Standing crop and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats in the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays, China

The standing crop and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats have seasonally been observed in the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays of the northern China coast during 1999 - 2000. The results show that the annual primary productions of benthic microalgae on tidal flats in the two bays are 2 532 and 7 542 tons carbon, which would be able to support 3.1 x 103 and 9.2 x 103 tons shellfish meat, respectively. The nature of sediment is essential for governing the biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats. The biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats with muddy sediments are higher than those with sandy sediments, which resulted from higher nutrient concentration and lower grazing pressure. That is the reason why in comparison with Xiangshan Bay the standing crop and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays are low. Light was a key factor controlling vertical distribution of biomass and production of benthic     

Harmonious Development of Utilization and Protection of Tidal Flats and Wetlands-A Case Study in Shanghai Area

Spatial, environmental, and material resources are important for tidal flats and wetlands, thus, a harmonious balance between utilization and protection should be maintained. In the present study, the concept of tidal flat is defined, and its spatial limitation is also clarified. Located at the Yangtze Estuary, tidal flats in Shanghai area are selected for study. The relationship between water discharge and sediment transport of the Yangtze River, allowed exploration intensity and needs for wetland protection are discussed in the paper. The dynamic process and changing trend for different types of tidal flats are illustrated in detail. Regulations are proposed for a reasonable exploitation, dynamic protection, and ecosystem restoration of each individual tidal fiat and wetland. Some valuable suggestions are put forward for further study about the sustain＇able exploitation of offshore resources in Shanghai area.     

莱州湾西岸岸滩冲淤特征分析

利用风暴潮前后潮滩剖面的实测对比及不同时期地形图和卫星遥感影像解译分析,研究了莱州湾西岸海滩冲淤变化特征。结果表明,莱州湾西岸海滩中、高潮滩处于相对稳定状况,低潮滩呈现弱淤积的特征。岸线50多年来的总体变化特征是1986年以前岸线淤进蚀退变化较明显,1986年以来海岸线逐渐趋于稳定。分析表明,岸滩变化的原因主要为人类活动对岸滩形态的改造以及大风暴潮的影响。     

Methane in the southern North Sea: Sources, spatial distribution and budgets

Measurements of methane (CH₄) so far have always shown supersaturation in the entire North Sea relative to the atmospheric partial pressure and the distribution of surface CH₄ reveals a distinct increase towards the shore. Since North Sea sediments presumably are an insignificant source for CH₄ the coastal contribution via rivers and tidal flats gains in importance.In this work, CH₄ data from the River Weser, the back barrier tidal flats of Spiekeroog Island (NW Germany), and the German Bight are presented. Results from the River Weser are compared to other rivers draining into the German Bight. Measurements in the tidal flat area of Spiekeroog Island highlight this ecosystem as an additional contributor to the overall CH₄ budget of the southern North Sea. A tidally driven CH₄ pattern is observed for the water column with maximum values during low tide. Tidal flat sediments turn out to be the dominating source because pore waters discharged during low tide are highly enriched in CH₄. In contrast, the freshwater contribution to the tidal flats by small coastal tributaries has almost no impact on water column CH₄ concentrations. The CH₄ level seems to be disturbed irregularly by wind forcing due to elevated degassing and prevention of advective flow when tidal flats remain covered by water.Based on our data, two model calculations were used to estimate the impact of tidal flats on the CH₄ budget in the German Bight. Our results demonstrate that the back barrier tidal flats of the east Frisian Wadden Sea contribute CH₄ in an order of magnitude between the Wash estuary and River Elbe and thus have to be considered in budget calculations.     

