斜坡下考虑支护效应浅埋隧道力学响应的时效解答

针对岩质或黄土浅埋隧道,考虑岩土体黏弹性流变特性和支护效应,给出斜坡下进行隧道施工时的全域时效解答。根据一般黏弹性问题求解方法,采用复变函数方法、Laplace变换、黏弹性叠加关系,用随时间和空间变化支护力体现管片支护效应,导出适用于任意黏弹性模型岩体、任意时刻施加支护的应力与位移。解答与相同模型有限元结果一致,根据解答分析了广义Kelvin黏弹性模型岩体中浅埋隧道开挖时侧压力系数、斜坡倾角、埋深对稳定地表沉陷大小和范围、洞周时效位移、应力的影响,给出可按深埋问题处理时的埋深范围。解答可用于岩质和黄土隧道初步设计中,并为隧道与地下结构相互作用分析两阶段法提供自由位移场。     

建筑物对浅埋隧道开挖地表沉降的影响

采用解析法研究穿越地表建筑物浅埋隧道开挖引起的地表沉降。由无建筑物时岩土体开挖引起的地表沉降公式及半无限平面在均布荷载下的相对沉陷,推导出了穿越地表建筑物浅埋隧道施工引起的地表沉降公式,并通过实例验证了此方法的可行性。采用上述方法研究了地表建筑物的重量及其与浅埋隧道位置关系对地表沉降的影响,研究结果表明：浅埋隧道开挖引起的地表沉降随建筑物重量的增大而增大;建筑物中心到隧道轴线的水平距离是对地表沉降的一个重要影响因素,超过一定范围时建筑物的存在对地表沉降的影响可以忽略不计。研究结果可为类似隧道工程提供一定参考。     

西安地裂缝地段浅埋暗挖地铁隧道施工沉降规律

地裂缝是西安市最典型的地质灾害之一,地裂缝地段地铁隧道施工引起地层及地表沉降是较为突出的工程地质和岩土工程问题。文章以西安地铁六号线浅埋暗挖隧道穿过f8地裂缝为工程背景,基于有限元数值模拟,对地裂缝地段交叉中隔墙法(CRD工法)暗挖施工引起的地表沉降和隧道变形进行了分析。结果表明:暗挖施工引起的地表沉降随开挖进尺呈反S型曲线变化特征,地裂缝带上盘的开挖进尺影响范围大于下盘;隧道中心线地表沉降在地裂缝带出现错台且靠近上盘5 m处出现集中沉降区;地裂缝地段隧道暗挖施工对地表的影响区范围约为80 m即上盘约45 m、下盘约35 m,在此范围应考虑暗挖施工对附近地表建(构)筑物的影响;开挖过程中地裂缝带上盘沉降过程变长且大于下盘;地表横向变形曲线符合高斯分布,上盘沉降大于下盘,在上盘靠近地裂缝位置处地表沉降槽宽度、沉降量明显增大;距地裂缝带5 m处上盘拱顶出现最大沉降,其值为25 mm,而在地裂缝位置处拱底出现27 mm的隆起变形,拱顶和拱底变形在地裂缝带附近出现错台;地裂缝带隧道暗挖施工对拱顶、拱底影响区范围分别为50 m和55 m,靠近上盘地裂缝位置附近隧道暗挖施工衬砌应及时支护,防止土体塌落与隧道变形。研究结果可为西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带暗挖施工提供科学依据和技术指导。     

浅埋洞口段黄土公路隧道施工变形性状现场测试研究

以某黄土公路隧道工程为依托,借助现场测试方法研究浅埋洞口段黄土公路隧道地表沉降、拱顶下沉和周边收敛时态分布规律,并结合实测数据建立隧道施工变形统计分析预测模型。研究结果表明：（1）黄土隧道施工变形呈现显著的时间和空间效应,其时态分布曲线符合指数函数型发展规律;（2）地表沉降随时间呈增长趋势,约60 d后逐渐趋于稳定,其最大值（wmax）的统计变化范围为（−30.78～−105.20）mm;（3）横向地表沉降曲线分布呈凹槽形,沉降槽宽度约（3～5）倍隧道跨度（B）,且隧道开挖引起的地层损失率为0.74%～3.08%;（4）拱顶下沉与周边收敛时态曲线可分为线性增长、持续变形和平稳发展3个阶段,且线性增长阶段占总变形量的60%以上;（5）vmax的统计值变化范围为（−17.1～−201.1）mm,其95%置信区间为[−51.53,−65.11],umax的统计值变化范围为（−12.1～−122.0）mm,其95%置信区间为[−35.08,−43.39],建议V级围岩黄土隧道预留变形量取值范围为（−100～−150）mm;（6）拱顶下沉与周边收敛速率时态曲线呈先急剧增加后逐渐衰减趋势,最终稳定后的拱顶下沉速率（Δv）和周边收敛速率（Δu）依次为（−0.05～−0.80）mm/d和（−0.02～−0.60）mm/d。     

浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起地表沉降的控制措施研究

以北京长安复线隧道浅埋暗挖工程为背景,对目前经常采用的台阶法开挖、小导管超前注浆及喷射砼三种技术措施,采用数值仿真技术,对其控制地表沉降的有效性进行了定量分析,可供设计、施工参考。     

浅埋偏压隧道出口变形机理及稳定性分析

以皖南某公路浅埋偏压隧道出口段高边坡为研究对象,提出了零开挖进洞的施工方案,并结合洞口的工程地质条件,采取必要的加固措施。通过对该边坡现场工程地质条件的系统调查,首先对边坡的岩体结构类型及其成因机制、结构面与坡面组合特征进行细致研究,在此基础上通过FLAC3D数值模拟,结合工程地质条件分析,对其变形破坏机制进行深入探讨。研究结果表明,边坡的变形首先以隧道内侧存在的软弱岩体(挤压错动带、断层)的不均匀压缩为先导,进而引起上部岩体产生由NE向陡缓结构面构成的阶梯状滑动,这将会使隧道构筑物及隧道外壁承受较大的压应力,当压应力超过隧道构筑物及外壁的极限强度时将产生破坏,从而诱发上部岩体产生更大规模的地质灾害。基于此,隧道进洞开挖前首先应对上部岩体进行加固处理,避免隧道构筑物及隧道外壁产生应力集中现象。     

地层渐进成拱对浅埋隧道上覆土压力影响研究

砂土及完整性较差、黏聚强度较小的破碎岩体中,浅埋隧道地层拱作用机制随地层变形发展而变化,受此影响隧道松动土压力也相应变化。常规方法忽略了地层拱不同阶段力学机制的不同,同时未考虑剪切面转动与大主应力旋转之间的相互关系,因此,不能解决浅埋隧道地层能否成拱、地层拱何时贯通至地表以及地层拱发展对隧道松动土压力影响等问题。针对这一情况,提出渐进地层拱力学模型以反映不同阶段地层拱的力学机制;其次,同时考虑主应力旋转、剪切面转动及二者相互关系,确定拱内土体应力分布;随后,优化了传统主应力偏转与地层差异沉降间的数学模型。在此基础上确定了渐进地层拱对隧道松动土压力的影响。改进方法结果与传统方法结果及试验结果的对比验证了改进方法的有效性与适用性。通过参数分析研究了隧道初始松动压力、随地层变形发展的松动压力以及地层拱贯通至地表时的极限变形等关键参数。最后,对下北山超大跨浅埋隧道的研究说明了改进方法的实用性。结论显示：（1）初始松动压力为初始松动区内土体重力,初始松动区范围不受覆跨比影响,而受地层强度影响,随内摩擦角增加而减小;（2）最大拱效应阶段以后,松动土压力随地层变形发展而增加,深埋、小跨度隧道（ ）增长速率较慢,反之较快;（3）极限变形随覆跨比、内摩擦角增加而增加,深埋、小跨度隧道地层拱效应更明显;（4）对于下北山隧道,初始地层拱存在,初始松动土压力为0.37 ,极限松动土压力为0.41 ,最终松动土压力为0.54 ,隧道变形应控制在5.7%以下避免地层拱贯通至地表。     

松软地层浅埋暗挖公路隧道现场监测分析研究

针对浅埋暗挖公路隧道的特点,对厦门高崎互通下穿嘉禾路隧道进行地表下沉、拱顶下沉、洞内收敛、支撑应力等项目的监测工作。基于监测结果,分析了该隧道围岩和支护系统的变形及受力特点,指出了松软地层中浅埋暗挖隧道开挖影响的时空范围和隧道施工中有效控制围岩变形的措施,并为支护体系的优化提供依据。研究结论丰富了浅埋暗挖思想,并为国内浅埋暗挖公路隧道的设计、施工和监测提供借鉴。     

