北疆玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲演变过程及其特点

利用历史文献资料、实地调查和监测资料, 并结合遥感影像解译数据, 分析了近2 000 a来玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲的演变进程, 探讨了人工绿洲扩展过程与水资源利用的关系以及绿洲扩张的特点. 结果显示: 近2 000 a来玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲的形成和演变可以分为4个时期: 17世纪以前以牧为主时期, 流域人工绿洲仅呈星点分布在交通要道和军事据点; 17世纪以后到1949年才进入半农半牧时期, 流域人工绿洲呈小块状分布在河、泉引水方便之处; 1949年以后玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲进入了以农为主时期, 人工绿洲由小片联接成大片, 扩大成新疆第四大绿洲群; 20世纪70年代以后城市化时期, 流域绿洲的二、三产业快速崛起.根据绿洲发展演变与水资源开发程度和灌溉水平将以农为主时期细分为4个阶段, 从4个阶段不同水利条件和灌溉水平下绿洲的规模可以看出人工绿洲的演变进程是与流域水资源利用水平紧密结合的; 玛纳斯河流域绿洲扩张的特点有: 人文因素对其有很大影响, 移民屯垦在绿洲发展中起了重要作用, 近60 a来人工绿洲面积成倍扩大, 尽管水利建设支撑绿洲发展, 但仍受到流域水资源的限制.     

新疆玛纳斯湖景观演化及其生态环境效应

遥感影像以多分辨率记录了地表的覆盖特征。影像的空间分辨率限定了遥感对地观测的最小单元。地理环境特征监测的基本空间尺度的适宜性对遥感提出了多分辨率的需求 ,同时 ,多种全球变化模型对土地覆盖类型及空间格局需求的尺度也不同。因此 ,作为模型重要参数的土地覆盖特征的多分辨率遥感监测对满足不同模型的需求以及对利用实测数据进行尺度转换研究是重要的。本文在遥感、地理信息系统支持下 ,从遥感数据采集的空间分辨率的角度定量化判断空间分辨率放大过程对土地覆盖特征监测的影响。研究区域选定在ＮＥＣＴ(中国东北样带 )的西部 (42°～ 46°Ｎ、1 1 0°～1 2 1°Ｅ)。采用美国地球资源观测系统数据中心提供的     

基于遥感影像记录的新疆玛纳斯河下游冲积平原河道演变过程研究

干旱区河流变迁与绿洲演变和沙漠进退密切相关,是近年来干旱区环境变化研究的焦点之一。玛纳斯河贯穿山地—绿洲—荒漠系统,是新疆准噶尔盆地环境演变的典型区域。文章利用遥感影像,结合实地测量的地貌与沉积记录、室内沉积分析和测年等资料,研究了玛纳斯河下游冲积平原河道演变过程,即近4 000多年来玛斯河在下游冲积平原发生了3次可识别的迁移事件及方向,河道变迁在空间上总体表现为一个自西南向东北迁移的过程。在此基础上,进一步讨论了玛纳斯河下游冲积平原河道的变迁原因及发展趋势,指出区域构造活动是影响玛纳斯河下游河道近4 000年来定向迁移的主要原因,并预测在没有异常气候波动和构造活动的影响下,今后一段时间内玛纳斯河不会发生大规模的迁移。     

石羊河流域中下游绿洲土地利用变化与水资源动态研究

根据1986年和2000年的TM影像数据,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术通过景观斑块的转移矩阵计算,分析了石羊河流域凉州区和民勤两个典型绿洲近15年来的土地利用变化;并利用不同时期中下游绿洲水资源量和开发利用程度,结合种植业结构,分析了该区域水资源利用动态变化。结果表明,耕地大量增加,凉州区和民勤绿洲分别增加了6302 hm2和36434 hm2,民勤绿洲林地大面积减少,2000年林地面积仅为1986年的55%,绿洲面积减少了23365 hm2;而中游凉州区绿洲面积却增加了8167 hm2;上下游用水量之比从20世纪50年代的1.612急剧增大到90年代的8.33,用水矛盾日益突出,下游水库来水量40年来下降达63.1%;地下水开采强度日益增加,机井分布密集,地下水位大幅度下降;种植业结构不合理,耗水量较大的粮食作物所占的比例过大。     