苏北辐射沙洲岸滩沉积物元素地球化学记录的百年尺度环境变化

苏北辐射沙洲是分布于江苏岸外的典型沉积堆积体,受长江、黄河泥沙供给和近岸潮流动力的共同影响,发育了典型的粉砂淤泥质潮滩,沉积物元素可以记录潮滩环境变化的重要信息。在辐射沙洲岸滩采集了3个短柱沉积物岩芯,建立可靠的年代框架,采用高分辨率XRF元素扫描仪进行地球化学元素测试,选用XRF信号强度高的14种元素进行聚类和相关性方法提取环境信息,研究过去百年尺度人类活动和海岸环境变化下的苏北辐射沙洲岸滩沉积环境变化。结果表明,该区典型潮滩剖面岩芯沉积物中Si、Ca、As和Fe元素相对含量较高,且自北向南其含量不断增加,Mn、Ba、Cu和Zn元素含量较低,在所有剖面含量变化不大。在垂向上,Si、Ca和Fe元素变化趋势一致,而Ni、Zn和S元素在不同柱状岩芯中呈现与Si、Ca和Fe相反的变化趋势。相关关系和聚类分析显示,Si、Ca和Fe元素之间具有较高的相关性,即具有近似的地球化学行为和一致的物质来源;与元素Ni、Cu和Zn呈负相关,暗示了这几种元素与前者具有不同的地球化学行为。苏北辐射沙洲潮滩沉积物沉积环境发生了明显变化且在不同区域呈现不同的变化规律,物质来源、水动力环境、人类活动等因素是导致沉积环境变化的主要原因。     

Facies and geometry of tidal channel-fill deposits (Arcachon Lagoon, SW France)

The Arcachon Lagoon has an important network of tidal channels and well developed tidal flats covered by the marine grass Zostera marina. Based on 66 piston cores taken from the Graveyron tidal channel, and observations on the neighbouring channels, this paper documents the facies and geometry of the channel-fill deposits. In the inner lagoon (studied area) the tidal channels are 80 to 150 m wide and have a meandering morphology with sandy point bars 2 to 5 m thick. The channel-fill does not consist of the classic inclined heterolithic bedding typical of many channel-fills (Reineck, 1958), but of cross-stratified sandy deposits characterized by the absence of slack-water clay-drapes. These unusual facies characteristics are due to the low turbidity of the lagoonal waters which is caused by the lack of significant river inflow and the dense coverage of Zostera marina on the tidal flats. The overall geometry of the channel-fill deposits is characterized by a narrow sand-ribbon shape, a few kilometres long, 80 to 150 m wide and 1 to 5 m thick. This sand ribbon is made of elliptical sand bodies, deposited as point bars, that coalesce longitudinally along the channel axis. This narrow shape is due to the fact that the lateral migration of the channel is virtually nil (reduced to a few metres). In spite of their characteristic meandering morphology, these channels do not deposit extensive tabular sand sheets of amalgamated point bars like the tidal creeks on the North Sea tidal flats. Two factors are thought to control this lack of channel migration. (1) The tidal flats adjacent to the tidal channels are made of 3- to 5-m-thick cohesive muddy sediments covered by Zostera marina that prevents the erosion of the channel banks. This first mechanism is supported by the observation that the tidal creeks that drain the muddy tidal flats covered by Zostera marina do not migrate laterally, whereas those that drain the sandy tidal flats devoid of a dense coverage of marine grass do have active lateral migration. (2) The tidal channels are not fed by any river and therefore do not receive any fluvial sand influx during the winter floods. Their morphology is in equilibrium with the tidal discharge and represents a stable stage in the development of the channel. This second mechanism is supported by the fact that the only tidal channels that actively migrate laterally in the lagoon receive sandy fluvial influx from the River Leyre located in the southeastern corner of the lagoon.     

河口潮滩地貌和沉积物对人类工程的响应特征

河口潮滩受径潮流的共同作用,在自然环境与人类活动的影响下处于不断的动态调整中,其中大型人类工程往往对其短期地貌变化和沉积物特征产生巨大影响。2013年底至2014年5月,长江口崇明东滩北部开展大规模互花米草治理工程,本文基于地面三维激光扫描技术、植被点云数据滤除算法、沉积物取样以及室内粒度分析等手段,对比了工程前后潮滩地貌与沉积物特征。研究发现:（1）完工后研究区域靠海及南侧区域出现明显冲刷,北侧虽出现淤积,但整个区域平均冲刷幅度仍达4 cm;（2）工程前研究区域沉积物平均中值粒径为29 μm,工程完工后沉积物平均中值粒径则增大到38 μm;（3）工程完工后沉积物靠海及南侧区域明显粗化,北侧沉积物则变细。结果表明,围垦工程会造成邻近潮滩大幅冲刷以及表层沉积物粗化,但潮滩不同区域地貌和沉积物特征对工程的响应仍存在空间差异性。研究揭示尽管河口潮滩长期演变过程受流域来沙条件影响,但围垦工程等局部影响因素会短期内显著改变潮滩动力地貌过程。     

