新疆准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪浊积岩系中遗迹化石的发现及其意义

准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪地层主要由碎屑岩组成,沉积厚度5000—7000m,在下石炭统和中石炭统中首次发现了包括浊流在内的重力流沉积和平流岩,大量的深水相遗迹化石。说明盆地西北缘是深水沉积,而非前人普遍认为的属浅水沉积环境。     

新疆塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世深水遗迹化石的发现及意义

在新疆塔里木板块西北缘下二叠统比尤勒提群中部首次发现了大量深水遗迹化石,主要包括Glockeria Ksiazkiewicz 1968,Helminthoida sp., Megagrapton sp., Paleodictyon sp., Paleodictyon (Glenodictyum) Croaticum Ulchman 1995, Planolites sp., Protopaleodictyon sp., Scalarituba missouriensis Weller 1899, Spirophycus sp.等,代表典型深海环境的Nereites遗迹相。根据对温古尔剖面的研究,比尤勒提群下部为浅海陆棚相砂泥质灰岩、粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩、泥晶灰岩等;而含丰富遗迹化石的比尤勒提群中部为一套深海海底扇沉积的浊积岩系夹少量硅质岩,并且在浊积扇的不同位置所产遗迹组合类型也明显不同,扇根以觅食迹为主,含大量穿相分子,扇中开始出现牧食迹,扇梢则出现特征的耕作迹;比尤勒提群上部为浅海陆棚－滨海相沉积的硅质灰岩、泥晶灰岩和砂质灰岩及粉砂质泥岩、钙质砂岩等。该套遗迹化石组合与深海浊积事件密切相关,同时表明塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世时期存在一个陆棚浅海－深海盆地沉积环境,晚二叠世时期海水向西退去形成陆相沉积。     

河南省(华北型)早寒武世沉积环境演化及其痕迹化石组合

到目前为止本省内早寒武世尚未发现有梅树村期和筇竹寺期沉积,仅有沧浪铺期和龙王庙期沉积存在。在济源—博爱—武陟一线以南地区有沧浪铺阶辛集组、朱砂洞组和龙王庙阶馒头组。该线以北只有龙王庙阶辛集组和馒头组。辛集组是个受特定环境控制的穿时地层单元。早寒武世沧浪铺早—中期(辛集组)沉积环境是潮下浅水陆棚和滨岸潮下带、滨岸潮坪潮间带。沧浪铺中—晚期(朱砂洞组)沉积环境是滨岸碳酸盐潮坪缓坡—潮间—潮上蒸发坪和潮间蒸发岩洼地以及潮下碳酸盐浅水缓坡。龙王庙期(馒头组)沉积环境是滨岸碳酸盐岩潮坪缓坡和潮下碳酸盐岩浅水缓坡。早寒武世痕迹化石主要产于三个层位,可分为H-T组合和L-B组合。前者为潮下浅水陆棚风暴环境痕迹组合,后者为潮间—潮上低能泥坪环境痕迹组合。早寒武世痕迹化石共11属(1新属)、16种(1新种、1相似种、10未定种)。     

青海果洛、玉树地区二叠纪和三叠纪复理石相遗迹化石

本文系统描述了产自我国青海南部巴彦喀拉山脉玛沁、甘德、玛多等地二叠-三叠纪(主要是三叠纪)复理石相的遗迹化石。主要遗迹属如:Paleodictyon,(古网迹),Protopaleodictyon(原始古网迹),Megagrapton(巨画迹),Helminthoida(蠕形迹),Helminthopsis(拟蠕形迹),Helicolithus(螺旋迹)Lophoctenium(冠梳迹)清楚地证明为深海Nereits遗迹相典型代表,也是迄今为止该遗迹相在我国发现最丰富的地区。遗迹化石产地玛沁、玛多深海相位于我国两个板块之间的对接带附近,说明遗迹化石同古构造的关系。     

Sand waves, Echinocardium traces and their bathyal depositional setting (Monte Torre Palaeostrait, Plio-Pleistocene, southern Italy).

