氨基多糖的研究方法

氨基多糖 ,又称糖胺聚糖 (Ｇｌｙｃｏｓｏｍｉｎｏｇｌｙｃａｎ ,ＧＡＧ)、粘多糖 (Ｍｕｃｏｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ) ,是蛋白聚糖 (Ｐｒｏｔｅｏｇｌｙｃａｎ ,ＰＧ)分子结构中的“含糖片段” ,通过共价键 (糖肽键 )与蛋白聚糖的核心蛋白连接 ,是动物体内特有的含有氨基的生物大分子物质[1] 。ＧＡＧ具有抗肿瘤、抗凝血、降血脂、增强免疫等多种生物活性 ,已引起了世界医药界和食品界的广泛关注。但由于ＧＡＧ的结构复杂及以往研究技术的不足 ,直到近 2 0～ 30年 ,人们才从多种海洋动物中提取分离ＧＡＧ ,对其分离纯化方法、理化性…     

简论核磁共振找水方法及应用实例

一、概述 核磁共振（NMR）技术是当今世界上的尖端技术,用核磁共振方法直接探查地下水是该技术应用的新领域,开创了地球物理方法直接找水的先河。[第一段]     

无规取向、无吸收非球形粒子光散射的T-矩阵方法

较详细地研究了无规取向、无吸收椭球体粒子的T－矩阵收敛问题。首先，简要概括了nmax的3种收敛方案和它们的基本特性。然后，应用1993年提出的数学收敛方法（M－方法）和1998年提出和物理收敛方法（P－方法）研究收敛问题。结果表明椭球粒子收敛精度对粒子的尺度参数，纵横比以及椭球体的种类（例如，长／扁椭球）有很强的依赖性。当粒子的尺度参数不太大时，甚至在极端纵横比的条件下，P－收敛方案优于M－收敛方案。     

对化探方法找矿的认识与探讨

目前,地质普查找矿项目大多采用综合方法找矿。化探方法以其直观、岩（矿）石的化学元素含量准确、异常级别清晰等优点,早已被各级矿管部门、地质勘查部门、矿山企业、地质专家及广大地质技术人员所认可;化探方法具有其他勘查方法无法替代的优势,现已成为综合找矿方法中必不可少的找矿手段之一。     

对公路建设项目环境影响的评价分析

本文在阅读相关文献的基础上概括了环境影响评价的内容、范围,提出了环境影响评价的影响因素和指标体系的建立。在经过定性分析描述后,重点介绍了灰色关联分析、模糊综合分析、经济损益分析定量评价方法。     

岩溶地质勘察方法及应用

研究了岩溶地质的勘查方法,包括地质测绘、地球物理勘探、工程钻探、遥感技术、静力触探等,重点研究了物探勘查技术,并提出对这些勘查方法进行综合应用与优化。最后通过某一工程事例,说明综合运用这些勘查方法是适合的。     

谈煤田地质测井仪器在钻井中遇卡及处理方法

在煤田地质勘探钻井测井过程中,因钻井井壁坍塌掉块、砂桥遇阻等因素,造成测井仪器遇卡。如果遇卡的仪器为带放射源的探管,若处理不当,将会造成严重的后果。这篇文章通过对测井仪器的遇卡种类、遇卡的具体原因、解卡的理论分析、解卡的处理方法、打捞方法、预防遇卡事故的措施以及一些建议等方面进行了阐述,并以实例加以说明,其主要目的是提高测井效率,降低安全风险,使测井事故防患于未然。     

Construction of Porphyra yezoensis Pure Line from Protoplasts and Its 18S rDNA Sequence Determination

1　Introduction　PorphyraisthemainobjectforalgafarmingandplaysaveryimportantroleinChinesemarineindus tries.Recently ,therehasbeenagreatlossinPor phyracultivationduetothedegenerationoftheculti var,sothereisanincreasingdemandforgoodPor phyracultivars .Theprerequisiteofthetraditionalbreed ingandbioengineeringresearchofPorphyraistheconstructionofpurelines .Traditionally ,theclassifi cationofPorphyrawasaccordingtotheirmorphologi calcharacteristics .However ,mostmorphologicalfea turesofPorphyraar…     

Construction of Porphyra yezoensis Pure Line from Protoplasts and Its 18S rDNA Sequence Determination