Seasonal variation of sedimentary processes in a semi-enclosed bay: Hampyong bay,Korea

Multi-annual sedimentological observations on tidal-flat sediments were carried out in Hampyong Bay, southeastern Yellow Sea, to infer the budget of modern muddy sediments in the bay. Sedimentation rates over a four-year period show contrasting types of seasonal sedimentary cycles occurring in the tidal flats within the elongated bay. Both sides of the bay are largely sheltered from winter waves, resulting in surface mud deposition during winter and erosion during summer. In contrast, tidal flats along the head of the bay are influenced by winter waves, resulting in a reversed trend where erosion occurs during winter and deposition during summer. Tidal flats near the bay-mouth, however, show a sedimentary cycle disrupted by the construction of sea walls undergoing consistent erosion throughout the observational period. The shoreline artificially straightened seems to cause tidal currents to bypass the tidal flat and hence to be much stronger. These differences in sedimentary cycles suggest the critical importance of the orientation of tidal flats relative to the propagating direction (from N–NW) of the monsoon winter-storm waves on the tidal-flat sedimentation in the eastern coastal area of the Yellow Sea. The preliminary budget estimation for the tidal-flat mud suggests that the tidal flats in Hampyong Bay are subject to the slight but consistent erosion as a whole.     

A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/estuarine systems Part II: Theory

The generation of tidal asymmetries is clarified via numerical integration of the one-dimensional equations for channel geometries characteristic of shallow estuaries. Channels without tidal flats develop a time asymmetry characterized by a longer falling than rising tide. This behavior is enhanced by strong friction and large channel cross-sectional area variability over a tidal cycle. Resulting tidal currents have a shorter, intense flood and a longer, weak ebb (flood-dominant). Addition of tidal flats to the channels can produce a longer rising tide and stronger ebb currents (ebb-dominant), if the area of tidal flats is large enough to overcome the effects of time-variable channel geometry. Weaker friction with flats can also produce this asymmetry.Despite the physical complexity of these systems, essential features of estuarine tidal response can be recovered from one-dimensional models. Shallow estuaries are shown to have a system response leading to stable, uniform senses of tidal asymmetry (either flood- or ebb-dominated, due to phase-locking of forced tidal constituents), with down-channel development in magnitude of asymmetry. These concepts are illustrated by modeling idealized representations of tidal channels at Nauset Inlet, MA, and Wachapreague Inlet, VA, which have flood- and ebb-dominance, respectively.     

富营养化滩涂生物修复研究进展

近年来,随着海水富营养化加剧,滩涂沉积物多项重要理化参数也随之恶化,进而导致滩涂底质生境退化,表现出较为明显的富营养化趋势。为改善和恢复滩涂沉积物的生态环境,国内外学者进行了较多的生物境修复探索研究工作。作者概述了滩涂富营养化的现状及原因,各种滩涂生物修复技术的原理、特点及其修复效果,分析了各类生境修复技术的优缺点。同时,就滩涂生境修复技术在滩涂修复和海洋环境保护领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

Impact of the cord-grass Spartina alterniflora on sedimentary and morphological evolution of tidal salt marshes on the Jiangsu coast, China

1Introduction Asanimportantcomponentofthecoastalsys tem,tidalflatsareformedbytidalactionunderthe conditionofabundantfine grainedsedimentsupply;theybecomeafocusofthestudyonland oceaninter actioninthecoastalzonebecausetheseareasare subjectedtointensehumanac…     