ABSTRACT
Stacked cross-sets, up to 2.5 m thick, produced by sand wave migration and meniscate trace fossils produced by Echinocardium cordatum , both considered in the literature as typical of shallow-water marine depositional settings, commonly occur in the bathyal Plio-Pleistocene deposits of Monte Torre (Calabria, southern Italy).
The Plio-Pleistocene sediments form two coarsening-upward depositional sequences, separated by an unconformity and by a palaeobathymetric gap of at least 300 m. The lower sequence passes upwards from hemipelagic marls and thin-bedded turbidites to thick-bedded sandy turbidites, then to sand wave deposits alternated with sandy turbidites, and finally to base-of-slope megabreccias. Facies characteristics and relationships, and the occurrence of deep-sea faunal associations, indicate deposition in the bathyal zone. The facies of the upper sequence reflect a fan-delta environment, no deeper than a few tens of metres.
The depositional setting of the lower sequence, where the sand wave deposits and meniscate trace fossils occur, appears to have been a tectonically controlled seaway, connecting the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas. This seaway became progressively narrower with time, evolving into a strait. The overall coarsening-upward trend reflects the upward transition from a low to a high-energy environment, possibly caused by the tectonic narrowing of the seaway. Deposition and erosion from high-concentration turbidity currents and from tidal bottom currents were important processes. Periods of tectonic activity, producing first the uplift of the seaway margins and culminating with the uplift of the strait sequence itself, are marked by-scattered rockfall deposits.
The strait setting, causing the development of powerful, oxygenated bottom currents, produced optimal conditions in the bathyal zone for the colonization of sandy bottoms by a single infaunal r -selected species, Echinocardium sp.     

新疆塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世深水遗迹化石的发现及意义

在新疆塔里木板块西北缘下二叠统比尤勒提群中部首次发现了大量深水遗迹化石,主要包括Glockeria Ksiazkiewicz1968,Helminthoida sp.,Megagrapton sp.,Paleodictyon sp.,Paleodictyon(Glenodictyum)Croaticum Ulchman1995,Planolites sp.,Protopaleodictyon sp.,Scalaritubamissouriensis Weller1899,Spirophycus sp.等,代表典型深海环境的Nereites遗迹相。根据对温古尔剖面的研究,比尤勒提群下部为浅海陆棚相砂泥质灰岩、粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩、泥晶灰岩等;而含丰富遗迹化石的比尤勒提群中部为一套深海海底扇沉积的浊积岩系夹少量硅质岩,并且在浊积扇的不同位置所产遗迹组合类型也明显不同,扇根以觅食迹为主,含大量穿相分子,扇中开始出现牧食迹,扇梢则出现特征的耕作迹;比尤勒提群上部为浅海陆棚-滨海相沉积的硅质灰岩、泥晶灰岩和砂质灰岩及粉砂质泥岩、钙质砂岩等。该套遗迹化石组合与深海浊积事件密切相关,同时表明塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世时期存在一个陆棚浅海-深海盆地沉积环境,晚二叠世时期海水向西退去形成陆相沉积。     

扬子区黄龙组的划分与对比

<正> 上石炭统黄龙组一名系沿袭1930年李四光、朱森研究宁镇山脉旧义“栖霞灰岩”时所创之黄龙灰岩,或称黄龙群。笔者对川东黄龙组的岩石化学和光谱分析、岩石薄片和古生物鉴定等资料整理与综合对比,特别是利用岩石化学成份、微量元素、以及它们之间的比值来进行对比,发现川东黄龙组虽为复杂的潮坪沉积,但仍有较好的对比标志,三分段明显。自下而上三分为雷音铺段、福成寨段和川东段。与黔西威宁组所建的三个带相吻合,并对各时的沉积相进行了研究。     

Evolution of Cambrian to Ordovician trace fossils in pelagic deep-sea chert,Australia

Cambrian to Ordovician pelagic radiolarian cherts in the Lachlan Fold Belt in southeastern Australia contain trace fossils demonstrating the faunal diversification that occurred during the Ordovician on the deep-sea floor. The Cambro-Ordovician Howqua Chert has a very low degree of bioturbation, and the trace fossils are small and shallow. In contrast, the late Middle to Late Ordovician cherts are strongly bioturbated with larger, deeper burrows, and contain more morphologically diverse trace fossils. This records a substantial increase in the size, abundance and activity of deep-ocean benthic animals living on the floor of the ocean bordering Australia.     

