碱金属离子及碱溶液对膨润土性能影响的研究进展

基于前人有关膨润土在碱性环境下的室内试验和数值模拟的研究结果 ,重点阐述了碱金属离子及碱溶液对膨润土矿物成分、微观结构、膨胀性和渗透性等方面的影响,讨论了温度、pH值与溶液浓度等对上述过程的影响。碱金属离子及碱性溶液不仅可交换膨润土中蒙脱石层间阳离子,而且可溶解膨润土中的蒙脱石,生成非膨胀性矿物,并随着温度和pH值升高,蒙脱石被溶解程度增加,从而导致了膨润土膨胀力减小,且随着温度、溶液浓度及pH值的增加,膨胀力削弱程度加强;同时,膨润土与碱金属离子及碱溶液接触时孔隙增多,进而渗透性增强,随着温度和溶液浓度增加,渗透性也明显增强。数值模拟可实现膨润土与碱性溶液长期接触时发生的矿物成分及渗透性变化的预测。高温、不同pH值的低碱性溶液及其耦合作用对膨润土的矿物化学成分、微观结构、膨胀力和渗透性的影响及机理研究应该是今后研究的重点。     

膨润土改性的研究

以吉林省净月潭膨润土、小梨河膨润土和刘房子膨润土为原料,对净月潭、小梨河钙基土进行提纯,用碱性钠盐为改性剂制成改性土,经X-射线衍射、差热、电镜、化学全分析等手段证实改性成功,并找出最佳活化条件。     

高压实膨润土热湿耦合效应实验室模拟

本文研究了作为高放废物深地质处置库最后一道人工屏障－缓冲层在热湿耦合艇下的宏观表现,通过自行设计的实验,得到了一些有益的启示,初步认为在本研究涉及的时间范围内,水势场对高压实膨润土中温度场分布影响较小,而温度场对其中水分运移有一定影响。文中介绍了有关实验设计、实验步骤,实验结果与分析,对多孔介质中传热传质研究及高放废物深地质处理有一定参考价值。．     

考虑膨胀效应UH模型的有限元实现

高庙子膨润土已被确定为我国高放废物地质处置的首选缓冲/回填材料,进行其力学特性及应用模拟研究对合理设计处置库具有十分重要的意义。考虑膨胀效应的UH模型是在超固结非饱和土本构模型（非饱和土UH模型）的基础上提出的,因引入了土体团粒的吸水膨胀作用,使其适用于非饱和膨润土。基于有限元软件ABAQUS的二次开发平台,利用Fortran语言编制模型的UMAT（user-difined material）材料子程序,进行了考虑膨胀效应UH模型的有限元实现。然后针对高放废物处置概念模型,利用编制的模型子程序对高放废物处置系统进行了三维有限元模拟,并对渗流场和应力场的演化规律进行了初步探究。模拟结果显示处置系统中膨润土的内应力增加,土体的稳定性较好,说明选择高庙子膨润土作为缓冲/回填材料的合理性,也同时验证了程序的正确性。     

九台膨润土改性工艺的研究

通过对九台膨润土进行改性、增效处理,发现膨润土在经过剪切力作用后,造浆性能将到了很大改善,并按新工艺生产出九台膨润土产品,视粘度由原来的10CP提高到17CP,API失水量由原来的16ml降低到13ml,部分样品达到或超过了API标准。     

高放废物地质处置库预选缓冲材料压缩性能研究

缓冲材料是高放废物深地质处置多重屏障系统中非常重要的一道人工屏障，内蒙古高庙子钠基膨润土被确定为我国高放废物深地质处置缓冲材料的首选基料。通过研究该钠基膨润土（GMZ01）在不同含水量条件下的压实成型性、不同压实干密度和不同含水量压实样品的无侧限压缩性能，认为：含水量为15％的高庙子天然钠基膨润土压实成型性最好，压实干密度越大，无侧限抗压强度越大；在无侧限压缩实验时，含水量为15％的高密度压实膨润土样品比含水量为10％和20％的样品的抗压强度大，变形小。     

新疆巴里坤膨润土改性提纯试验

以新疆巴里坤膨润土矿三个样品为原料，进行膨润土改性提纯试验的研究，结果表明，改性提纯后蒙脱石含量为87％～95％，采用洗涤去除石盐后悬浮液加热法更适用于样品的改性。通过离心机转速和分散剂对提纯效果影响的实验，得出离心提纯时采用离心机转速为2100r／min、分散剂采用六偏磷酸钠和水玻璃以质量比为1：1混合使用，提纯效果最佳，为新疆巴里坤膨润土的深加工奠定基础。     

缓冲／回填材料——砂-膨润土混合物研究进展

砂-膨润土混合物已被很多核能国家选为核废物地质处置库中理想的缓冲/回填材料。膨润土中加入砂可提高热传导系数和强度,维持适当的膨胀力,使其工程上易于处理并节省成本;但同时会导致其阻水能力和自愈性减弱。研究表明,影响砂-膨润土混合物以上各性质的主要因素为：砂/膨润土配合比、初始含水量、干密度等,它们综合决定着砂/膨润土最优配合比的选取。石英砂对混合物的渗透性、热传导性、强度等的影响,最优配合比选取,以及非饱和状态下吸力变化对混合物渗透性的影响等,应该是今后一段时间内砂-膨润土混合物研究的重点。     