硬塑-流塑浅埋黄土隧道变形特性及合理预留变形量模型试验研究

开展硬塑-流塑浅埋黄土隧道室内大型三维YTLH岩土联合地质模型试验,对比分析了硬塑、软塑、流塑3种状态,12 m和24 m两种埋深下的围岩内部位移、预收敛变形、掌子面挤出位移和径向围岩压力。结果表明:硬塑、软塑和流塑条件下围岩内部位移差率均呈现出"拱顶极小、两侧边墙极大"的特征,拱顶位移差率小于20%、两侧边墙位移差率大于91%;拱顶设计4.5 m长锚杆抗拉效果甚微,边墙围岩内部位移差利于锚杆抗拉效应的充分发挥;硬塑、软塑、流塑预收敛率分别接近65%、70%、80%,开挖对掌子面前方影响范围分别为0.5D、0.6D、0.8D,且呈现出直立型、鼓出型、滑塌型不同失稳破坏模式;应力释放率关系为硬塑<软塑<流塑,软流塑态拱顶应力释放率最大约70%,实际工程应避免软流塑态瞬时应力释放过渡而失稳。双线浅埋黄土隧道合理预留变形量建议取值:硬塑(拱顶55～70 mm、边墙15～20 mm),软塑(拱顶166～180 mm、边墙40～50 mm),流塑(拱顶290～300 mm、边墙125～140 mm),且拱顶和边墙之间按曲线过渡非等量留设。     

地铁暗挖隧道上覆地层大变形规律分析

地铁隧道施工扰动地层,地层应力释放产生相应变形,并且在不同条件下变形量表现出较大的差异。通过对深圳地铁Ⅰ期工程3A标国老区间隧道横断面地层深部位移的现场实测和回归分析,得出了深圳富水软弱地层中浅埋暗挖法施工地层运动的基本规律。由此提出控制地层大变形的技术措施,在Ⅰ期工程的后期施工中得到充分利用,取得了较好的指导施工效果。     

Unsupported advance length in tunnels constructed using New Austrian Tunnelling Method and ground surface settlement

Tunnels constructed using New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) are always based on certain round (unsupported) advance lengths, after which, the temporary lining is placed. The settlement of the ground surface resulting from such construction is of high significance in design and practice. The existing data in this respect, however, is scarce. It is the aim of this paper to propose a semi‐analytical procedure based on three‐dimensional finite element analyses to predict the maximum surface settlement of the ground in NATM tunnels under different combinations of tunnel diameter, overburden depth, round length and soil and lining properties. The comparison of the results with three case histories of real tunnels reveals reasonable accuracy of the present solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速公路连拱隧道开挖地表沉降研究

对隧道开挖引起的地表沉降模型进行总结,详细地调查和分析了金丽温高速公路红枫连拱隧道工程区的地质特征,系统研究了在偏压条件下连拱隧道开挖引起的地表沉降规律,对红枫隧道开挖引起的地表沉降进行研究,建立了偏压条件下连拱隧道分步开挖引起的地表沉降预测模型,对不同开挖工况下的差异沉降进行分析,证明该预测模型比较真实的反映了在偏压及浅埋条件下连拱隧道开挖引起的地表沉降规律,为浅埋连拱隧道开挖过程中防止地表过度变形提供理论基础。     

Analytical study of ground responses induced by the excavation of quasirectangular tunnels at shallow depths

The construction of quasirectangular tunnels at shallow depths is becoming increasingly common in urban areas to efficiently utilize underground space and reduce the need for backfilling. To clarify the mechanical mechanism of the stresses and displacements around the tunnels, this study proposes analytical solutions that precisely account for quasirectangular tunnel shapes, the ground surface, the tunnel depth, and the ground's elastic/viscoelastic properties. The Schwarz alternating method combined with complex variable theory is employed to derive the elastic solution, and convergent and highly accurate solutions are obtained by superposing the solutions in the alternating iterations. Based on the solution and the extended corresponding principle for the viscoelastic problem, the time-dependent analytical solutions for the displacement are obtained for the ground assuming any viscoelastic model. The analytical solutions agree well with the finite element method (FEM) numerical results for models that are completely consistent, and qualitatively agree with field data. Furthermore, based on the stress solution combined with the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the predicted initial plastic zone and propagation directions around the tunnels are qualitatively consistent with those determined by the limit analysis. A parametric study is performed to investigate the influences of the rectangular/quasirectangular tunnel shape, burial depth, and supporting pressure on the ground stresses and displacements.     

