华北板块早古生代构造-沉积演化

 任一特定时期的地质演化都必定源自前期背景,并影响后继地质作用。元古宙的构造特征及晚古生代的地质记录可帮助我们更好地认识早古生代华北板块的构造-沉积演化,这一演化包括4 个阶段。第1 阶段(∈₁-∈₃)以被动陆缘的发育和全球海平面上升为特点,二者叠加形成强烈的相对海平面上升,并在南、北边缘形成早期沉积。第2 阶段(O_1y-O₁l)表现为因洋壳俯冲导致的西南部构造抬升及全球海平面下降,二者结合形成的相对海平面下降在华北中部及西南部形成分布广泛的不整合面及白云岩。第3 阶段(O_1m-O₂)期间,来自南、北的挤压导致以边缘上凸为特点的板块变形,在伴以全球海平面上升的情况下导致轻度的相对海平面上升并形成板块中部局限陆表海的膏岩沉积。第4 阶段(O₃-C₁)则是强烈的南北挤压和全球海平面下降导致华北大陆板块整体鞍状抬升和长期不整合的发育,该不整合在北部及南部的侵蚀作用明显强于中部。     

电法测定水文地质参数的尝试

1. 含水层导水系数(T)的确定在相同条件下,含水层厚度大,视横向电阻(R_t)大,颗粒粗Rt也大,公式R_t＝P₂·H₂;含水层导水系数(T)也取决于含水层厚度和结构,即T=K·h.可见T与R_t存在着正相关关系.这样求取了T-R_t相关曲线,其导水系数便可求出.解释野外所做的电测深曲线确定出R_t;利用7个已知抽水孔的资料确定含水层导水系数;将计算出的T值与R_t值对比,分别建立Q₃砂卵石层和Q₂泥质卵石层中T-R_t相关曲线(直线).经计算,Q₃层中T－Rt相关系数γ=0.964(Q₂层略),证明相关曲线可靠.依据T=R_t相关关系绘制了“导水系数分布图”,计算出Q₃层的渗透系数(K)值80-120m/d,R_t/T值2.13-2.68,Q₂层的K值40-50m/d,R_t/T 值5-8.2.含水层有效孔隙度(ψ)的求取利用阿尔奇公式ρ=ψ^-mS^-nρ_w求取.野外采用电测深法.先求出11个已知孔含水层电阻率(ρ_s);野外采水样,室内分析,依据16℃时地层水(ρ_w)与矿化度(C)关系图确定各孔ρ_w;取m=1.5,利用上述公式求出各孔ψ值.Q₃层 值0.1769-0.3444,多数0.2-0.25.此值与室内试验得出的值0.25一致,与重力给水度经验值0.23-0.26相近.     

藏东昌都觉学红层滑坡的地质成因分析

觉学红层滑坡发育于向斜北东翼形成的反向坡，是近年来依托川藏交通廊道沿线灾害地质调查在新厘定的“藏东昌都红层区”发现的典型红层滑坡。为厘定其成因，以基础地质为切入点，进行了详实的地质调查与分析。结果表明，滑坡区地层岩性主要为中侏罗统东大桥组(J₂d)紫红色、灰色薄层泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹中-厚层砂岩。地层内发育与区域构造活动配套的轴面劈理(S₁)、“X”型共轭剪节理(S₂、S₃)和层间剪切劈理(S₄)。文章从沉积环境控制地层岩性及物理力学性质、区域构造演化制约斜坡结构与岩体结构面组合特征和地下水及重力作用加剧斜坡失稳等角度，提出觉学红层滑坡形成于内外地质营力耦合的失稳机理，对区域红层滑坡防治和川藏交通建设具有一定参考价值。     

小秦岭东桐峪金矿床的流体包裹体研究

东桐峪金矿床位于小秦岭金矿田的中西部,其含金石英脉受韧性剪切构造带的控制。该矿床的构造-成矿过程可划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ黄铁矿-乳白色石英脉阶段;Ⅱ灰白色石英-黄铁矿阶段;Ⅲ石英-多金属硫化物阶段;Ⅳ石英-碳酸盐阶段。相对于小秦岭地区的其他金矿床,东桐峪金矿床的流体包裹体研究资料相对缺乏。文章表明,该矿床内的流体包裹体类型主要为CO₂-H₂O包裹体和水溶液包裹体,见少量纯液相CO₂包裹体。显微测温表明,Ⅰ阶段的构造-成矿流体以中温、富CO₂等挥发分为特征,包裹体均一温度为221~392℃,盐度w(NaCl_eq)为5.5%~7.9%,密度为0.84~0.93 g/cm³;Ⅱ阶段和Ⅲ阶段以CO₂-H₂O±CH₄流体为主,包裹体均一温度为205~350℃(Ⅱ阶段)和224~271℃(Ⅲ阶段),盐度w(NaCl_eq)集中于5.1%~7.1%,密度为0.83~0.96 g/cm³;Ⅳ阶段的流体演化为中-低温、低盐度的盐水溶液体系,包裹体均一温度为175~185℃。文章对该矿床各成矿阶段的压力进行了估算,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段的流体最小捕获压力分别为123~160 MPa、160~170 MPa、170 MPa左右。     