甘肃河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题

河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题,根本的原因在于水资源短缺而导致的生态环境脆弱和水资源的过度开发利用.如果上、中游地区水资源的利用超过了水资源量的限度,则流到下游的径流量减沙,地下水位下降;而下游地区为了弥补水资源的不足,便大量开采地下水,致使地下水严重超采,从而导致植被退化和荒漠化.在分析上述问题的基础上,以石羊河为例,说明内陆河流域的荒漠化防治要求实行以农业节水为中心,建立节水型社会的流域综合治理,实现水资源、土地资源、经济、社会和生态环境协调和可持续发展.     

中国西部特殊地貌区地下水开发利用与生态环境功能保护研究

西北内陆流域平原区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,近50 a来各流域下游区天然绿洲面积不断萎缩。以石羊河流域、艾丁湖流域为研究区,针对下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制问题,基于农田面积、出山地表径流量及灌溉引用水量、地下水开采量和流入下游区地表径流量调查统计、潜水埋深及包气带水理指标原位监测和地下水水位统测,以及植被类型、分布范围、覆盖度和NDVI指数等遥感解译获得的资料,应用流域水循环和水量均衡理论、时间序列分析和地学多元相关分析方法开展研究,得出如下认识:（1）近50 a来,西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲严重退化的根源是天然水资源匮乏,主因是人口数量不断增加和上、中游区拦用出山地表径流水量大。（2）灌溉耕地不断扩大是下游区天然绿洲面积萎缩的主要驱动因素,每增加1.0 km2灌溉耕地导致石羊河流域下游、艾丁湖流域平原区的天然绿洲面积分别减少1.35~2.07 km2和1.57~3.83 km2;气候越干旱、上游出山年径流水量越少,灌溉引用出山径流水量占当年总径流量的比率越大,流入下游区地表径流水量越少,由此造成下游区天然绿洲面积减少越大。（3）西北内陆流域天然绿洲退化可控,但是由于水资源不足,制约了天然绿洲退化的可控性。在水资源匮乏背景下,现状人口数量驱动的农田用水规模难以继续调减,需要有序促进经济社会用水规模与天然绿洲修复供水规模之间的和谐程度。因此,本研究成果为西北内陆流域水资源合理开发利用和天然绿洲退化修复提供了重要科学依据。     

绿洲演化与自然和人为因素的关系初探——以克里雅河下游地区为例

以位于塔里木盆地的克里雅河下游地区绿洲为例 ,论述了自然环境要素演变及人类活动对绿洲发育的重要作用。克里雅河下游地区的现代绿洲包括沿河岸分布的带状绿色走廊和河流终端干三角洲上的扇形牧业绿洲。依据对河流沉积物及古河道分析得出的结论是 ,在末次冰期晚期时 ,由于来自昆仑山的大量消融水的出现 ,克里雅河的绿色走廊横穿塔克拉玛干沙漠。类似的情况在距今约2 0 0 0年和小冰期时都出现过。这种大的变化是自然环境演变的结果。但是 ,近百年来特别是近 5 0年克里雅河下游牧业绿洲的严重退化是中游地区集中发展农业绿洲而增加引水量及下游地区过度砍伐所造成的。     

Evaluation of landscape changes and ecological degradation by GIS in arid regions: a case study of the terminal oasis of the Shiyang River,northwest China

The development and utilization of water and land resources in the Shiyang River basin are the highest among the inland rivers in northwestern China. Using GIS and the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS, landscape metrics of a study area in the lake-district in Minqin Oasis in the lower reaches of Shiyang River basin were calculated and analyzed based on TM images from 1987 to 2001 at class level and landscape level, respectively. Transformation matrix of the landscape mosaics was also examined. The driving forces of landscape changes were analyzed, including the dynamics of runoff and groundwater resources and their exploitation, and influences of policies and market economy. The results showed that: (1) Patch number of farmland and desert decreased, but their mean patch area increased, indicating that reclamation and desertification was very serious in the study area. Contagion index for oasis increased and edge density and landscape diversity were reduced. (2) Farmland and desert areas have enlarged by 1,520.46 and 4,941.27 hm², respectively. This increase was at the cost of woodland and grassland, which shrank by 1,520.46 and 4,941.27 hm², respectively. (3) The net utilization of surface water decreased by 50% in the last 10 years, and dropped to 22.3 × 10⁶ m³ in the later 1990s. Exploitation of groundwater increased remarkably, up to 80 × 10⁶ m³ per year in the last 5 years. (4) The capability of the economic structure to withstand pressures of the market economy has depressed distinctly because of the simplified planting pattern, which is dominated by salinity-enduring cash crops, such as cotton. Based on the above analysis, strategies of ecological reconstruction in the lake-district were suggested.     

