南宁市夏季气温年型诊断分析

利用气温指数方法,对南宁市１９５１～１９９７年夏季（６～８月）气温进行诊断分析,并按规定的划分标准,将南宁市夏季气温年型划分为：炎热年、偏热年、正常年、偏凉年、凉夏年５个年型。结果是：４７ａ中,南宁市夏季气温出现炎热、偏热、正常、偏凉、凉夏年的年数分别为８、１０、１２、１０、７ａ     

南宁市夏季气温年型诊断分析

利用气温指数方法,对南宁市１９５１－１９９７年夏季气温进行诊断分析,并按规定的划分标准,将南宁市夏季气温年型划分为：炎热年,偏热年,正常年,偏凉年,凉夏年５个年型,结果是：４７ａ中南宁市夏季温出现炎热,偏热,正常,偏凉,凉夏年的年数分别为８,１０,１２,１０,７ａ。     

长江中下游地区1月气温异常及大气环流特征分析

利用1951—2008年长江中下游地区25个站的1月气温资料和逐年1月大气环流资料,分析了长江中下游地区1951—2008年1月气温变化特征,并对1月异常偏冷、偏暖年的环流形势进行对比分析。结果表明:该地区1月气温呈明显的上升趋势,从此趋势的分布状况上看,长江中下游地区除贵州省外都呈上升趋势。气温异常的年份有11a,其中偏冷年有6a,偏暖年有5a。造成这些异常年份的主要系统是西伯利亚高压、乌山脊、东亚高纬度温带西风急流与东亚副热带西风急流。     

宁夏气温变化趋势及环流差异特征分析

利用宁夏20个气象站1961-2004年基本气象资料,结合同期NCEP/NCAR全球月平均再分析资料,对近44 a气温变化趋势及气温偏暖和偏冷时段的环流背景场特征,以及气温典型偏高和偏低年的环流差异特征进行合成对比诊断分析.结果表明:1961年以来,宁夏气温总体呈上升态势,60年代,气温为偏冷时段,90年代以后处于气温显著上升的偏暖时段;在偏冷时段,极涡位于贝加尔湖北部,河套地区受贝加尔湖东部低压底部平直气流控制;在偏暖时段,东亚大槽相对偏东,河套地区受较强的西北气流控制.气温偏高年,乌拉尔山冷低压强度偏弱,亚洲北部的冷空气主体偏北,河套地区主要受偏东气流控制,宁夏处于温度正距平区;气温偏低年,极地到贝加尔湖附近冷空气东移南下,河套地区西风明显加强,宁夏位于强的温度负距平中心的底部.气温偏高和偏低年的环流分布特征与偏暖和偏冷时段的环流背景场基本一致.     

2005年武汉市高温天气特征及其预报误差的初步分析

利用2005年的气温实况与预报资料及1976～2005年近30年的气温统计资料,对武汉市2005年6～8月高温天气特征及其预报误差进行了分析,并提出了从武汉单站气象资料的分析和应用来提高夏季气温(主要是高温)预报准确率的几点思考。     

西南冬季气温的年际变化及影响因子分析

利用1979—2014年台站观测资料和再分析资料对西南地区冬季气温的年际变率及其主要影响因子进行分析.西南冬季气温年际变化主要存在两种模态:全区一致型和东西反向型.西南冬季一致偏冷时,东部降温幅度明显大于西部,东部强降温与低层异常东北风和偏东风引起的冷平流有关;而西部高原地区较小的气温降幅主要与异常上升运动引起的云量增...     

且末县1971— 2008年气温变化与 异常特征分析

利用线性倾向率、滑动平均、异常分析等方法,对且末县1971-2008年气温变 化进行分析,着重分析气温年际变化、年代际变化等基本气候特征。结果表明,且末县年平均气温呈上升趋势,特别是20世纪90年代后期上升尤为明显,春、夏季增温对年平均气温 的贡献最大;最高气温呈明显上升趋势,阶段性冷暖变化交替出现;最低气温在2005年前 呈缓慢上升趋势,2005年后呈下降趋势,异常偏暖和异常偏冷年均未出现。     

武汉和宜昌缺测气温资料的插补方法

通过对1951-1997年武汉、宜昌、芷江三地气温的相关分析发现：两两之间月的3种气温(平均、最高、最低)的相关程度均很高，其中冬季月份的相关系数较大，而夏季月份的相关系数较小，3种气温均以武汉-宜昌间的相关系数为最大。该文据此对武汉和宜昌三四十年代所缺月、季、年3种气温资料进行了有效插补。     