新疆白杨河铀铍矿床流体包裹体研究

新疆白杨河铀铍矿床是近年来发现的亚洲最大的次火山岩型铀铍矿床,该矿床铀铍矿化主要与萤石化密切相关。在野外地质工作和室内分析的基础上,根据不同期次萤石的颜色、结构构造及相互穿插关系将萤石脉划分为4期。4期萤石流体包裹体均一温度变化范围为90℃到176℃,均一温度峰值为120~150℃,表明该矿床为低温热液矿床。萤石中流体包裹体多数为气相CO₂-水溶液两相(V-L)包裹体,在降温过程中形成了CO₂笼合物。文章采用假设液相CO₂含量无限接近于0的方法计算气相CO₂-水溶液两相(V-L)包裹体的盐度,获得的成矿流体盐度w(NaCl_eq)范围为4.69%~19.72%,每一期萤石流体包裹体的平均盐度w(NaCl_eq)均在10%左右。不同期次萤石流体包裹体均一温度主峰之间差别较小,总体经历了波动性演化,平均盐度之间差别较小。流体盐度特征表明,成矿流体来源不是单一的大气降水,推测高盐度的岩浆水参与了成矿作用。     

东秦岭秋树湾铜钼矿流体包裹体和稳定同位素特征及其地质意义

秋树湾铜钼矿是东秦岭钼矿带上典型的受斑岩体控制的矽卡岩-斑岩角砾岩筒复合型矿床,矿体赋存于成矿母岩花岗岩及矽卡岩和角砾岩筒中。根据矿物共生组合、矿石组构、围岩蚀变及脉体的穿插关系,可划分为早(Ⅰ)、中(Ⅱ)、晚(Ⅲ)3个矿化期,再将Ⅰ期细分为干矽卡岩-钾长石化-石英阶段(Ⅰ₁)、爆破角砾岩阶段(Ⅰ₂)、湿矽卡岩阶段(Ⅰ₃)、磁铁矿阶段(Ⅰ₄);Ⅱ期分为斑岩型铜(钼)矿阶段(Ⅱ_b)和石英硫化物阶段(Ⅱ_s);Ⅲ期为方解石、重晶石、石英阶段(Ⅲ)。流体包裹体可划分为S型含子矿物多相包裹体、L型纯液相包裹体、C型含CO₂三相包裹体、W型气液两相包裹体、G型纯气相包裹体5种类型。按时间先后顺序,成矿流体的温度、盐度、氧化还原环境具有规律性的演化特征。均一温度范围: Ⅰ期为222~406℃,Ⅱ期为152~315℃,Ⅲ期为119~189℃;盐度w(NaCl_eq): Ⅰ期介于4.2%~36.5%,Ⅱ期为3.3%~34.8%,Ⅲ期为4.2%~11.9%。激光拉曼光谱及群体包裹体成分分析结果表明,第Ⅰ期流体以H₂O、CO₂、CH₄、H₂S为主,表现为还原环境;第Ⅱ期流体以H₂O、CO₂、N₂、O₂、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、F^-为主,为氧化环境,暗示流体源于岩浆。流体包裹体岩相学及包裹体测温表明,流体由早期的高温、高盐度、含CO₂的H₂O-NaCl-CO₂体系的岩浆流体在成矿Ⅰ期发生沸腾作用和相分离,伴随着流体沸腾、CO₂逸失、温度下降、大气水的加入、盐度下降等过程,导致大量金属硫化物沉淀。在成矿Ⅱ、Ⅲ期成矿体系趋于开放,流体存在大气降水混入,逐渐演化为晚期的低盐度、中低温度、贫CO₂的流体体系。H、O、S同位素结果表明有地幔流体参与成矿作用。     