Quantitative Analysis of Natural and Human Factors of Oasis Change in the Tail of Shiyang River over the Past 60 Years

The human and natural factors complicit in the driving forces of oasis change have always received considerable interest from the international research community. In this study, we used principal component analysis of natural and socio-economic statistical factors to quantitatively analyze the causal relationships and their contributions to the observed periodic expansion or shrinkage of the Minqin Oasis over almost 60 years. Our results show that human factors were the dominant factors governing expansion or shrinkage, with average contributions of 69.38% and 76.16%, respectively. Moreover, policy decisions have been the pivotal human factors. Under the influence of various policies, we have found that water resource utilization, land reclamation, population explosion, ecological protection and economic development have each played leading roles in different periods. This study provides a scientific basis for modelling the dynamics of an oasis for sustainable management.     

克里雅河绿洲的形成与演变

从８０００年前到现代，克里雅河流域孕育了原始绿洲、古绿洲、旧绿洲和新绿洲。旧绿洲是古绿洲的延续和发展，新绿洲是旧绿洲的扩大和外延。河流的自然改道，气候干旱和社会的长期动荡(战争)是促使河流下游古绿洲消亡的主要原因。在今后一段时期内，克里雅河上游地区的绿洲发展仍将是较缓慢的；中游地区的绿洲将进一步得到巩固和发展；下游地区的绿洲将向着退化的方向发展。     

Evaluation of oasis land use security and sustainable utilization strategies in a typical watershed in the arid regions of China

Land supports the survival and development of humans. To safeguard the land use security of continental river watersheds in arid regions, the oasis of the Manas River Watershed was investigated using 15 evaluation indexes from three subsystems, including land use suitability, land use vulnerability and water security to provide a comprehensive evaluation based on the methods of analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy synthetic evaluation model, social economy and land use/cover data from remote sensing images for 1976, 1987, 1998 and 2010. The above-mentioned indexes were classified into four levels, which were regarded as security (v ₁), relative security (v ₂), security threshold (v ₃) and insecurity (v ₄). The results showed that land use securities of oasis in the Manas River Watershed were at the insecure level of v ₄, and that the synthetic graded values were 0.6150, 0.5772, 0.5617 and 0.5640, respectively. For the three subsystems, indexes of land use suitability were all at the security level of v ₁, and the indexes of land use vulnerability were at the levels of v ₁, v ₂, v ₄ and v ₄ in the 4 years investigated, respectively. Furthermore, indexes of water security in the 4 years were all classified as insecure levels. Ultimately, it is important to determine the leading factors that restrict land use security and then put forward corresponding solutions. The objects of this study were to achieve sustainable land use in the Manas River Watershed, as well as provide scientific references for evaluation of land use security in the continental river watershed of arid regions.     

Water requirements and stability of oasis ecosystem in arid region,China

This research was conducted to determine the water requirements of oasis ecosystem with crop evapotranspiration method, and to analyse the water balance between the supply and requirement using water balance model, and then assess the stability of oasis ecosystem in the middle of Heihe River basin, China. The results indicated that the summations of the water supply and requirement approximated to 82.54 and 110.13 Mm³ years⁻¹ in 2007, and the water deficit was 27.59 Mm³ years⁻¹. The farmland was the largest water consumer with a consumption of 57.07 Mm³ years⁻¹ and accounted for 51.82% of the total water requirements. It was followed by the water area 38.83 Mm³ years⁻¹, forestland 12.13 Mm³ years⁻¹ and domestic and industrial 2.10 Mm³ years⁻¹, and accounted for 35.26, 11.01 and 1.92%, respectively. The stability index was 0.74, which implies that the oasis ecosystem have already started degenerating in sub-stability state. However, the water requirement of unit area was 1243.70 mm years⁻¹ and larger than other oases in arid region of China, which implies that the water resource scarcity do not exist in the middle basin where the excessive waste of the flood irrigation method has broken the balance between the water supply and requirement in the basin scale.     