最古老的后生动物痕迹化石?--对北京十三陵前寒武系常州沟组充填管状构造的探讨

前言 地球上最古老的生命现象在35亿年前形成的岩石中已经发现一些踪迹(Sohopf)[2 6]。但是,目前比较公认的最古老的动物化石是出现在7亿年前后的沉积地层中,被称之为伊迪克拉后生动物化石(Edicaran Metazoan fossils)。在此以前是否有更古老的后生动物化石问题,一直为古生物学家、地层学家和沉积学家所注意。Walcott(1899)[27]最先在上前寒武系中部大约10-11亿年的地层(Belt Supergroup)中,描述过两种古老的痕迹化石，分别定名为:Pldnol i tes和Helminthoidichnites。后来，Cloud[14]和W alter[28]等对这些痕迹化石进一步研究后，认为Walcott描述的痕迹化石或者是藻类，或者是一些孤立的波痕或结核。以后，Sabrodin(1971)在苏联的上前寒武系里菲组中，发现了一种规则的管状充填痕迹化石，直径1.3毫米，管壁边界清楚，伴生有团粒(粪粒?)，用K-Ar法测得这些团粒为12.7亿年的同位素年龄值，并将这种充填管状痕迹化石定名为Rugoinfractus. Palij(1974)[23]并论述T这一痕迹化石，但根据地层产状对其年代有怀疑。     

Benkovac Stone (Eocene,Croatia): a deep-sea Plattenkalk?

In contrast to Solnhofen-type conservation Lagerstätten, the platy limestones of the Benkovac Stone of the Eocene of Croatia contains a variety of trace fossils. They belong to the Nereites ichnofacies, characterized by a suite of highly specialized ichnogenera, turbiditic preservation, and distinctive pre-event versus post-event communities. In siliciclastic rocks, this ichnofacies stands for turbiditic deep-sea sediments. Also unusual is the lack of body fossils. The only exceptions are occasional plant debris and Bencovacina concentrica. n. gen., n. sp., which is affiliated with xenophyophorian Foraminifera. These giant protozoans survive on present deep-sea bottoms, but they were also common on the shallow-marine biomats in Ediacaran times. These findings contradict the current shallow-marine interpretation, which is based on the regional geologic setting and sedimentary structures typical for tempestites. Thus, the Benkovac Stone would be an ideal place to test the reliability of ichnological versus sedimentological depth criteria in an entirely calcareous sequence.     

四川安岳恐龙化石埋藏地遂宁组、蓬莱镇组中遗迹化石及其环境意义

在四川安岳恐龙化石埋藏地上侏罗统遂宁组、蓬莱镇组地层中,发现了Scoyenia,Palaeophycus,Akolithos,Muensteria,Planolite,Cylindricum,Thalassinoides,Arenicolites等8个遗迹属,共10个遗迹种,归属为Scoyenia遗迹群落。遗迹群落与沉积构造特征表明遂宁组、蓬莱镇组沉积环境为泛滥平原,其中恐龙化石埋藏于泛滥平原上洪泛湖泊的滨湖砂岩之中。恐龙集中埋藏的原因可能是其死亡后被搬运于滨湖环境。     

海相遗迹化石对显生宙生物大辐射事件的响应*

通过系统梳理前寒武纪和显生宙海相遗迹化石记录及笔者自己的研究,发现在寒武纪生命大爆发、奥陶纪生物大辐射、中生代海洋革命共3次里程碑式的生物大辐射过程中,海相遗迹化石的属级多样性变化和歧异度增减均与生物多样性呈正相关,生物扰动强度和深度明显增加,造迹生物的觅食策略和行为习性多样化明显增多。寒武纪生命大爆发时期,最有代表性的生物行为变化是出现了具有垂向分量的潜穴; 奥陶纪生物大辐射期间,海相遗迹化石的分布逐渐从滨、浅海扩展至半深海和深海,表现为造迹生物群落栖息地的扩张; 中生代海洋革命时期,海相和陆相遗迹化石同步增加,生物对生态空间利用的深度、广度和集约性同步增强,遗迹化石面貌表现为深海雕画迹的多样性和歧异度大幅增加、形态类型多样、多种觅食策略共存。地史时期的海相遗迹化石面貌受环境外因和生物内因控制,表现出形态由简到繁、分布范围由小到大的变化趋势,对生态空间的利用表现为由沉积物表层至浅层再到深层、由二维到三维、由局域(浅水)到广域(浅水和深水以及陆地)的发展,印证了生物获取生态机会的过程。     