膨润土颗粒混合物的堆积性质与水-力特性研究进展

膨润土颗粒混合物是高放废物深地质处置库中的一种缓冲/回填材料,掌握其堆积性质与水-力特性是开展处置库安全性能评估的关键基础。本文全面回顾和总结了近年来国内外学者对膨润土颗粒混合物的堆积性质、持水特性、结构特征、渗透特性、胀缩特性及本构模型等方面的研究进展与取得的成果,展望了几个值得进一步研究的问题。结果表明,颗粒混合物的堆积性质与粒径级配密切相关;湿化过程中,颗粒混合物由初始松散结构逐渐转变为胶结融合结构,孔隙结构逐渐趋于均一化,并伴随着颗粒破碎和错动,进而影响其水-力特性。考虑到处置库实际运营环境的复杂性,颗粒混合物的原位填充技术以及多场(热-水-力-化)耦合条件下颗粒混合物的水-力特性是今后值得深入研究的方向。     

γ辐照对改性钠基膨润土影响的初步研究

为了确认γ辐照对改性钠基膨润土的影响,拓展高放地质处置缓冲材料性能评价范围,以内蒙古高庙子改性钠基膨润土为研究对象,利用红外光谱分析仪、同步热分析仪和X射线衍射仪分析了不同γ辐照剂量(1000、2000、3000、4000和5000 k Gy)对改性钠基膨润土性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明:在5000 k Gy大剂量γ辐照后,高庙子改性钠基膨润土中某些官能团发生了少量的化学转变,耐热性能有所提高,但对钠基膨润土中的层间水和吸附水影响不大;另外其微观结构变化不明显,只是晶胞尺寸有所减小;总体而言,高庙子钠基膨润土在大剂量γ辐照环境中稳定性是良好的。     

非饱和膨润土的有效热传导特性模型

膨润土缓冲材料热传导特性的研究,对于高放废物深地质处置系统的安全评价至关重要。基于串、并联原理,通过将土体孔隙划分为与固相基质并联和串联两部分,提出了考虑矿物成分、颗粒亲水性、孔隙率及饱和度等因素的非饱和膨润土有效热传导系数的4种预测形式,建立了基于4种形式线性组合的有效热传导特性预测模型。详细讨论了模型参数的确定方法,并讨论了孔隙率、饱和度和孔隙结构、颗粒亲水性等因素对土体有效热传导特性的影响。基于MX-80膨润土和高庙子膨润土热传导特性试验成果,对模型的预测性能进行了验证。结果表明,由于膨润土颗粒尺寸较小且具有亲水特性,孔隙内的空气与水宜采用并联描述。研究成果对于非饱和膨润土的导热性能以及工程屏障系统的THM耦合数值模拟研究具有一定的参考价值。     

高压实膨润土的非饱和渗透膨胀模型

高放废弃物深地质处置库中,作为缓冲/回填材料的高压实膨润土的设计功能是,遇水吸湿导致土体膨胀变形,以密封高压实膨润土块体砌置时形成的块体与块体之间和块体与围岩之间的施工缝隙以及围岩中因处置库开挖卸载引起的裂缝,形成阻障围岩中地下水渗入内库引起核素迁移,与库内高放废物的辐射扩散的人工屏障。高压实膨润土在自由膨胀条件下的膨胀应变和非饱和渗透系数由渗透试验测得;孔隙比和吸力的关系由压汞试验测得。吸力和含水率的函数关系可由土-水特征曲线测试试验得到。因此,自由膨胀条件下膨润土的非饱和渗透膨胀模型由膨胀应变、非饱和渗透系数和孔隙比与吸力的函数关系建立。结果表明：渗透系数和体积应变都随吸力减小而增加,因为吸力减小会导致孔隙比增加。这一发现有助于设计高放废物的最终处置方案。     

Erosion of bentonite particles at the interface of a compacted bentonite and a fractured granite

Compacted bentonite has been considered as a candidate buffer material in the underground repository for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. An erosion of bentonite particles caused by a groundwater flow at the interface of a compacted bentonite and a fractured granite was studied experimentally under various geochemical conditions. The experimental results showed that bentonite particles could be eroded from a compacted bentonite buffer by a flowing groundwater depending upon the contact time, the flow rate of the groundwater, and the geochemical parameters of the groundwater such as the pH and ionic strength.

A gel formation of the bentonite was observed to be a dominant process in the erosion of bentonite particles although an intrusion of bentonite into a rock fracture also contributed to the erosion. The concentration of the eroded bentonite particles eroded by a flowing groundwater was increased with an increasing flow rate of the groundwater. It was observed from the experiments that the erosion of the bentonite particles was considerably affected by the ionic strength of a groundwater although the effect of the pH was not great within the studied pH range from 7 to 10. An erosion of the bentonite particles in a natural groundwater was also observed to be considerable and the eroded bentonite particles are expected to be stable at the given groundwater condition.