The effects of human activities on oasis climate and hydrologic environment in the Aksu River Basin,Xinjiang, China

Under the influence of human activities, the differences in climate changes emerged obviously in the Aksu Oasis. The summer air temperature in Aksu City increased at a rate of 0.20°C·(10 annum)⁻¹, while the air temperature in Aler in summer decreased at a rate of −0.27°C·(10 annum)⁻¹. Human intervention has become the dominant factor in the the changes of water resources in the Aksu Oasis. Compared with the Xidaqiao hydrological station, which is located on the upper reaches of the Aksu River, the runoff ratio at the Aler hydrological station increased in summer and decreased in spring. Though the natural water inflow has increased in the last 50 years, irrigation diversion and water consumption for human activities have increased unceasingly due to the increased reclamation of land and the development of extensive agriculture. The water quality at the Xidaqiao station is in Grade I at different periods, and the water quality at the Aler station of the Tarim River is good because the river did not suffer from human disturbance before the large-scale development of oasis agriculture; but the salinity of river water increased from 0.67 g L⁻¹ in 1960 to 5.27 g L⁻¹ in 2000 at the Aler station after farmland development, reclamation and salt washing in the oasis. The geographic distribution of surface water resources has changed due to human activities and in turn affected groundwater replenishment, bringing about changes to groundwater table and quality.     

Research Progress of the Heihe River Basin Based on Bibliometrics

Water resource is the focus and hinge between ecological environment and socio-economic development. Watershed is the basic unit of hydrology and water resource studies. It is the current hotspot in water science research to carry out the integrated research of the hydrology and water resource at the watershed scale. The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in northwestern China, which becomes one of the hot watersheds for its unique hydrological and geographical characteristics. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection, the scientific advances achieved in the Heihe River Basin were estimated from the new sight by combining disciplinary development and problem focus, time evolution and spatial variations. The results indicated that the Heihe River Basin has made positive contribution to the world science in remote sensing, evapotranspiration, water cycle, water resources management and utilization, and climate change research in arid areas. The great achievements has promoted the Heihe River Basin up to the same levels as the international typical basins in the past 30 years, especially after the performances of the major research program entitled “Integrated Study of Eco-hydrological Processes in the Heihe River Basin” (referred to as “Heihe River Program”) supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and large field observation experiments. The number of published articles has ranked the top 20 in the global watershed science research. Some important scientific achievements have been obtained at the mechanisms of eco-hydrological processes in inland river basins, which can actively serve the decision making of the water resource management and sustainable development in the Heihe River Basin. The data mining and contrastive study based on bibliometrics can afford scientific reference for the watershed science research.     

Effects of glacier melting on socioeconomic development in the Manas River basin, China

This study used 46 years of recent data, including glacial area, temperature, precipitation, and runoff data, to examine the glacier melting and its possible socioeconomic effects in the Manas River basin in western China. The average yearly change in the glaciated area in the Manas River basin for the entire study period was 0.41 %, and the glacier mass balance mainly keeps negative in the last 46 years. The negative glacial mass balance observed between 1986 and 2006 was 2.8 times greater than that for the period 1960–1985. Additionally, the amount of meltwater runoff was 78 % greater in 1986–2006 than in 1960–1985, with a mean depth of 478 mm year^?1.Glacier melting and runoff in the Manas River basin during the late twentieth century were higher than at present. Annual meltwater volumes can reach 1 × 10⁸ m³, providing beneficial water resources to downstream areas. However, as the climate becomes warmer, the risk of meltwater flooding will also increase. Our calculations indicate that after the 2030s, the level of flooding risk will increase substantially.     