The wild Porphyra yezoensis collected from the Qingdao coast was used to prepare protoplasts by enzyme digestion. The pure line was constructed by cultivating the protoplasts. The 18S rDNA of the P. yezoensis pure line was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis was executed for this sequence and other 22 sequences retrieved from GenBank. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method. The results revealed a high diversity of 18S rDNA sequences in genus Porphyra and the considerable variation of 18S rDNA sequences in different strains of the same species P. yezoensis and P. tenera. Significant difference of 18S rDNA sequence was observed between P. yezoensis from Qingdao, China, and the two strains of P. yezoensis from Japan, but the three strains of P. yezoensis formed a stable clade in the phylogenetic tree. These results indicate the possibility of interspecies and intraspecies discrimination of Porphyra using the 18S rDNA sequences.     

Use of rapd for detecting and identifyingPorphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to assess the genetic variations and phylogenetic relationships in 4 species ofPorphyra. The samples were collected from the coast of Canada, Vietnam, Zhoushan, Fujian and Qingdao in China. Amplifications with 20 primers were carried out under predetermined optimal reaction conditions (samples were first heated at 94°C for 5 min. and followed by 45 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 36°C, and 2 min at 72°C, then held at 72°C for 10 min). The amplified products were scored as present (1) or absent (0) for each DNA sample and an index of genetic similarity (F) was calculated by using Nei & Li’s matching coefficient method (1979). The value of (1−F) was used to quantify the genetic distances between species and construct a phylogenetic tree. The relationship indicated by the UPGMA and NJ cluster analysis on the values of the genetic distance is in good overall agreement with classical taxonomy. The obvious differences between natural and cultivated population ofP. haitanensi suggest that variation or hybridization with other species occurred during the culture. Contribution No. 100 from the Experimental Marine Biology Laboratory, IOCAS. Contribution No. 3289 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research supported by the Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

A new species of Lataxiena Jousseaume, 1883 (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the East and South China Seas

A new muricid gastropod species,L ataxiena lutescena sp. nov.,is described and illustrated. The new species was recognized during reidentification of the Muricidae collection in the Marine Biological Museum,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao. The specimens of the new species were collected from the East and South China Seas off Fujian,Guangdong,and Hainan Provinces. Lataxiena lutescena sp. nov. is similar to Lataxiena blosvillei(Deshayes,1832) in general shape,but can be distinguished from the latter by the shell sculpture and radular characteristics. Lataxiena lutescena sp. nov. also resembles Lataxiena bombayana(Melvill,1893),but differs from that species in the shell shape and anal notches and in lacking short spines on the shell.     

Identification and bioinformatics analysis of microRNAs from the sporophyte and gametophyte of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyropia haitanensis</Emphasis>

Pyropia haitanensis (T. J. Chang et B. F. Zheng) N. Kikuchi et M. Miyata (Porphyra haitanensis) is an economically important genus that is cultured widely in China. P. haitanensis is cultured on a larger scale than Pyropia yezoensis, making up an important part of the total production of cultivated Pyropia in China. However, the majority of molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological processes of P. haitanensis remain unknown. P. haitanensis could utilize inorganic carbon and the sporophytes of P. haitanensis might possess a PCK-type C₄-like carbon-fixation pathway. To identify microRNAs and their probable roles in sporophyte and gametophyte development, we constructed and sequenced small RNA libraries from sporophytes and gametophytes of P. haitanensis. Five microRNAs were identified that shared no sequence homology with known microRNAs. Our results indicated that P. haitanensis might posses a complex sRNA processing system in which the novel microRNAs act as important regulators of the development of different generations of P. haitanensis.     

An improved method for karyotype analyses of marine algae

Modified carbol fuchsin staining method was successfully introduced into the karyotype analyses of marine algae, in-cluding Porphyra, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica. Haploid chromosomes were numbered clearly in the vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Diploid chromosomes were observed and numbered in immature conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Pit-connections of Porphyra were also clearly demonstrated. Prophase chromosomes of conchocelis cells were also clearly stained with modified carbol fuchsin. One molar per liter hydrochloric hydrolysis at 60℃ for 7-8min is necessary for getting transparent cytoplasm for conchosporangial karyotype analysis of Porphyra. Staining effects of the three methods using iron alum acetocarmine, aceto-iron-haematoxylin-chloral hydrate and modified carbol fuchsin were compared on the vegetative, sperrnatangial and conchosporangial cells of Porphyra and the gametophytes of U. pinnati-fida and L. japonica. Among the three methods, the modified carbol fuchsin method gave the best result of deep staining and good contrast between nucleus and cytoplasm.     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层成岩作用与储集空间特征