长乐-南澳构造带燕山期(J-K)TTG岩石组合及其地质意义

长乐-南澳构造带火成岩类多年来备受国内外地学界关注和瞩目,但对其构造环境的认识却存在较大分歧.本文通过分析构造带燕山期(J-K)火成岩类的时空分布、岩石学特征及其TTG岩石组合等,讨论厘定构造带的构造性质与岩浆源区.据构造带花岗岩类岩石结构构造特征、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb与LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年,测年结果集中分布于200~191Ma、155~97Ma与84~69Ma三个区间,暗示构造带燕山期(J-K)岩浆活动可以划分为三个阶段:(1)早侏罗世(J₁),以片麻岩类与糜棱岩类为主;(2)晚侏罗世-早白垩世(J₃-K₁),片麻状花岗岩类占优势;(3)晚白垩世(K₂),出现大量的晶洞花岗岩类与脉岩类.采用O'Connor An-Ab-Or标准矿物分类方案识别TTG岩石组合获知,早侏罗世(J₁)与晚侏罗世-早白垩世(J₃-K₁)时,构造带存在TTG岩石组合;晚白垩世(K₂)时,构造带TTG岩石组合消失,发育典型的双峰式火成岩.TTG岩石组合以钙性(C)和中钾钙碱性(MKCA)为主,显示奥长花岗岩演化趋势(Tdj),具大陆边缘弧花岗岩(CAG)的特征,由此可推断长乐-南澳构造带燕山期(J-K)构造性质为主动大陆边缘弧.构造带发育两类成因机制的TTG岩石组合,分别来自不同的岩浆源区:具镁安山质(MA)性质的TTG岩浆来源于玄武质洋壳的脱水融熔,具正常安山质(A)性质的TTG岩浆来源于陆壳底部玄武质岩石的局部熔融.     

北羌塘北缘多彩三叠纪高硅花岗岩的成因及其构造意义

高硅花岗质岩浆作用不仅是衡量大陆地壳成熟度的重要指标之一, 而且能为示踪陆壳生长过程和稀有金属成矿提供非常关键的信息。然而, 目前国内外学者对于这一特殊花岗质岩浆的起源、演化及其相关地球动力学背景还存在较大的分歧。本文选择青藏高原中部多彩高硅花岗岩为研究对象, 开展岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素等综合研究, 为深入理解高硅花岗岩的形成机制和青藏高原中部晚三叠世的构造演化提供新线索。研究结果显示, 多彩高硅花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为219±2 Ma, 表明其为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。岩石样品的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr初始比值(I_Sr)为0.708 4, εNd(t)值为-8.12~-7.36, 两阶段模式年龄(t_2DM)为1.65~1.59 Ga, 总体上与可可西里-巴颜喀拉-松潘-甘孜(HBSG)地体三叠纪浊积岩成分特征类似。结合岩石地球化学的研究结果可进一步确定, 多彩高硅花岗岩的形成应该与变杂砂岩的部分熔融有关, 并且经历了较高程度的分离结晶。综合区域上多学科研究成果, 可以判断北羌塘北缘晚三叠世中酸性岩浆岩(包括高硅花岗岩)的产生很可能与甘孜-理塘古特提斯洋的板片回撤作用密切相关。     

贵州省凯里市大田铝土矿矿床地质特征及成矿规律分析

凯里市大田铝土矿是贵州省重要铝土矿成矿带凯里─黄平矿集区(带)内的重要矿床。通过工作发现:①二叠系梁山组是其含矿层位,矿体呈似层状、透镜状/漏斗状产出,总体走向NE,平均厚2.59 m,w(Al₂O₃)平均值为64.25%,铝硅比平均为5.25,铝土矿(332+333)矿石资源量978.38×10⁴ t;②矿石矿物以一水硬铝石为主,矿石结构一般为自形、半自形或它形粒状结构,构造主要为块状构造、孔隙状构造、层纹状构造,矿石类型以低硫低铁铝土矿为主;③矿床受断裂构造影响较大,在该区西北部的泥质岩相带中铝土矿成矿较好,矿体厚度与含矿岩系厚度成正比,矿石的w(Al₂O₃)值与w(SiO₂)值成反比;④高坡场组古岩溶洼地、槽沟是该区铝土矿找矿的有利部位。     