新疆准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪深水沉积的发现及其沉积特征

准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪地层主要由碎屑岩组成,沉积厚度达5000-7000米,前人认为属浅海沉积环境,然而,笔者在这套地层中首次发现了大量包括浊流在内的重力流沉积和其它一些深水沉积标志。它们集中出现于下石炭统(不包括底部)和中石炭统,该深水沉积标志除重力流沉积外,尚发现了平流岩、产于泥岩和硅岩中的硅质放射虫、多种深水遗迹化石以及与深水环境有关的沉积构造序列等。     

Neoproterozoic trace fossils vs. microbial mat structures: Examples from the Tandilia Belt of Argentina

The Tandilia Belt in northeast Argentina includes a Neoproterozoic sequence of sediments (Sierras Bayas Group), in which the Cerro Largo Formation, ca. 750 Ma in age, forms a siliciclastic, shallowing upward succession of subtidal nearshore to tidal flat deposits. Trace fossils Palaeophycus isp. and Didymaulichnus isp. have been described from the upper part of this succession. Specific sedimentary structures consisting of round-crested bulges, arranged in a reticulate pattern, and networks of curved cracks are associated with the trace fossils. These structures are considered to be related to epibenthic microbial mats that once colonized the sediment surface. They reflect stages of mat growth and mat destruction, if compared to analogous structures in modern cyanobacterial mats of peritidal, siliciclastic depositional systems. Also the trace fossils are interpreted as mat-related structures, partly forming components of networks of shrinkage cracks, partly representing the upturned and involute margins of shrinkage cracks or circular openings in desiccating and shrinking, thin microbial mats.

The definition of Didymaulichnus miettensis Young as a Terminal Proterozoic trace fossil is questioned, and it may be considered to interpret the ‘bilobate’ structure as the upturned, opposite margins of microbial shrinkage cracks which have been brought back into contact by compaction after burial.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组潮坪沉积中的遗迹化石

在塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组中共发现遗迹化石 11属 12种,包括Skolithoslinearis、Skolithosverticalis、Ophiomorphanodosa、Arenicolitesisp.、Cylindrichnusisp.、Thalassinoidessuevicus、Diplocraterionparallelum、Taenidi umsatanassi、Macaronichnussegregatis、Palaeophycustubularis、Planolitesbeverlegensis和Cochlichnusanguineus。这些遗迹化石主要是无脊椎动物的居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,其中大部分呈全浮痕保存,少数呈上浮痕或下浮痕保存。按其古生态和沉积学特征,可划分出三个遗迹组合:①Skolithos-Thalassinoides遗迹组合,代表了平坦底型条件下的砂坪沉积环境;②Planolites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,反映了潮间带砂泥坪沉积环境;③Cochlichnus-Planolites遗迹组合,代表了平均低潮线附近的泥坪沉积环境。     

新疆吐哈盆地侏罗纪湖相动物遗迹化石的发现及古环境意义

对首次在吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系发现的分布于不同剖面、不同层位中的动物遗迹化石进行了系统研究。主要分析了研究区内动物遗迹化石的特征 ,将之划分为六大类型 :( 1 )垂直居住迹 ;( 2 )垂直觅食迹 ;( 3 )“U”形管 ;( 4)潜穴系统 ;( 5)逃逸迹 ;( 6)停息迹。较详细地分析了各类型的形态特征和保存特点 ,简要分析了造迹生物的行为习性及环境意义。在此基础上 ,建立了本区动物遗迹化石的环境模式。同时指出 ,遗迹化石在陆相含油气盆地确实大量存在 ,并在储层研究中具广泛的实践意义。     

