论热液矿床深部大比例尺"四步式"找矿方法 ——以川滇黔接壤区毛坪富锗铅锌矿为例

深部矿床(体)定位探测是当前找矿预测学的科学前沿,是矿床勘查领域的主要难题和研究热点之一。本文基于川滇黔接壤区富锗铅锌矿近20年的综合研究和找矿实践,提出了热液矿床深部及外围大比例尺"四步式"综合找矿方法:(1)通过成矿地质作用、构造成矿系统及流体成矿作用研究,确定矿床的成矿地质体、厘定成矿结构面、揭示成矿流体作用特征标志,构建找矿预测地质模型,提出找矿方向,依次实现"空间择向";(2)通过成矿构造精细解析与大比例尺蚀变岩相填图,厘定成矿构造体系,揭示矿体定位规律,圈定矿化自然边界,筛选出有利的找矿区段,实现"面中筛区";(3)通过构造地球化学精细勘查技术应用,圈定热液矿化中心,提出重点找矿靶区和定位靶区,实现"区中选点";(4)综合应用大比例尺地球物理勘查技术(坑道重力、AMT、TEM、IP),优选重点找矿靶区,指出隐伏矿体产状和埋深,实现"点上探深"。进一步建立了"四步式"综合找矿勘查模型,最终通过验证和勘探发现深部矿床(体)。现以川滇黔接壤区毛坪富锗铅锌矿为典型实例,阐述该方法在热液矿床深部找矿预测中的具体应用过程。该方法无论对沉积盆地内的川滇黔接壤区会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿,还是对其他热液矿床的深部和外围找矿预测及矿产评价,必将发挥重要的指导作用。     

成矿地质体找矿预测理论与方法在矿产勘查中的应用

成矿地质体找矿预测理论与方法的创建为中国勘查区找矿工作提供了理论指导和方法遵循, 已广泛应用于矿集区、老矿山深部与外围的找矿预测和矿产勘查中。在河南省银洞坡金银矿集区、甘肃省早子沟金矿、四川省拉拉铜矿集区等83个矿集区和168座矿山取得了良好的找矿效果。该理论方法的核心是构建成矿地质体-成矿构造和成矿结构面-成矿作用特征标志"三位一体"找矿预测地质模型。总结了应用成矿地质体找矿预测理论与方法开展找矿预测工作的流程和要点: 开展预研究提出找矿思路, 研究典型矿床确定主攻矿床类型; 研究成矿地质体确定找矿方向, 研究成矿构造与成矿结构面确定矿体赋存位置, 研究成矿作用特征标志提供矿体赋存依据, 构建找矿预测地质模型确定成矿作用中心; 综合地质、物探、化探方法, 预测深部矿体空间位置; 探矿工程验证实现找矿突破。本次研究为找矿预测工作提供了思路和示范, 为新一轮找矿突破战略行动提供了支撑服务。     

河南西峡琵琶沟隐爆角砾岩型金矿床成因及找矿前景浅析

通过对琵琶沟隐爆角砾岩型金矿床地质、物化探特征、矿床成因及成矿特点的分析,并借鉴国内同类矿床成功找矿经验,认为琵琶沟金矿KI矿体向深部仍有较大延伸、KⅡ矿体为一盲矿体前缘部位,在琵琶沟隐爆角砾岩筒深部仍有较好找矿前景.在矿区外围及边部特定部位也是寻找以Au为主的Cu、Mo等多金属矿床的有利地段.     

综合物化探在河北某斑岩型铅锌矿床中的应用及找矿效果

河北某铅锌矿床作为燕山地区唯一具有中等规模的斑岩型铅锌矿床,被发现后多年的地质勘查工作无大的找矿突破。经综合整理研究历年物化探及地质资料,结合开展大功率的激电中梯扫面等系列工作,认为本区化探异常元素分带明显,激电异常发育,成矿系列完整,找矿潜力大。经钻探验证,于斑岩体外围及接触带发现了厚大的铅锌富矿体,于深部发现了铜钼矿体,形成了斑岩型矿床完整的成矿系列,实现了本区新的找矿突破,使其具有了成为大型铅锌矿床的潜力,进一步扩大了本区资源前景。     

