows that they are sealed by quartz at depths >3 km, due to local silica transfer by pressure-solution/precipitation activated at temperatures >70–90 °C. At shallower depths, faults have remained open and could be preferential drains for lateral flow of carbonate-bearing fluids, as shown by the occurrence of carbonate cements in fractures and their host-sandstone. Due to decreasing burial, resulting from foothill erosion during fault activity, critically buried fault segments can be affected by non-quartz-sealed structures that post-date initial quartz-sealed structures. The integration of textural, fluid inclusion and isotopic data shows that carbonates precipitated at shallow depth (<3 km), low temperature (<80 °C) and relatively late during the thrusting history. Isotopic data also show that precipitation occurred from the mixing of gravity-driven meteoric water with deeper formation water bearing carbonate carbon derived from the maturation of hydrocarbon source rocks (Silurian and Devonian shales). The combined microstructural and isotopic analyses indicate that: (i) fluid flow in fault zones often occurred with successive pulses derived from different or evolving sources and probably related to episodic fault activity, and (ii) at a large-scale, the faults have a low transverse permeability and they separate thrust sheets with different fluid histories.     

Analyses of the Distribution and Nature of the Natural Cementation of Quaternary Sediments: The Case of the Turin Subsoil (Italy)

The finding of a remarkable number of stratigraphies from mechanical surveys and water research wells, drilled in the urban area of Turin over the last few decades, has made it possible to reconstruct the geology of the subsoil in great detail. In particular, it has been possible to define the distribution of the cementation in the Quaternary alluvial sediments through geological planimetries that refer to different depths from the ground level. The cementation map of the Turin subsoil can be considered very useful for the planning of future underground works and for the definition of the necessary construction methods. An accurate mineralogical analysis has identified a “meniscus” type structure of the cementation; this leads us to believe that the cementation has formed in a vadose environment. The reason for the precipitation of the calcium carbonates is therefore probably due to infiltration of the slightly acidic meteoric water into the subsoil and not to the mixing of water with different temperatures, hardness and pH values, as some authors believed in the past.     

基于氢氧稳定同位素识别干旱区棉花水分利用来源

棉花是我国西北内陆干旱地区主要的农作物,研究干旱区棉花的水分利用来源对合理制定灌溉制度、实现农业节水灌溉和保证作物稳产高产具有重要意义.在新疆生产建设兵团炮台土壤改良试验站,基于水文监测和氢氧稳定同位素方法分析膜下滴灌棉田土壤水中氢氧同位素的动态变化特征,确定棉花不同生育期及灌溉后的水分利用来源,并应用多水源混合模型(IsoSource模型)定量计算了棉花对不同深度土壤水的利用率.研究结果表明:棉花在蕾期、花期、铃期和吐絮期主要的水分利用来源及利用率分别为0~30 cm(78.2%)、30~60 cm(31.9%)、60~110 cm(32%)、110~220 cm(47.3%),整个生育期内水分利用来源存在由浅变深的规律.膜下滴灌后,棉花调整其水分利用来源,显著增加了0~30 cm浅层土壤水的利用率.综合试验结果表明低额高频的灌溉制度可以提高棉花对灌溉水的利用率.