黑龙江省土壤湿度及其对气温和降水的敏感性分析

气温和降水量变化是影响土壤湿度变化的主要原因,研究土壤湿度对气温和降水的敏感性对区域农业生产、生态环境治理和经济可持续发展有重要意义。采用1984-2007年黑龙江省73个气象观测站的气温、降水数据和13个土壤湿度观测站土壤观测数据,利用EOF、相关分析等数理分析方法,对黑龙江省土壤湿度与气温、降水量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：1984-2007年黑龙江省土壤湿度变化在不同区域存在差异：除三江平原中西部地区外,大部分农区土壤湿度变化趋势一致,20世纪90年代中期以前基本偏湿,而90年代中期以后则为偏干,2001年偏干严重。土壤湿度对气候变化响应的敏感性也不同,松嫩平原（西南部除外）是土壤湿度对气温和降水变化敏感区域;松嫩平原西南部对气温敏感;伊春南部地区-哈尔滨东部-三江平原西部为降水敏感区;逊克、伊春北部、牡丹江和三江平原东部土壤湿度对气温和降水均不敏感。     

一种诊断序列非均一性的新方法

提出使用偏最小二乘回归方法进行序列非均一性和区域气候突变诊断的新方法。利用三峡地区16个测站夏季气温1951—2004年期间资料,用此方法对内江站与邻站气温进行分析研究,结果表明,该地气温在1970年代初和1980年代末出现明显的局地非均一性。     

瓦克环流指数与哈得莱环流指数

利用地面风场资料定义了瓦克环流指数与哈得莱环流指数,并研究指数的变化及其与厄尔尼诺的关系。     

Multimodel ensemble projections of future climate extreme changes in the Haihe River Basin,China

Exploring the characteristic of the extreme climatic events, especially future projection is considerably important in assessing the impacts of climatic change on hydrology and water resources system. We investigate the future patterns of climate extremes (2001–2099) in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) derived from Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) multimodel ensemble projections using the Bayesian Model Average (BMA) approach, under a range of emission scenarios. The extremes are depicted by three extreme temperature indices (i.e., frost days (FD), growing season length (GSL), and T _min >90th percentile (TN90)) and five extreme precipitation indices (i.e., consecutive dry days (CDD), precipitation ≥10 mm (R10), maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5D), precipitation >95th percentile (R95T), and simple daily intensity index (SDII)). The results indicate frost days display negative trend over the HRB in the 21st century, particularly in the southern basin. Moreover, a greater season length and more frequent warm nights are also projected in the basin. The decreasing CDD, together with the increasing R10, R5D, R95T, and SDII in the 21st century indicate that the extreme precipitation events will increase in their intensity and frequency in the basin. Meanwhile, the changes of all eight extremes climate indices under A2 and A1B scenarios are more pronounced than in B1. The results will be of practical significance in mitigation of the detrimental effects of variations of climatic extremes and improve the regional strategy for water resource and eco-environment management, particularly for the HRB characterized by the severe water shortages and fragile ecological environment.     

Circulation indices over the Mediterranean and Europe and their relationship with rainfall conditions across the Mediterranean

Summary Circulation types were identified by means of zonal and meridional indices calculated separately over ten different regions of 20° × 20° over the Mediterranean and Europe. Seasonal and annual rainfall totals in four stations Lisbon, Luqa (Malta), Athens and Jerusalem, were compared with circulation types for the period 1873–1991. Correlation coefficients of circulation indices with precipitation, for each station in each season were calculated and mapped.An oscillation in the meridional index during the winter and the spring, between the western and eastern Mediterranean, was detected.Time series analysis of the circulation indices demonstrates a significant reduction in zonality and an increase in meridionality mainly in spring and in summer, over most of the study area.With 9 Figures     

2008年初广西异常低温雨雪冰冻天气影响因子分析

2008年1月12日至2月20日,广西出现了1951年以来持续时间最长,平均气温最低的低温雨雪冰冻灾害天气过程,过程气温偏低程度达到了异常偏低的标准。利用数理统计、对比分析方法对广西历史上同期6次严重低温过程与2008年低温雨雪过程环流形势和主要影响因子进行了分析,并对相关性显著的4种环流指数进行了经验模态分析。结果表明:北半球500 hPa环流为偶极型,欧亚大陆中高纬度和北太平洋地区为持续稳定的高压脊,同时巴尔喀什湖以南的青藏高原地区及孟加拉湾地区为持续稳定的低压槽,这种"北脊南槽"分布形势是造成广西异常低温过程的主要环流背景;蒙古低槽、孟加拉湾低槽、东北太平洋阻高持续偏强,及副高西伸脊点位于南海至菲律宾一带海面的日数偏多是2008年初广西异常低温雨雪天气过程的主要影响因子,它们组合异常,导致了广西异常低温雨雪天气的发生。     