考虑侧向变形的软土地基沉降计算方法研究

当前地基固结沉降计算中采用的分层总和法是不考虑土体侧向变形影响的,由此在实际工程中计算地基沉降时往往产生一定程度的误差。特别在软土地基中,由于其结构疏松,孔隙比大,在受到建筑物荷载作用时,所产生的水平变形较大,其引起的地基沉降是不容忽视的。基于这一事实,文章就目前软土侧向变形引起的附加沉降研究现状及地基沉降机理进行了相关研究,发现基于等体积模式考虑侧向变形的修正沉降公式,错误估计了侧向变形造成的地基沉降。为此,本文推导了非等体积模式下的沉降计算公式。通过实际地基沉降量计算及现场沉降监测数据对比分析,证明这一沉降计算公式更接近实际沉降量。该公式计算简单、物理意义明确,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

隧洞边界超欠挖的摄动法解析分析

钻爆法施工常造成隧道边界不平整,隧道分析模型一般将开挖界面光滑处理,忽略了边界不平整对围岩应力的扰动作用。将隧道超欠挖值当作中心偏量小参数,利用摄动法得到了静水压力下圆形隧道的弹性应力解。计算分析表明:超欠挖改变了隧道洞壁附近围岩的应力状态,围岩应力随超欠开挖曲线呈波浪状变化,应力变化量与超欠挖曲线幅值及曲线斜率有关;环向应力变化最大值在洞壁处,其应力集中系数分别在超挖及欠挖顶点达到局部极大与极小值,径向应力变化最大值靠近洞壁表面,切应力变化最大值位于超挖与欠挖表面相交处;扰动应力在径向衰减较快,影响范围约为1~2倍的隧道半径。     

Analytical solution for longitudinal seismic response of long tunnels subjected to Rayleigh waves

The longitudinal seismic response of a long tunnel subjected to Rayleigh waves is investigated in this paper. The tunnel is assumed to be infinitely long, has a uniform cross section, and rests on a viscoelastic foundation. The free-field deformation under Rayleigh waves traveling parallel to the tunnel axis is decomposed into two directions, namely, the axial motion and the vertical motion, and transformed into dynamic loads imposed on the tunnel. Based on the Fourier and Laplace integral transform techniques, the governing equations of tunnels are simplified into algebraic equations, and the analytical solutions are obtained with the convolution theorem. The final solutions of the tunnel responses in terms of deflection, velocity, acceleration, axial force, bending moment, and shear force are investigated. The proposed solution is verified by comparison of its results and those from the finite element program ABAQUS. Further parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of soil-structure relative stiffness ratio and wave frequency on dynamic longitudinal responses of the tunnel.     

水平地震力作用下浅埋偏压隧道围岩压力的简化理论分析

考虑到传统浅埋偏压隧道围岩压力的分析仅以计算摩擦角体现围岩材料特性,没有将内摩擦角和黏聚力作为独立参数分开研究,基于规范法,提出水平地震作用下独立考虑黏聚力的浅埋偏压隧道围岩压力的简化解析分析方法,获得隧道顶部竖直围岩压力、隧道两侧水平侧压力以及滑动面破裂角的理论表达式,并对影响顶部竖直围岩压力、水平侧压力和破裂角的因素进行了研究。结果表明,竖直围岩压力与滑裂面摩擦角、地面倾角呈正相关,与水平地震效应系数、滑裂面黏聚力呈负相关;滑裂面内摩擦角、黏聚力、地面倾角越大,破裂角越大,水平地震加速度系数越大,破裂角越小;水平侧压力随滑裂面内摩擦角和黏聚力的增大而减小,随水平地震效应系数和地面倾角的增大而增大。研究成果可为浅埋偏压隧道的围岩应力计算提供一定的理论依据。     

Analytical stress and displacement due to twin tunneling in an elastic semi‐infinite ground subjected to surcharge loads

The construction of twin tunnels at shallow depth has become increasingly common in urban areas. In general, twin tunnels are usually near each other, in which the interaction between tunnels is too significant to be ignored on their stability. The equivalent arbitrarily distributed loads imposed on ground surface were considered in this study, and a new analytical approach was provided to efficiently predict the elastic stresses and displacements around the twin tunnels. The interaction between 2 tunnels of different radii with various arrangements was taken into account in the analysis. We used the Schwartz alternating method in this study to reduce the twin‐tunnel problem to a series of problems where only 1 tunnel was contained in half‐plane. The convergent and highly accurate analytical solutions were achieved by superposing the solutions of the reduced single‐tunnel problems. The analytical solutions were then verified by the good agreement between analytical and numerical results. Furthermore, by the comparison on initial plastic zone and surface settlement between analytical solution and numerical/measured results of elastoplastic cases, it was proven that the analytical solution can accurately predict the initial plastic zone and its propagation direction and can qualitatively provide the reliable ground settlements. A parametric study was finally performed to investigate the influence of locations of surcharge load and the tunnel arrangement on the ground stresses and displacements. The new solution proposed in this study provides an insight into the interaction of shallow twin tunnels under surcharge loads, and it can be used as an alternative approach for the preliminary design of future shallow tunnels excavated in rock or medium/stiff clay.