Three Spaces of Spatial Cognition

As we move about and interact in the world, we keep track of different spaces, among them the space of navigation, the space immediately around the body, and the space of the body. We review research showing that these spaces are conceptualized differently. Knowledge of the space of navigation is systematically distorted. For example, people mentally rotate roads and land masses to greater correspondence with global reference frames, they mentally align roads and land masses, they overestimate distances near the viewpoint relative to those far from it. These and other distortions indicate that the space of navigation is schematized to elements and spatial relations relative to reference frames and perspective. The space around the body is organized into a mental framework consisting of extensions of the major axes of the body. Times to report objects around the body suggest that the relative accessibility of the axes depends on their perceptual and functional properties and the relation of the body to the world. Finally, times to verify named or depicted body parts indicate that body schemas depend on perceptual and functional significance. Thus, these spaces (and they are not the only ones important to human interaction) differ from one another and are not conceptualized as Euclidean. Rather they are schematized into elements and spatial relations that reflect perceptual and conceptual significance.     

西双版纳、滇西北和西藏高原斑腿蝗科区系比较与起源探讨

西双版纳、滇西北、西藏高原3个区域的斑腿蝗科区系成分比较结果表明,各区域的蝗虫组成各有特色,属种数量由多到少依次为西双版纳、滇西北、西藏高原。特有种均十分丰富,特有物种数及其比例以西藏高原为最高,西双版纳次之,滇西北最低。3个区域的斑腿蝗科昆虫在体型、翅型、体色变化等方面有不同的适应表现,总趋势是随海拔升高,翅退化强烈、体型趋小、体色加深。突出的是西藏高原特有种类的分布区非常狭窄,物种分化现象十分明显。推断西双版纳可能为斑腿蝗科物种的现代分布中心,滇西北为过渡地带。     

滑体的运动变形及观测要点

滑体运动变形特征是建立滑坡观测系统的主要依据。前者受控于滑面类型。1.直线型滑面上的滑体作整体运动,运动具等效效应;内部变形微弱,观测重点在地表位移;2.折线型滑面上的滑体亦作整体运动,变形较强,观测重点在深部位移和变形;3.凹弧型滑面上的滑体作整体旋转运动,变形较弱,观测重点在后缘和前缘;4.凸弧型滑面上的滑体作破碎旋转运动,变形较明显,观测重点在地表(尤其是剪出口处);5.复合型滑面上的滑体作分级分块运动,变形强烈,宜作综合观测。     

自然灾害承险体的分类技术与方案

自然灾害风险与防灾减灾研究的基础是灾区承险体的基本认知,如何对数量庞大、种类繁多的承险体进行科学分类是一直尚未解决的科学问题。在简要回顾国内外研究现状的基础上,本文分析了承险体识别与分类的几个关键问题,包括承险体的基础概念界定、关键问题厘清、分类原则等,根据统计方法、功能用途、基本属性和表现形态的差异,设计了由承险体集、承险体项、承险体类和承险体形式等4个层级组成的分类体系。按照这种分类体系,对区域自然灾害承险体进行了系统划分,形成了7个承险体集、19个承险体项、59个承险体类和若干承险体形式的分类方案。同时,对各类承险体与自然灾害的关系进行了分析,包括容易受害灾种和受灾方式。本研究丰富了自然灾害的理论研究,有利于自然灾害风险评估和防灾减灾工作的开展。     

Newtontoppen granitoid rocks, their geology, chemistry and Rb-Sr age

A post-tectonic Caledonian granite in southern Ny Friesland has been fully mapped and the following new names are proposed: the Chydeniusbreen granitoid suite, consisting of the Raudberget granitoid body in the north; the Newtontoppen granitoid body in the middle; and the Ekkoknausane granitoid body in the south
The contact relationships, internal structures and distribution of various rock types infer an asymmetric lopolith or a harpolith-like body, a large sickle-shaped intrusion stretched in the direction of general tectonic transport, for the Newtontoppen granitoid body.
Seven rock types are described in the Newtontoppen granitoid and four emplacement stages are recognised. The major rock types seem to have an alkali-calcic to alkalic bulk rock chemistry and show a transition between I- and S-type granite derived from anatectic melting of various protoliths under relatively high temperature conditions. Possible later K₂0 introduction modified the earlier formed rock types.
A Rb-Sr whole rock age of 432 ± 10 Ma has been obtained by a seven point isochron with MSDW = 2.59 and an initial Sr isotope ratio = 0.715. This age is approximately 30 Ma older than the previously obtained K-Ar whole rock and Rb-Sr biotite ages, ca. 400 Ma, which represents the period of cooling. The high initial Sr isotope ratio supports the interpretation of an anatectic origin.     