长江入海泥沙的变化趋势与上海滩涂资源的可持续利用

在分析1950年以来系列监测资料的基础上,对今后20年长江入海泥沙量和口门区5 m等深线以浅滩涂的冲淤趋势作了初步估计,结果表明:(1) 人类活动已导致长江入海泥沙通量减少约2/3.大通站输沙率从20世纪60年代后期开始出现趋势性下降,尤其是80年代后期以来输沙率下降加快.1996～2005年的输沙率(2.80亿t/a)比1956～1965年的输沙率(5.04亿t/a)下降了2.04亿t/a,降幅达44%;三峡水库蓄水后的2003～2005年大通站输沙率(1.89亿t/a)比1956～1965年降低63%.(2) 滩涂淤涨速率明显下降.河口口门区4大滩涂(崇明东滩、横沙东滩、九段沙和南汇东滩)的合计淤涨速率在1958～1977年、1977～1996年和1996～2004年3个时段分别为19.1、5.1和4.9 km2/a.(3) 目前上海5 m等深线以上的滩涂面积主要分布在口门4大滩涂,它们分别是崇明东滩(701 km2)、横沙东滩(464 km2)、九段沙(410 km2)和南汇东滩(462 km2),占总面积的80%.(4) 考虑北槽深水航道工程的影响后得出,大通站输沙率(108 t/a)和口门区4大滩涂淤涨速率(km2/a)之间的关系为Y=9.51X-29.1,r=0.925.预测表明:2006～2015年和2016～2025年时段大通站平均输沙率估计将分别降至1.5和1.2亿t/a左右.根据上述关系,2006～2015年和2016～2025年时段口门4大滩涂5 m等深线以上面积将分别蚀退148和177 km2,即20年累计损失占现有面积的13.8%.在现有工程条件下,今后20年口门的4大滩涂5 m等深线以上的面积累计损失可能为10%左右.因此,作为上海滩涂资源主要来源的长江口门区滩涂淤涨速率在自然条件下随着长江入海泥沙的减少而迅速下降,若无有效的工程保护措施,今后随着长江来沙的进一步降低将出现净的蚀退.采取适当的工程促淤措施,利用高悬沙浓度的有利条件,上海仍可望获得新的滩涂,以实现滩涂资源的可持续利用.     

浙江省海岸侵蚀及防治概述

浙江海岸侵蚀现象普遍存在。基岩海岸海蚀地貌发育,因其组成物质抗冲蚀能力强,岸线后退不明显;砂砾质海岸普遍发生侵蚀,尤其是无计划的人工挖沙,造成沙滩减小或消失;淤泥质海岸大多处于缓慢的淤涨状态,但由于自然条件的改变和人为作用的影响,某些岸段发生侵蚀,特别是受到台风暴潮的影响,岸线在短时间内出现大规模后退和滩面下蚀。侵蚀岸段主要见于杭州湾北岸澉浦至金丝娘桥岸段,杭州湾南岸临山至西三岸段及瓯江口北岸盘石至黄华岸段。淤泥质海岸后缘为滨海平原,组成物质为粘土质粉砂,抗冲蚀能力弱,为防止和减轻海岸侵蚀,沿岸建造各类海岸工程(海塘、丁坝、导堤等),提高防潮抗浪能力,在朝滩种植大米草,互花米草,消浪促淤明显。另外,在海岸开发活动中,应加强海岸侵蚀监测和综合管理。     

黄河三角洲潮滩潮沟体系的分维特征

利用分形分维方法对黄河三角洲潮滩和潮沟的地貌特征进行了定量研究。结果表明，潮滩和潮沟的分维值可以较好地反映潮滩潮沟的发育演化规律。随着时间的推移和潮沟潮滩的进一步发育，黄河三角洲潮沟的分维值呈逐渐增大的趋势，而潮滩的分维值则呈逐渐减小的趋势，两者在分维值的变化上存在着负相关关系。该研究为黄河三角洲潮滩发育时空谱系的建立和深入研究提出了一种新方法和新的定量指标。     

Preliminary results on suspended sediment transport by tidal currents in Gomso Bay,Korea

This study briefly investigated sediment transport by tidal currents in Gomso Bay, on the mid-west coast of Korea during the summer season. Hydrodynamic measurements with benthic tripods (TISDOSs) show that near-bed suspended sediments are transported toward the bay mouth along the low-water line of tidal flats in the southern part of the bay, while they are directed offshore in front of the major tidal channel at the bay mouth according to tidal asymmetry. However, suspended sediments in the main body of sea water, observed from transect and anchor-site measurements, indicate a consistent incoming toward the uppermost tidal flats. A brief episode of relatively strong winds from the west and southeast displays that wind waves can yield the near-bed suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) overwhelming the SSC by tidal currents alone in the remaining duration.     

