华北地区强震前的森下指数异常

文中计算了华北地区最近２０ａ来的次Ｍｓ≥５．８地震前的森下指数，结果发现，在正常情况下，森下指数Ｉｓ变化平稳，而到震前０．５～２ａ突然出现几倍于正常水平的上升变化，作者还将森下指数由空间域延伸到时间域，也取得了较好的效果，时间窗的长度，震级下限及网格尺度选取是影响森下指数结果的３个重要因素，只有三者组合得当才能获得好的效果。     

森下指数在地震预报研究中的应用

把可以反映地震空间分布状态的森下指数进一步应用于地震预报研究中，所得结果表明，在大地震发生前数年，森下指数随网络线度的变化曲线Ｉδ（ｌ）要出现一定的中长期异常变化，但其异常形态随地区不同而可能有一定差异。对于日本的Ｍ≥７级海域地震，震前３￣６年Ｉδ（ｌ）曲线由正常期的Ｃｂ型转变为异常期的Ｃａ型。对于中国西部地区和华北地区的Ｍ≥６级地震，震前２￣３年Ｉδ（ｌ）曲线分别由正常期的Ｃａ型转变为异常期的Ｃ     

1982年朝鲜殷栗5.5级地震异常综述

辽宁省自７０年代建成监测台网以来，发生几次中强地震，其中包括邻近地区朝鲜境内的天摩山５．７级地震和殷栗５．５级地震，为了更多地挖掘我省中强地震异常信息，更好地寻求预报指标，笔者收集了大量资料并做了有关计算，发现该地震前，辽东半岛及邻近海域地震异常明显，宏观异常丰富，其主要异常标志类似于海城，营口，彰武中强地震，因此，殷栗地震异常总结对于确定我省中强地震预报指标具有实际意义。     

宁夏及邻近地区中强地震前后小震综合断层面解分析

我们对宁夏及邻近地区中强地震前后小震综合断层面解进行了不同时间段及分区的研究，研究结果表明宁夏几次强地震前，小震综合断层面解的Ｐ轴取向有明显的变化，有的偏离区域正常构造庆力场的Ｐ轴主压应力场的方向，有的求不出结果。震前显示异常的最长时间近四年之久。显然，前的这种变化对预报未来中强地震的发生是有参考意义的。同时还表明，中强地震后区域应力场有调整过程。     

沐川5.7级地震及马边,雷波地震带的地震活动度异常特征

本文用地震活动度研究了马边、雷波地震带１９９４年１２月３０日沐川Ｍｓ５．７地震，并以该带历史地震作为比较，探讨了中强地震发生前地震活动度的异常特征。得出了中强地震发生前地震活动度具有可识别性的认识。     

中国大陆多种前兆异常研究及强震的尝试性预测

强震震源周围地电、水化学、水动态、地应力和地形变等５种前兆短临异常 时空演化取决于主要活动构造和强震发震机制;远场异常时空演化与主要活构造有 关,不同活构造上异常时间演化有差异性;在特定年份１ａ尺度地电阻率异常显示异 常高潮期,Ms≥５．０地震能量达到１次以上Ｍｓ７．０强震能量的年份与异常高潮期 同步或滞后１ａ,二者与地球自转加速年份基本对应。根据两方面的研究结果进行了 实际预测检验,在预测区间和预测时间段（０．５ａ或１ａ）内发生强震、中强震１０次,其 中７次地震地点基本准确,３次地震地点较为准确。     

华北地区中强地震前调制地震异常特征

利用调制地震方法对华北地区１９７３年以来发生的２４个ＭＬ≥５．５地震前地震调制比、地震调制比异常面积、调制地震条带和调制地震频度的异常变化进行分析,对异常类型进行分类。分析结果认为,华北地区ＭＬ≥５．５地震前地震调制比和异常面积随时间进程的起伏、调制地震频度震前数月的突然增大以及调制地震条带异常图象是显著的异常变化,可以用于对中、强地震的中期预报。     

1989年大同——阳高地震及其前兆特征

１９８９年１０月１８～２３日在大同—阳高地区发生了一组中强地震，最大震级为Ｍｓ６．１。这次地震是在华北地区１９６６～１９７６年强震活动高潮之后，在连续１０ａ无６级以上地震活动的平静背景上发生的。由于本区观测台网较为密集，因而在震前观测到较为丰富的前兆现象。通过对这些前兆特点及其发展过程的研究，发现在大同—阳原盆地加速下降后（震前２～３ａ），在前兆中长期—中期阶段，前兆异常由震源区向远区扩展（１３５→３３０ｋｍ），在前兆异常的短期阶段，大部分异常从远场逐渐向孕震区收缩。有限元模拟计算结果表明，大同—阳高地震的孕育是一个长期的过程，由于大同—阳高孕震区地壳内存在断层面的障碍体或硬包体，它们具有较强的抵抗变形的能力，从而使得该区的应力随时间不断积累，在此过程中，周围地震的发生对其应力场具有不同程度的影响，有的使其增加，如渤海地震，有的使其减小，如邢台地震，到１９８５年前后，大同—阳高地震的孕育基本成熟     

综合异常指数的进一步研究与应用

从指数分布函数出发对于基于多种地震前兆异常的综合异常指数进行了较为深入的探讨, 综合异常指数具有直接的数学来源, 蕴涵着明确的物理意义:将失效分布函数中的失效率分段取值, 并与地震研究中某种预测手段或方法所处的状态联系起来, 即取为某种预测手段或方法在某研究考察时段内的异常隶属度, 产品的失效则意味着该预测手段或方法出现了异常,得到异常指数;对其进行加权, 得到单项异常指数;对单项异常指数进行综合后即得到综合异常指数。综合异常指数包含了所研究的所有观测手段或方法所蕴涵的地震信息。最后将其具体应用于宁夏震情监视区, 进行了预测检验。发现对于1970 年后发生在宁夏及邻区的9 次中强地震事件, 综合异常指数均有较好的对应。     

南黄海及沿岸地震活动时空动态扫描特征

从中强震成组孕育出发,研究了南黄海及沿岸地区地震活动时空动态图象扫描特征,探索了该区地震危险性预测的有关问题。结果表明,该区２０多年来４级地震活动总休上呈相对平稳状态,但在不同时段则出现不断演变迁移的４级地震局部集中区及低ｂ值区等异常区域,５～６级中强地震大都发生于异常区的边中附近;异区内４级地震累积频度往往呈非线性指数加速,中强震发生于４级地震非线性指数加速的后期或其后的异常平静期中。这种地震活     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.