Late Holocene glacial and periglacial evolution in the upper Orco Valley, northwestern Italian Alps

The sediments present in some areas of the Orco Valley provide indications on climatic variations that occurred during the last 6000 years on the southern slopes of the Alps. In particular, distribution and ages of peat layers help define periods and extent of glacial fluctuation in the last 2200 years. Sampling of soils involved in periglacial processes provided a basis for development of a chronological framework of late Holocene environmental change. The data indicate a trend toward cooler climate in the second half of the Holocene. A strong relationship exists between phases of River Po flooding and expansion/retreat phases of the Swiss glaciers: major glacial advances were coeval with periods of intense flooding of the River Po, whereas the phases of glacial retreat coincided with periods of little flooding of the Po. Only in three cases do relationships between glacier activity and floods show weak correlations; two of the cases relate to the warmest periods in approximately the last 2200 years, while the third is the present period. Paleoclimatic evidence from the study region indicates the relatively warm Roman Period between about 2200 and 1900 cal yr BP appears to better represent modern conditions than does the Medieval Warm Period.     

绿洲地理特征及其气候效应

根据绿洲的一些共性给出了绿洲的科学定义。并且根据以往大量研究成果,系统地归纳了世界上绿洲分布的区域类型、形成的客观条件、需要的水文环境、植被和土壤类型及其分类等地理特征,全面总结了绿洲"冷岛"结构、"冷岛"效应、"湿岛"结构、临近荒漠逆湿、高额可利用能量、风屏作用、动力和热力效应、增雨作用等主要气候效应。在此基础上,提出了绿洲具有系统性、对水的依赖性、高比照性、尺度性、高效性、脆弱性、演化性等本质特性。最后还讨论了人类活动对绿洲的作用和影响。     

Fractal study of sustainable proportions of natural and artificial oases

The sustained development of an artificial oasis depends critically on the stability of the natural oasis associated with it. This work theoretically investigates the most suitable ratio of natural oasis area to artificial oasis area in oasis ecosystems, as quantified by the percentage of artificial oasis (PAO). Based on data from oases observed in Xinjiang Province, China, this paper analyzes the PAO distribution for these oases via fractal theory. The results allowed us to draw the following conclusions. (1) The PAO distribution possesses fractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension of the PAO decreases as the oasis evolves. (2) The interval of the fractal dimension of the PAO is 0–1.7068, and the interval of the expectation of the PAO is 0–85.01%. This indicates that the natural oasis should occupy at least around 15% of the total oasis area. (3) The fractal dimension and the expectation of the PAO for the ecosystem of oases in Xinjiang Province, China, are currently 0.5369 and 53.51%, respectively. These results show that the development of artificial oases in Xinjiang Province should continue, although the corresponding natural oases should also be maintained and developed at the same time.     

黑河分水计划对临泽绿洲种植业结构调整及生态稳定发展的影响——以黑河中游的临泽县平川灌区为例

黑河分水计划及用水商品化的实施,对绿洲种植业结构调整、节水降耗和退耕,有着较大的积极作用.但也相应出现了一些不可忽视的问题,如在调水方式及适宜时段的合理选择、供需水之间矛盾的有效处置以及流域水资源合理高效利用模式的建立等方面还有待进一步研究.特别是在水资源短缺和市场经济的双重作用下,过度开采地下水以及追逐短期利益行为有所加重,进而导致地下水位波动性变化幅度加大和低效的公益性生态建设与发展受到较大的制约,尤其是荒漠绿洲交错地带的生态环境及生产条件在分水后显现诸多不适宜或退化迹象,并有恶化发展的趋势.     

用OSL方法确定雅鲁藏布江大拐弯第四纪晚期冰川堰塞湖年龄

雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原上的一条大河, 其河谷地貌和地质环境演化的发育历史对于青藏高原地质研究有重要意义。前人用ESR和14C测年方法对雅鲁藏布江河谷两岸广泛分布河湖相沉积物、冰碛物测年确定了有四期堰塞湖。作者用光释光(OSL, Opically Stimulated Luminesecence)测年方法分析采集到的湖相样品年龄为(50.9±2.1) ka BP和(1.8±0.1) ka BP, 证明雅鲁藏布江大拐弯处末次冰期早冰阶和新冰期存在 古堰塞湖。