藏东贡觉—白玉地区金沙江构造混杂岩带物质组成的厘定

金沙江构造混杂岩带保存了大量与古特提斯洋的形成与扩张、洋-陆俯冲、洋盆闭合和陆-陆碰撞等地质过程相关的变形、变质和岩浆作用的重要信息,是研究碰撞造山作用和板块构造的重要视窗。本文主要基于对藏东贡觉—白玉地区开展的1∶5万区域地质调查工作,结合室内薄片鉴定、岩石地球化学分析和年代学测试等结果,对金沙江构造混杂岩带的物质组成和构造变形特征进行了精细厘定。藏东贡觉—白玉地区金沙江构造混杂岩带主要由一系列规模不等、岩性不一和变形程度不同的构造岩块及强变形的基质组成;各岩块之间由诸多近平行于构造带走向的韧性-脆韧性断层呈网结状连接,表现出局部有序、整体无序的构造混杂岩特征。构造岩块主要包括：超基性岩-基性岩、大理岩、大理岩+变质基性岩、榴闪岩或榴辉岩、变质硅-灰-泥质岩等。基质物质主要包括含石榴子石片岩和不含石榴子石片岩两类。岩石地球化学分析数据揭示出基性岩岩块原岩具有富集型洋中脊或正常型洋中脊基性岩(E-MORB、N-MORB)的特征;洋岛-海山岩块中的变质基性火山岩具有洋岛玄武岩特征(OIB);榴辉岩的原岩具有洋岛型玄武岩(OIB)或正常型洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)特征。结合前人研究成果,可以精细划分出金沙江古特提斯构造带经历了裂(陷)谷盆地(D)、洋盆扩张(C₁—P₁)、洋壳俯冲消减(P₂—P₃)和弧陆碰撞造山(T₁—T₂)、上叠火山裂谷盆地阶段(T₂²—T₃¹)5个主要演化阶段。     

拉张盆地构造热演化模拟的影响因素

沉积盆地的热历史与其构造演化史密切相关。拉张盆地构造热演化模拟正是研究盆地在形成演化过程中的热历史及沉降史,它们主要受岩石圈拉张演化特征的控制。本文着重讨论在构造热演化模拟中应考虑的几个重要因素:拉张的多期性、多期拉张过程中岩石圈底界的移动、拉张模式的多样性以及拉张的横向非均匀性。     

Potential geodynamic relationships between the development of peripheral orogens along the northern margin of Gondwana and the amalgamation of West Gondwana

The Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian evolution of peri-Gondwanan terranes (e.g. Avalonia, Carolinia, Cadomia) along the northern (Amazonia, West Africa) margin of Gondwana provides insights into the amalgamation of West Gondwana. The main phase of tectonothermal activity occurred between ca. 640–540 Ma and produced voluminous arc-related igneous and sedimentary successions related to subduction beneath the northern Gondwana margin. Subduction was not terminated by continental collision so that these terranes continued to face an open ocean into the Cambrian. Prior to the main phase of tectonothermal activity, Sm-Nd isotopic studies suggest that the basement of Avalonia, Carolinia and part of Cadomia was juvenile lithosphere generated between 0.8 and 1.1 Ga within the peri-Rodinian (Mirovoi) ocean. Vestiges of primitive 760–670 Ma arcs developed upon this lithosphere are preserved. Juvenile lithosphere generated between 0.8 and 1.1 Ga also underlies arcs formed in the Brazilide Ocean between the converging Congo/São Francisco and West Africa/Amazonia cratons (e.g. the Tocantins province of Brazil). Together, these juvenile arc assemblages with similar isotopic characteristics may reflect subduction in the Mirovoi and Brazilide oceans as a compensation for the ongoing breakup of Rodinia and the generation of the Paleopacific. Unlike the peri-Gondwanan terranes, however, arc magmatism in the Brazilide Ocean was terminated by continent-continent collisions and the resulting orogens became located within the interior of an amalgamated West Gondwana. Accretion of juvenile peri-Gondwanan terranes to the northern Gondwanan margin occurred in a piecemeal fashion between 650 and 600 Ma, after which subduction stepped outboard to produce the relatively mature and voluminous main arc phase along the periphery of West Gondwana. This accretionary event may be a far-field response to the breakup of Rodinia. The geodynamic relationship between the closure of the Brazilide Ocean, the collision between the Congo/São Francisco and Amazonia/West Africa cratons, and the tectonic evolution of the peri-Gondwanan terranes may be broadly analogous to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic closure of the Tethys Ocean, the collision between India and Asia beginning at ca. 50 Ma, and the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific Ocean.     