利用岩芯观察、铸体薄片及荧光薄片鉴定,结合激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、恒速压汞等分析测试手段,分析了准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层成岩作用与储集空间特征及其相互关系。结果表明:吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储层主要发育碳酸盐岩类、陆源碎屑岩类、火山碎屑岩类和混积岩类等4种岩石类型,储集空间可分为次生溶孔、晶间孔和微裂缝3类;不同岩石类型经历了不同的成岩作用过程,发育了不同类型的储集空间。①碳酸盐岩类中,泥晶云岩成分单一,压实致密,胶结作用弱,储集空间以白云石晶间孔为主;随着粉砂质和凝灰质含量增加,压实作用变弱,长石和凝灰质发生强溶蚀,粉砂质砂屑云岩及凝灰质云岩的储集空间以长石粒内孔、铸模孔及凝灰质溶蚀孔为主。②陆源碎屑岩类中,凝灰质粉砂岩的压实作用中等,粉砂级长石颗粒粒内及边缘、分散状凝灰质溶蚀,且溶蚀孔中有大量的黏土矿物充填,储集空间以蜂窝状长石溶蚀孔、凝灰质溶蚀孔为主;而云质泥岩压实作用强,溶蚀作用不发育,仅可见晶间孔及微裂缝。③火山碎屑岩类中,粉砂质凝灰岩、云质凝灰岩压实作用中等,长石、凝灰质易溶,但胶结物种类较多,储集空间以次生溶蚀孔为主,发育少量的晶间孔。     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of attached Ulvaceae species and free-floating <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enteromorpha</Emphasis> from Qingdao coasts in 2007

Based on the sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8 S, and ITS 2, the molecular phylogeny was analyzed on Ulvaceae species collected from Qingdao coasts in summer of 2007, including 15 attached Ulva and Enteromorpha samples from 10 locations and 10 free-floating Enteromorpha samples from seven locations. The result supported the monophyly of all free-floating Enteromorpha samples, implying the unialgal composition of the free-floating Enteromorpha, and the attached Ulvaceae species from Qingdao coasts were grouped into other five clades, suggesting that they were not the biogeographic origin of the free-floating Enteromorpha in that season. Supported by NSFC (40506030); the Innovative Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-209); Science & Technology Project of Qingdao City (06-2-2-12-JCH)     

Observation of female gamete （Carpogonia） germination of Porphyra yezoensis and P. oligospermatangia

Several papers have reported that part or whole leafy thallus seemingly consisting of zygotospores can give rise to both blades and conchocelis in the same culture of Porphyra. Study on samples of wild and cultivated Porphyra yezoensis and P. oligospermatangia were conducted to clarify the origination of the young blades in the culture. It is confirmed that single cells on the blade of both species, which normally intermixed with zygotospores, germinated into young blades. TEM and SEM observation has shown that the single cells of Porphyra yezoensis had typical features of female gamete （carpogonia） but archeospore. Therefore, the female gametes are responsible in developing leafy thalli.     

STUDIES ON COLOR TYPE VARIANTSFROM MUTAGENIZED PROTOPLASTS OFPORPHYRA HAITANENSIS CHANG ET ZHENG& P. YEZOENSIS UEDA (RHODOPHYCEASE )

Isolated protoplasts from thalli of Porphyra haitanensis and Porphyra yezoensis were treated with colchicine or irradiated by ultraviolet (UV ). Several types of color variants were observed among the protoplast offspring. After treatment with colchicine: (1) 0.04-0.09% of red type variants in P. haitanensis were obtained; (2) The rate of red type variants and the variegated chimeral thalli composed of red type and wild type of sectors were 6.31- 1.11% in P. yezoensis. After irradiation with UV: (1) 3.5- 10.5% of red type variants in P. yezoensis were obtained: (2) 0.5-2-0% of red type variants and the variegated chimeral thalli composed of red type and wild type of sectors were obtained in P. haitanensis. Colchicine and UV's mutangenic effects on P. yezoensis protoplasts were stronger than those on P. haitanensis protoplasts. The most efficient concentration of colchicine was 0.05%. The optimal length of UV-radiation was 1/2 min (radiation distance 5 cm). The red type variants induced, by colchicine tr