20世纪开封水域景观变化

1IntroductionLandscape pattern is a spatial arrangement and combination form of various landscape elements, which are different in size and shape. It includes the type, number, space distribution and arrangement of landscape element (Wang, 1995; Wu, 2000)…     

基于GEE和遥感大数据的1986—2015年全球城镇用地扩张占用水体时空特征

以全球年度城市动态数据（GAUD）和全球地表水动态数据集（GSW）为基础数据,利用Google Earth Engine（GEE）解析了1986—2015年全球城镇用地扩张占用永久性和季节性水体的时空分布特征。研究发现：30 a间全球城镇用地扩张直接占用水体的面积为1 033.2 km²,其中包括季节性水体711.7 km²和永久性水体321.5 km²,呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。亚洲是城镇用地扩张占用水体面积最多的大洲,其次是北美洲和欧洲,占用水体的面积分别为799.4 km²、122.5 km²和61.1 km²。欧洲是唯一以占用永久性水体为主的大洲。陆地面积排名前十的国家中,中国、美国和印度是城镇用地扩张占用水体面积最多的国家,占用水体的面积分别为573.1 km²、109.6 km²和24 km²。以占用永久性水体为主的国家是俄罗斯和阿尔及利亚。尽管世界各国在水资源保护方面做出了巨大努力,但实现联合国可持续发展目标背景下,需防控更多的水体因城镇用地扩张而消失。     

金龙山地区滑坡综合观测方案概述

金龙山地区滑坡综合观测方案的设计原则有:阶段性、科学性、综合性和适用性。滑坡综合观测内容含:斜坡应力变化,滑体的运动变形与滑坡的地声,地下水动态,以及影响滑坡发生发展的因素(降水等)。为此在本方案中包含10个滑坡观测项目(1987—1991年已在当地开展了8个,获取3万余个数据),对观测数据由微型计算机加以综合管理。此外对组建减灾防灾组织系统(如成立指挥部和制定群防避灾措施等)在方案中也作了考虑。     

Volume and surface sources due to laterally varying boundaries of elastic homogeneous layers

Summary. Various methods have been applied to solve propagation problems in media composed of homogeneous layers, the boundaries of which have slight lateral variations. In this paper, volume sources, introduced in a previous paper to describe the effects of lateral irregularities, are replaced by an equivalent body force and by surface sources concentrated on the irregular boundaries. The surface sources we find are similar to those obtained by Kennett for a two-dimensional structure and we generalize his results to a three-dimensional structure and to the case when an external body force is present.     

The Politics of the Pump

I suggest that the training environment and the female built body are both politicised sites of change. The gym provides a material and discursive environment that reworks bodies in the masculine/feminine binary. The specific materiality of women's muscled (built) bodies provides the ground for contestation of Western heirarchical dualisms, thereby opening up new spaces to reconceptualise the sexed body in geography.     

Normal modes of the viscoelastic earth

Summary A uniformly valid linear viscoelastic rheology is described which takes the form of a 'generalized' Burgers' body and which appears capable of reconciling the behaviour of the Earth's mantle across the complete spectrum of geodynamic time-scales. This spectrum is bracketed by the short time-scales of body wave and free oscillation seismology on which anelastic effects are dominant, and the long time-scale of mantle convection on which the Earth behaves viscously. The parameters of the model which control the viscous response are fixed by post-glacial rebound data whereas those which govern the anelasticity are to be determined by fitting the model to observations of seismic Q. The paper is concerned primarily with a discussion of the normal mode spectrum of the Earth as a generalized Burgers' body. Focusing upon the homogeneous model, it includes an initial analysis of the accuracy of first-order perturbation theory as a method of calculating the respective Q s of the elastic gravitational free oscillations. Also considered are the quasi-static modes of relaxation which only exact eigenanalysis can reveal. The importance of these modes is assessed within the context of a discussion of the effect of viscoelasticity upon the efficiency of Chandler wobble excitation.     