江西省乐平市众埠街铅锌矿床地质特征及找矿方向

为进一步指导乐平市众埠街铅锌矿床深部找矿工作,系统分析了矿区成矿地质背景及成矿规律。通过现正在实施的省基金项目已施工的11个钻孔的岩芯编录及综合分析,总结矿体产出特征、控矿因素及围岩蚀变等矿床地质特征,对矿床成因及深部找矿前景进行了探讨,提出沿矿带北东走向方向深部找矿潜力巨大,结合成矿元素及围岩蚀变特征,指出铅锌矿床深部具有找寻斑岩型铜矿的可能。     

西藏铁格隆南铜(金)矿床三维模型分析与深部预测

铁格隆南铜(金)矿床是近年来在班公湖-怒江成矿带西段多龙矿集区新发现的超大型Cu(Au-Ag)矿床。本文针对铁格隆南矿区深部找矿问题,以现代成矿地质理论和多元地学信息综合分析技术为支撑,以构建矿床找矿模型为指导,依托数据库技术、3S技术、三维建模与可视化技术及地质统计学理论与方法,开展基于矿产地质、地球物理、地球化学等成矿条件及找矿标志的三维地质实体建模与矿化异常三维空间重构,将铁格隆南矿床的预测评价研究拓展到三维空间,揭示了区内成矿地质特征、地球化学及地球物理异常表征,据此探讨了矿床的成因及矿体分布特征。并在此基础上,开展了矿区的地质-地球化学-地球物理综合信息分析与预测评价,以期减少单一信息多解性和成矿条件不确定性,为铁格隆南矿区深部找矿工作提供参考。研究结果表明:在地质找矿模型指导下,基于深部成矿空间三维结构重构基础上的三维地质、地球物理、地球化学异常信息提取与综合分析,可以有效的识别成矿地质体和矿致异常信息,实现深部矿产资源靶区空间定位预测,为深部找矿预测研究提供了新思路。综合分析结果显示铁格隆南矿床深部找矿潜力巨大。     

豫西龙门店银矿成矿规律及深部预测

为探讨豫西龙门店银矿的成矿规律和深部成矿潜力,在分析矿区成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征的基础上,开展了野外地质调查以及包裹体测温。结果发现,龙门店银矿具有断裂构造控矿、矿体等距分布、矿体侧伏明显及围岩蚀变分带等成矿特征,对区内找矿有重要的指示作用。其中的K6矿体化探数据表明,该矿体自上而下的原生晕轴向分带序列为W-Cu-AsHg-Mo-Au-Bi-Zn-Ag-Pb-Sb,出现了明显的"前尾晕共存"及"反向分带"现象;结合微量元素地球化学参数垂向变化规律,预测K6矿体深部存在规模较大的盲矿体,在848m标高以下有较大的找矿潜力,设计验证钻孔ZK6-01,预测见矿深度620~640m。     

凤县二里河铅锌矿床后续地质找矿探讨

通过对八方山一二里河铅锌矿床的成矿规律研究和对二里河铅锌矿的成矿地质条件的分析。认为在二里河背斜北翼深部存在着盲矿体；在背斜向东侧伏部位仍存在着向东侧伏延伸的铅锌矿体；在主背斜南侧存在着有利的成矿地质条件及矿致TEM物探异常。在对背斜北翼的坑探找矿工作中，发现了盲矿体，取得了明显的找矿效果，并获得了宝贵的找矿经验。     

降扎铀矿床的成矿规律

通过对降扎铀矿床地质条件的分析,总结了矿床围岩蚀变、控矿构造形式、矿石矿物特征、铀矿体主要特征、矿物组合、成矿流体、盲矿体地表放射性物化探异常等矿床特征和成矿规律,指出向阳沟矿段等已知矿段深部、向阳沟以西地段、热乎东地段为以后的找矿靶区.     

根据综合物探信息初探鄂东南地区的深部找矿问题

本文根据鄂东南地区的成矿规律和矿床特征,着重讨论了几个已知矿区深部矿体与综合物探信息之间的关系;通过部分野外工作和大量的计算,对区内阳新岩体西北端进行了深部成矿预测;并指出了在深部找矿过程中应注意的几个问题。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.