断层作用热模型及其对烃源岩热演化的影响

从盆地的应力状态分析入手,从断层摩擦生热的角度,建立了断层作用生热的定量模型。在此基础上,确定了断层摩擦产生的热量与断层的性质、深度、构造应力和流体压力等之间的定量关系,定量分析了断层摩擦生热对烃源岩热演化的影响。结果表明:断层作用的生热量主要决定于断层的深度,构造应力的大小、流体压力、断层的位移量、断面摩擦系数等;断层的活动速率对断层摩擦的生热量没有影响,但对断层带内产生的温度却起决定性的作用;在断层快速活动的条件下(地震型),断层摩擦生热虽然可以产生很高的温度,可以造成断层面附近岩石的局部熔融,但其影响范围和影响持续的时间是十分有限的。      

Thermal evolution of the Northern Cordillera Volcanic Province: implication for heat flow in remnant back-arc regions

ABSTRACT

Active and remnant back-arc regions do not follow a typical conductive lithosphere cooling model, but instead have an apparent two-stage cooling, defined by a high heat flow back-arc region during subduction and a second post-subduction heating event that extends elevated heat flow for several 10s million years. Numerical one-stage cooling models have not reproduced observed heat flow anomalies in active subduction zones using physically realistic parameters and require a secondary post-subduction heating mechanism. Here, an extension driven-volcanism model is developed to examine extension driven heating and volcanism as a mechanism to produce a prolonged thermal anomaly within back-arc lithosphere. This model is tested using the recorded thermal evolution of the Northern Cordillera Volcanic Province (NCVP), a Neogene-Quaternary alkaline volcanic province located in the remnant back-arc region of the Pacific-North American subduction zone in British Columbia, Canada. A single steady-state lithosphere geotherm does not intersect all previously published temperature estimates, suggesting previous data record the thermal evolution of the NCVP. Calculated geotherms at equilibrium with the minimum and maximum MELTS temperatures predict an increase in reduced mantle heat flow (Q_m ) from 43 to 72 mW/m² and lithosphere thinning from a depth of 87 to 48 km. The newly developed extension-volcanism model reproduced the calculated pre- and post-volcanism thermal regimes for the NCVP and supports that extension within the remnant back-arc could produce the present heat flow anomaly and volcanism. The model most readily produces volcanism when Q_m is ~45–65 mW/m², a typical range for back-arcs. Back-arc regions are prime locations for limited volcanism because their warmer thermal regime minimizes tectonic stress requirements to produce volcanism. Additionally, two-stage cooling of back-arcs can be explained with a time-dependent extension-volcanism thermal feedback mechanism that is possible because of the subduction driven pre-heating of back-arc regions.     

黑水-泉州地学断面四川盆地区段的地壳热结构模型及热演化史

在讨论黑水─泉州地学断面四川盆地区段地壳结构基本特征的基础上，采用一维稳态热传导方程计算了该区段内14个点的不同构造层段的古地温和古热流值，建立了地壳然结构模型，并对沉积盖层的热演化史进行了探讨。结果表明，四川盆地在晚三叠世末到晚侏罗世末这一时期是热演化程度最高的时期，且在晚侏罗世末期已趋于热均衡状态。各地区各构造层段具有不同的热结构特征和热演化史，它总体上受控于岩石圈厚度及莫霍面的理深，局部受控于各构造层的厚度、物性特征及岩浆活动等因素。     

Shaping the Australian crust over the last 300 million years: Insights from fission track thermotectonic imaging and denudation studies of key terranes

Apatite fission track thermochronology is a well‐established tool for reconstructing the low‐temperature thermal and tectonic evolution of continental crust. The variation of fission track ages and distribution of fission track lengths are primarily controlled by cooling, which may be initiated by earth movements and consequent denudation at the Earth's surface and/or by changes in the thermal regime. Using numerical forward‐modelling procedures these parameters can be matched with time‐temperature paths that enable thermal and tectonic processes to be mapped out in considerable detail. This study describes extensive Australian regional fission track datasets that have been modelled sequentially and inverted into time‐temperature solutions for visualisation as a series of time‐slice images depicting the cooling history of present‐day surface rocks during their passage through the upper crust. The data have also been combined with other datasets, including digital elevation and heat flow, to image the denudation history and the evolution of palaeotopography. These images provide an important new perspective on crustal processes and landscape evolution and show how important tectonic and denudation events over the last 300 million years can be visualised in time and space. The application of spatially integrated denudation‐rate chronology is also demonstrated for some key Australian terranes including the Lachlan and southern New England Orogens of southeastern Australia, Tasmania, the Gawler Craton, the Mt Isa Inlier, southwestern Australian crystalline terranes (including the Yilgarn Craton) and the Kimberley Block. This approach provides a readily accessible framework for quantifying the otherwise undetectable, timing and magnitude of long‐term crustal denudation in these terranes, for a part of the geological record previously largely unconstrained. Discrete episodes of enhanced denudation occurred principally in response to changes in drainage, base‐level changes and/or uplift/denudation related to far‐field effects resulting from intraplate stress or tectonism at plate margins. The tectonism was mainly associated with the history of continental breakup of the Gondwana Supercontinent from Late Palaeozoic time, although effects related to compression are also recorded in eastern Australia. The results also suggest that the magnitude of denudation of cratonic blocks has been significantly underestimated in previous studies, and that burial and exhumation are significant factors in the preservation of apparent ‘ancient’ features in the Australian landscape.     