适于菌草代料栽培的杂交灵芝菌株选育

目前灵芝等食药用菌大多采用阔叶树栽培,对林木消耗极大,以草代木成为了现今的栽培趋势,不仅解决了原料来源的问题,而且可有效地保护森林生态环境。实验菌株选自实验室杂交菌株中的7株和亲本2株,通过统计菌丝生长速度、子实体大小、产量等农艺性状,并运用分光光度法及高效液相色谱法分析成熟子实体有效成分的含量,筛选出适合菌草栽培的菌种。实验结果表明,菌株J-1/AL-12的产量最高,同时有效成分含量也相对较高。分析不同杂交菌株间及菌草灵芝与木屑灵芝间的灵芝三萜指纹图谱,发现不同菌株的三萜含量有差异,而不同原材料栽培的灵芝子实体其三萜指纹图谱无明显差异。     

Scattering of waves by a quasi-thin body of arbitrary shape

Summary. The problem of scattering of a wave with a front of arbitrary shape by a curved quasi-thin body bounded by contour L of arbitrary shape is presented. The problem is solved using the Kirchhoff approximation (KA). The reflecting (scattering) properties of the body are given in terms of the reflection (transmission) coefficients. The routine technique of computation in the KA is complemented by significant improvements. The procedure of smooth continuation of the body surface S beyond its boundary contour L is suggested. The invariant presentation of the expressions for the scattered field u _s obtained in the paper is extremely important.
The leading term in the formula for the field u _s is obtained as a product u _s= u _ray W , where u _ray is the reflected wavefield computed, according to the formulae of ray theory, as if the body surface is boundless; W is the so-called weakening function, which takes account of the modification of the ray field caused by diffraction at the edges (the contour L ).
The arguments of the weakening function are dimensionless quantities depending on the relation between the body size and the radii (half-axes) r _f^{( i )} ( i = 1, 2) of the Fresnel zones on the surface S. The values of r _f^{( i )} are obtained in the paper. The method of computation of the function W turns out to depend essentially on the reciprocal position of the Fresnel zone and body contour. When the contour L is of a complex form, the surface S is divided into simple surfaces S_i , each of which is limited by a contour L , which permits the carrying out of a single valued (in the sense of the leading part of the field) smooth continuation of S_i .     

Regional magnetic and palaeomagnetic correlation in the Grampian Highlands

Summary . An elongated zone of positive magnetic anomalies extends from Northern Ireland to the Shetland Islands. From the total magnetization of the body causing the anomaly and published palaeomagnetic directions corresponding to a range of different possible ages for the remanent magnetization of this body, associated ranges of susceptibility are calculated. These ranges favour a Siluro–Devonian age as most plausible for the remanent magnetization. Such an age is compatible with the known geology of the area.     

Gaussian beams for surface waves in laterally slowly-varying media

Summary. Asymptotic ray theory is applied to surface waves in a medium where the lateral variations of structure are very smooth. Using ray-centred coordinates, parabolic equations are obtained for lateral variations while vertical structural variations at a given point are specified by eigenfunctions of normal mode theory as for the laterally homogeneous case. Final results on wavefields close to a ray can be expressed by formulations similar to those for elastic body waves in 2-D laterally heterogeneous media, except that the vertical dependence is described by eigenfunctions of 'local' Love or Rayleigh waves. The transport equation is written in terms of geometrical-ray spreading, group velocity and an energy integral. For the horizontal components there are both principal and additional components to describe the curvature of rays along the surface, as in the case of elastic body waves. The vertical component is decoupled from the horizontal components. With complex parameters the solutions for the dynamic ray tracing system correspond to Gaussian beams: the amplitude distribution is bell-shaped along the direction perpendicular to the ray and the solution is regular everywhere, even at caustics. Most of the characteristics of Gaussian beams for 2-D elastic body waves are also applicable to the surface wave case. At each frequency the solution may be regarded as a set of eigenfunctions propagating over a 2-D surface according to the phase velocity mapping.     