东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组三段河口湾沉积亚相之沉积学与痕迹学识别与油气储层

沉积学结合痕迹学研究,识别出东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组三段,存在五类河口湾沉积亚相。这五类亚相都含有斜向异源碎屑层理及海相或咸水痕迹化石。现代和古代河口湾研究证明,斜向异源碎屑层理（Inclined Heterolithic Stratification）,是潮汐水流进入河流式河口湾引发波动震荡机制形成的。表现为重复出现,厚在数厘米到数分米的泥/砂对偶层。东濮凹陷文留地区沙河街组三段岩芯研究显示,不同类型的泥/砂对偶层及其所含海相和咸水成因痕迹化石,记录下河口湾上游,受潮汐影响产生水下收缩裂隙和滨岸痕迹化石Diplocraterion的河流成因砂（亚相A）;河口湾中部,因与最大紊流带相关,出现变形层理和痕迹化石Palaeophycos、Planolites和Chondrites的泥质沉积（亚相B、C）;河口湾下游,则显示Terebellina、Rhizocrallium、Ophiomorpha、Diplocraterion等高分异度痕迹化石的海相成因砂（亚相D、E）。文留地区古近纪油田与北美白垩纪油田的研究和勘探开发说明,河流式河口湾油气资源丰富,识别这类古环境,对寻找油气储层,意义重大。     

微堆中子活化技术测定多金属结核和海洋沉积物中多元素

介绍了微堆中子活化法对多金属结核及其伴生海洋沉积物样品中痕量元素的测定条件,讨论了误差来源。实验结果给出了某些元素的地球化学特征,为研究多金属结核的形成提供了依据。     

Trace fossils as diagnostic indicators of deep-marine environments, Middle Eocene Ainsa-Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees

A quantitative study of trace fossil abundance in the Middle Eocene deep-marine clastic systems, Ainsa-Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees, shows that they are powerful discriminators of submarine fan and related environments. Sixteen fan and related environments are recognized from upper-slope gully to the distal basin-floor. For each environment, the degree of bioturbation (density), trace-fossil diversity, number of pre-depositional and post-depositional trace fossils, as well as the number of graphoglyptid ichnospecies were quantified. In the more laterally confined and channel-dominated Ainsa basin, there is a trend of increasing bioturbation intensity and trace-fossil diversity away from channel-axis to off-axis environments. In the more unconfined and distal Jaca basin, there is a trend of increasing trace-fossil diversity and number of pre-depositional trace fossils including graphoglyptids from the channel-lobe transition to the fan-fringe. The trace-fossil assemblages of the Ainsa-Jaca basin are characteristic of a number of sub-ichnofacies of the Nereites ichnofacies. In the distal Jaca basin, the Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies occurs in the lobe-fringe and fan-fringe, whereas the distal basin-floor has a trace-fossil assemblage typical of the Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies, but with a high proportion of post-depositional fodinichnia . Trace-fossil assemblages of proximal basin, axial, environments are characteristic of the Ophiomorpha rudis sub-ichnofacies, whilst proximal off-axis environments, have a mixed Paleodictyon-Ophiomorpha rudis sub-ichnofacies trace-fossil assemblage.     

东濮凹陷两种新储层类型——沙河街组河口湾体系的识别与储层预测

东濮凹陷沙河街组河口湾环境发育的最初征兆是出现震积岩（Seismites）和水下脱水收缩裂隙（Synaeresis）,预示其基底有构造性下沉,海水在间歇性地灌入,接着淡水介形类开始大量死亡。与海水有关的生物痕迹如Ophiomorpha、Tigillites屡屡出现,说明此时此地淡水水体已被河口湾咸水水体所取代,最后剖面中见到滨海高能环境下的生物痕迹Arenicolites和鲕粒砂岩、介壳碎屑层等,指示潮道和潮汐坝的存在。至此,这一地区的河口湾以陆相（分流河道）－陆海混合相（河口湾点坝）－海相（潮道）为代表的三元结构,便完整地记录了一次海面升降周期。由陆相动物活动痕迹、植物活动痕迹和古土壤识别出的陆相部分在沙河街组有10层（开31井）,由海相生物痕迹、海相生物及海相内源沉积物识别出的海相部分有12层（开31井、新胡4井）,说明沙河街组沉积期曾有过10次以上的海面升降过程。海面下降时,河流沿兰聊断裂和内黄凸起间断裂谷地侵蚀切割两岸形成可容空间;海面上升期,此可容空间部分或全部被不同类型的沉积物所充填,形成了分流河道、河口湾点坝砂为代表的下切谷型储层和以潮道、滩坝砂体为代表的超覆型储层。