长江口崇明东滩冲淤演变分析

通过对崇明东滩水文、泥沙、地形等资料的分析,阐述1983-2003年崇明东滩冲淤演变过程. 1.1983-2001年,崇明东滩淤涨延伸较快,0m以上各等高线大幅度向外扩展,沿正东向年均外移228~279m不等.潮滩面积稳定增长,3.5m以上面积增加最多,达65.2km2,0m以上面积共增加8.4km2.滩面淤高迅速,尤其是高潮滩,且有随高程的降低,淤高速率下降的趋势.2. 2003年与2001年相比,崇明东滩0m以上面积增加4.2km2,2.0m以上面积减少0.8 km2,3.0m以上面积年均增长率下降.3.人类活动(如围垦)对崇明东滩的演变产生重要影响.流域来沙量大幅减少对潮滩演变的影响有待于进一步研究.     

河口海岸潮滩蟹类生物扰动行为过程研究进展

河口海岸潮滩是具有较高生物生产力和生物多样性的生态系统。蟹类作为一种典型的生态系统工程师,分布广泛、种类繁多,可影响整个潮滩生态系统的物质与能量循环。蟹类的分布与盐度、淹水时长、湿度、温度、底质等非生物因子有关,也与植被、捕食作用、种内种间竞争等生物因子和人类活动有关。蟹类挖掘洞穴,形成了优先排水通道,增加了土壤蒸发速率,改变了孔隙水循环以及土壤的物理化学性质,进而可影响潮滩泥沙稳定性以及微地貌形态,甚至会影响中长期潮滩地貌演变。目前,蟹类对于沉积物稳定性、泥沙输运规律、微地貌演变的影响依然有待深入研究,有必要开展中长期现场观测和试验、多因子驱动下系统演变数值模拟以及综合分析,推动相关研究从定性向定量层面迈进。     

浙江省三门湾北部潮滩互花米草遥感研究

浙江省三门湾地区潮滩互花米草扩散迅速,已成为潮滩主要植被类型,挤占滩涂生态空间,降低海湾纳潮量,引起滩涂淤长和水交换能力下降,互花米草入侵和扩散问题引起当地生态环境和海洋管理部门高度关注。本文利用Landsat和Sentinel-2系列卫星遥感数据,结合无人机摄影测量,对三门湾北部潮滩近20年来互花米草分布和变化进行分析,结果表明,近20年间三门湾北部潮滩互花米草快速扩张,面积由2000年的21.8 km²增加到2017年高峰值为38.6 km²,年扩展面积近1 km²,主要分布在宁海县的一市港、双盘涂、三山涂和象山县的蟹钳港等湾顶潮滩区。2017年后,部分互花米草生长的上部潮滩被改造为海水养殖池,总体上互花米草面积有所下降,到2020年4月份统计的互花米草面积为34.9 km²,但潮滩下部米草扩增趋势仍然持续。扩增主要为沿潮沟两侧及先斑块后连续的特征。高程、人类活动引起的水动力环境改变是互花米草面积变化的主要因素。     

乐清湾近期海岸演变研究

乐清湾是一个与东海相通的半封闭型强潮海湾。通过对1934,1968和1992年的海图对比研究表明:近期乐清湾各等深线所围水域面积持续减小。后一阶段,围垦使岸线推进速度加快,滩涂面积由前一阶段的不断增加转变为不断减小。1934到1968年,西南部最大潮滩华岐潮滩岸线和零米线平均外推速率分别为4.88m/a和13.24m/a;1968到1992年平均淤进速率分别为6.17m/a和8.08m/a。实地采样分析表明:表层水样平均悬沙浓度为0.1043kg/m3,从湾顶向湾口呈不断增加的趋势。悬沙浓度虽较低,但湾内处于低能动力沉积环境,有利于细颗粒沉积物落淤,这是湾内地貌演变的要因。长江入海南移和陆架区再悬浮的细颗粒物质是乐清湾主要的泥沙来源。泥沙自然淤积和人类活动影响是近期乐清湾大部分岸线处于淤进状态的原因。漩门二期工程前后乐清湾的纳潮量减小了5.73%,落潮流相对携沙能力降低为工程前的79%。而根据实测落潮平均流速计算得围垦后落潮流的相对携沙能力减弱为原来的54%。而从1934年到漩门二期围垦工程后,纳潮量减小了22.57%。开辟盐田和围垦造陆工程等人类活动,对海岸演变的影响显著。