Estimates of energy expenditure and energy consumption of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) throughout the year

We have employed a model for the energy balance of seals to estimate the energy consumption and energy expenditure of ringed seals throughout the year, using biological and physical parameters as input. Data on growth and seasonal changes in body mass and fat content "drives" the seasonal dynamics of the model output. The energy requirements for lactation and activity are based on data from earlier published studies. The analysis suggests that the food intake of ringed seals is highly seasonal. In adult males it is low during the periods of territory defense, mating and moulting from March to June. During this period the seals lose body mass, mainly as fat. The model predicts that lactating females increase their food intake to some extent during the approximately six-week lactation period. After the ice breakup, food intake increases in both sexes, partly as a result of increasing maintenance energy requirements, and partly because the body fat stores are rebuilt in late summer and autumn. The over-all energy requirements of the ringed seal appear to be basically similar to those of terrestrial mammals.     

基于FY3A/MERSI影像的几种常用水体提取方法的比较分析

随着遥感技术的飞速发展,利用遥感数据来进行水资源的监测、调查和分析已经成为一种必然的趋势。通过选取新疆博湖县境内中国最大的内陆淡水湖-博斯腾湖为研究区,FY3A/MERSI影像为数据源,利用监督分类法从Landsat-ETM+影像提取水体,提取结果作为FY3A/MERSI影像水体提取精度验证的底图。采用单波段阈值法、基于阈值的多波段谱间关系法和基于阈值的水体指数法从FY3A/MERSI影像提取研究区水体,基于混淆矩阵法,提取结果分别与Landsat-ETM+影像底图作对比分析,最终得出结论,基于阈值的水体指数法中的归一化差异水体指数法提取研究区水体的总体精度最高,为96.37%,Khat为0.915。     

A diurnal resonance in the ocean tide and in the Earth's load response due to the resonant free 'core nutation'

Summary. The luni-solar forced nutations and body tide are believed to be resonant at frequencies near (1 + 1/460) cycle sidereal day⁻¹ as seen from the rotating Earth. This resonance is due to the Earth's rotating, elliptical fluid core. We show here that tides in the open ocean and the Earth's response to those tides must also be resonant at (1 + 1/460) cycle day⁻¹. We examine these resonant oceanic effects on the Earth's nutational motion and on the body tide. Effects on the forced nutations might be as large as 0.002 arcsec at 18.6 yr. The effects on the observed resonance in the body tide are more important. For tidal gravity, for example, the difference between K ₁ and 0 ¹ which is usually used to determine the resonance, can be perturbed by 30 per cent or more due to the oceanic resonance effects.     

大磷虾性比、怀卵量与某些生殖特点的分析

对1985年在南极半岛西北海域各拖网点获得的3852尾大磷虾标本,进行了性别、体长、体重、性成熟度和即将排卵的雌性成体怀卵量的测定。结果得出雌性个体占61.9％,雄性占38.1％;雄性比例在体长51-55毫米个体组中降为20.7％,大于55毫米个体组中仅占8.3％。雌性怀卵量在2457到10799个之间。同一虾群内已排卵的雌性成体比未排卵成体的体重小约1/3。乔治王岛东北海域的虾群在考察时(1月22日)已完成交配,并有2.3％的雌体已经排卵,大部分雌体到2月下旬才会排卵。布兰斯菲尔德海峡的大磷虾性成熟度较低。     

高分二号卫星数据在粤港澳大湾区水体有机污染监测中的应用

为探索高分二号对地观测卫星在水体有机污染监测中的适用性,基于高分二号对地观测卫星多光谱数据,通过归一化水体差异指数提取水体信息,利用比值植被指数得到2019年3月份粤港澳大湾区6条主要入海河流的水质分类及水体有机污染分布情况,通过与同期相对应的6个实际监测断面点对比,验证了水污染等级评价结果,结果如下：1）研究区水体质量总体较好,磨刀门水道、东江南支流、横门水道和洪奇沥水道以无污染为主,鸡啼门水道与蕉门水道以轻污染为主;2）水体有机污染的分布具有空间性,河流主干道主要以无污染水体为主,两岸以轻污染为主,远离主河道的封闭水体以中等污染以及重污染为主;3）监测断面点的污染等级与实际监测点的评价结果基本一致。结论表明,高分二号对地观测卫星多光谱数据作为水体污染监测的遥感数据源是准确可靠的,可为我国水污染防治提供辅助决策。