中国北方主要天然气盆地构造热演化特征

中国北方主要天然气盆地包括地洼型华北盆地、柴达木盆地、塔里木盆地和残留地台型鄂尔多斯盆地。华北盆地构造热演化史可以划分为四个阶段，鄂尔多斯盆地构造热演化史包括两个阶段四个发展期，柴达木盆地构造热演化过程分五个阶段，塔里木盆地则经历了四个阶段的构造热演化历程。中国北方主要天然气盆地的构造热演化具有如下共同特点：多阶段性，多旋回性，地热场结构多层性和地热场展布与构造分区一致性。自太古代至今，中国北方主要天然气盆地构造热演化的总体规律是：高（温）热（场）前地槽穹隆阶段→高热地槽阶段→低热地台阶段→高热地洼阶段。地幔热场、地幔蠕动流和地壳厚度是决定大陆地壳构造热演比性质的三大主体因素。     

煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用

煤岩是一种对温度、压力等地质环境因素十分敏感的有机岩,地质演化过程中的各种构造-热事件必然导致煤岩发生一系列物理与化学结构的变化,并形成不同类型的构造煤。在构造应力作用下,煤岩不仅发生脆性和韧性变形,而且还产生不同程度的动力变质作用。因而,关于煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用的研究不仅具有重要的科学意义,而且在煤层气资源评价以及煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测方面也具有重要的实际意义。文中在已有研究成果基础上,通过对构造煤系列Ro,max、XRD和NMR(CP/MAS+TOSS)等测试和实验方法的对比研究,深入分析了煤岩不同构造变形和动力变质特征,进一步探讨了构造应力下煤岩动力变质作用的机理。研究成果表明,在构造应力作用下,煤岩脆性变形主要是通过破裂面上快速机械摩擦转化为热能而引起煤岩化学结构与其成分的改变;而韧性变形煤主要是通过局部区域应变能的积累而引起煤岩化学结构的破坏,从而发生不同机制的动力变质作用。     

One- and two-dimensional thermal modelling of orogenic crustal extension in the Tormes Gneissic Dome, NW Iberian Massif, Spain

 Situated in the inner zone of the Variscan Iberian Massif, the Tormes Gneissic Dome offers a good opportunity for thermal modelling of orogenic crustal extension, because the P–T–t loops are well constrained by an extensive set of thermobarometric, structural and geochronological data. As an example of feedback between forward and inverse methods, the aim of this study was to establish one- and two-dimensional thermal models that reproduce the contrasting petrological P–T paths of two structural units separated by an extensional tectonic contact in the metamorphic complex, and to explain the spatial and temporary development of the low-pressure metamorphism in the rocks located just above this contact. In one dimension, the syn-extension path of the lower unit resulting from modelling is characterized by an isothermal decompression phase, followed by near isobaric cooling, which is typical of exhumed rocks. The upper unit path records a syn-extension near isobaric heating, more important in rocks just above the tectonic contact. Condensed isograds of low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism in the basal upper unit are thus interpreted as a consequence of advective crustal extension and conductive upward heat transfer. In two dimensions, the delaminated simple shear geometric model of crustal extension explains the observed temperature rise in excess of 500  °C in the basal upper unit and is consistent with the spatial distribution of M2 low-pressure/high-temperature isograds. This demonstrates the important role of extensional structures produced during the collapse of the thickened crust in the thermal evolution. The heating phase, well explained with intermediate dip angle for extensional fault in the upper crust (45°) and finite extension of 75 km, is followed by cooling, thus reflecting normal erosional process. Received: 1 September 1998 / Accepted: 29 June 1999