The erosion of the bentonite particles by a flowing groundwater did not significantly reduce the physical stability and thus the performance of a compacted bentonite buffer. However, it is expected that an erosion of the bentonite particles due to a groundwater flow will generate bentonite particles in a given groundwater condition, which can serve as a source of the colloids facilitating radionuclide migration through rock fractures.     

高放处置罐铁释放诱发膨润土矿物相变研究进展

作为高放废物处置罐候选金属材料,低碳钢在处置库服役期间,其腐蚀产物侵入缓冲屏障,导致缓冲材料矿物相变与性能变异,威胁多重屏障体系的长期安全稳定。本文详细综述了国内外处置库深部还原环境所处的弱碱性化学场与中低温度场的变化趋势,认为处置库深部化学-温度还原条件可导致处置罐Fe腐蚀释放Fe~(2+)。在处置库长期运行过程中,蒙脱石与Fe~(2+)接触发生矿物相变,一方面Fe~(2+)置换蒙脱石八面体晶格中的Al~(3+)和Mg~(2+),还原Fe~(3+)或直接占据空位,生成次生矿物;另一方面Fe~(2+)交换蒙脱石层间的Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+),转化为铁基蒙脱石。矿物相变可诱发缓冲屏障性能变异甚至退化。基于"抗矿物转化"理念,提出了下一阶段缓冲材料矿物相变研究方向,为地下实验室碳素钢选型、缓冲屏障验证试验设计以及屏障体系安全评价提供科学依据。     

An experimental study of the water transfer through confined compacted GMZ bentonite

GMZ bentonite has been considered as a possible material for engineered barrier in the Chinese program of nuclear waste disposal at great depth. In the present work, the hydraulic conductivity of this bentonite was determined by simultaneous profile method. A specific infiltration cell equipped with five resistive relative humidity probes was designed for this purpose. The water retention properties were studied under both confined and unconfined conditions; the results show that at high suctions (> 4 MPa) the water retention capacity is independent of the confining condition, and by contrast, at low suctions (< 4 MPa) the confined condition resulted in significant low water retention. Furthermore, the microstructure was investigated at mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) in different states: on oven-dried powder, bentonite slurry, as-compacted and wetted samples. It has been observed that the soil powder is constituted of aggregates of various sizes; these aggregates are destroyed by full saturation at a water content equal to the liquid limit; compaction at the initial water content of 11–12% and a dry density of 1.7–1.75 Mg/m³ led to a microstructure characterized by a dense assembly of relatively well preserved aggregates; saturation of the compacted sample under constant volume condition defined a non-homogeneous microstructure with the presence of well preserved aggregates. This non-homogeneous microstructure would be due to the non uniform distribution of the generated swelling pressure within the soil sample upon wetting. The hydraulic conductivity determined has been found decreasing first and then increasing with suction decrease from the initial value of about 80 MPa to zero; the decrease can be attributed to the large pore clogging due to soft gel creation by exfoliation process, as observed at ESEM.     

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling of bentonite buffer material

Mechanistic model development and numerical analyses were carried out on coupled thermo-hydraulic-mechanical processes in bentonite-based buffer material for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste with small-scale laboratory experiments and a full-scale test. The mechanism of water movement in compacted bentonite was identified by applying theoretical equations to the experimental results. The application clearly explained the observed results of the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity in the saturated state and the water diffusivity in the unsaturated state for the compacted bentonite and the dry density dependence of the diffusivity. The full-scale coupled test, BIG-BEN, was conducted at PNC (Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation) Tokai Works. The results of the numerical analyses for the full-scale test which are based on the present knowledge of coupled processes and our small-scale experiments were in good agreement with the measured results except for mechanical phenomena. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下水对压实高庙子膨润土冲蚀作用研究

采用膨胀渗透仪和浊度仪,通过检测冲蚀循环溶液浊度和膨润土试样膨胀力的变化,获得了冲蚀液对高庙子（GMZ）膨润土的冲蚀规律,对比分析了膨润土干密度、冲蚀液pH值、冲蚀液渗流方向、围岩裂隙条数、溶液类型和浓度等因素对膨润土冲蚀的影响规律。研究表明：膨润土的膨胀力在冲蚀开始的几天内迅速增长,随后达到稳定,膨润土干密度越大,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用越弱;冲蚀液pH值对膨润土的冲蚀作用影响很大,碱性较强的地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用较弱,而碱性较弱地下水的冲蚀作用则明显;地下水径向渗流时对膨润土的冲蚀作用大于纵向渗流情况,围岩裂隙增多后,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用加强;随着冲蚀液中NaCl浓度的增加,冲蚀液对膨润土的冲蚀作用先增强后减弱,冲蚀液中CaCl2的浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律与NaCl浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律相似,但CaCl2浓度的变化对膨润土的冲蚀影响不明显。