Linkage Between the Northeast Mongolian Precipitation and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation

The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia (PRM) and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation (NHZC)§defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-level pressure at 60N in May-June-July, is examined in this study. A significant correlation coefficient (0.31) was found between the NHZC indices and PRM based on the dataset for the period of 1872–1995. The mechanisms responsible for the relationship are discussed through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with NHZC. It follows that NHZC-related atmospheric circulation variability provides an anomalous southeast flow from the ocean to Northeast Mongolia (northwest flow from Northeast Mongolia to the ocean) in the middle and low troposphere in positive (negative) phase of NHZC, resulting in more (less) water vapor transport to the target region and more (less) precipitation in Northeast Mongolia.     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

Reproducibility and predictability of the Asian summer monsoon in the ECHAM4-GCM

The mean evolution of the Asian summer monsoon and its interannual variability have been studied using three simulations (from 1961 to 1994) with the ECHAM4 General Circulation Model (GCM). The results have been compared with observational data and with two reanalyses data sets: the ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA) and the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis. The South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) has been studied in terms of mean precipitation and circulation patterns. The model is successful in simulating the mean circulation of the SASM, though precipitation is generally weaker than observed in India, but closer to the observed values over the Indian Ocean and the Philippines. The ECHAM4 model also shows a capability to capture the interannual variability of the monsoon as it is measured by two different indices, the EIMR (Extended Indian Monsoon Rainfall) index and the DMI (Dynamical Monsoon Index). An analysis of NINO3 SSTA anomalies and of the Asian summer monsoon indices showed that the model is able to capture rather well the interdecadal variation of the correlation between them. A large ensemble of 25 members, forced with interannually varying SST from 1979 to 1993, has been used to test the potential predictability of the Indian summer monsoon and the dependence of the skill on the ensemble size. Results indicate that a minimum ensemble size of 16 members is needed to capture the variability of the monsoon indices.     

Projected shifts of wine regions in response to climate change

This research simulates the impact of climate change on the distribution of the most important European wine regions using a comprehensive suite of spatially informative layers, including bioclimatic indices and water deficit, as predictor variables. More specifically, a machine learning approach (Random Forest, RF) was first calibrated for the present period and applied to future climate conditions as simulated by HadCM3 General Circulation Model (GCM) to predict the possible spatial expansion and/or shift in potential grapevine cultivated area in 2020 and 2050 under A2 and B2 SRES scenarios. Projected changes in climate depicted by the GCM and SRES scenarios results in a progressive warming in all bioclimatic indices as well as increasing water deficit over the European domain, altering the climatic profile of each of the grapevine cultivated areas. The two main responses to these warmer and drier conditions are 1) progressive shifts of existing grapevine cultivated area to the north–northwest of their original ranges, and 2) expansion or contraction of the wine regions due to changes in within region suitability for grapevine cultivation. Wine regions with climatic conditions from the Mediterranean basin today (e.g., the Languedoc, Provence, Côtes Rhône Méridionales, etc.) were shown to potentially shift the most over time. Overall the results show the potential for a dramatic change in the landscape for winegrape production in Europe due to changes in climate.     

Application of blocking diagnosis methods to General Circulation Models. Part I: a novel detection scheme

This paper aims to provide a new blocking definition with applicability to observations and model simulations. An updated review of previous blocking detection indices is provided and some of their implications and caveats discussed. A novel blocking index is proposed by reconciling two traditional approaches based on anomaly and absolute flows. Blocks are considered from a complementary perspective as a signature in the anomalous height field capable of reversing the meridional jet-based height gradient in the total flow. The method succeeds in identifying 2-D persistent anomalies associated to a weather regime in the total flow with blockage of the westerlies. The new index accounts for the duration, intensity, extension, propagation, and spatial structure of a blocking event. In spite of its increased complexity, the detection efficiency of the method is improved without hampering the computational time. Furthermore, some misleading identification problems and artificial assumptions resulting from previous single blocking indices are avoided with the new approach. The characteristics of blocking for 40 years of reanalysis (1950–1989) over the Northern Hemisphere are described from the perspective of the new definition and compared to those resulting from two standard blocking indices and different critical thresholds. As compared to single approaches, the novel index shows a better agreement with reported proxies of blocking activity, namely climatological regions of simultaneous wave amplification and maximum band-pass filtered height standard deviation. An additional asset of the method is its adaptability to different data sets. As critical thresholds are specific of the data set employed, the method is useful for observations and model simulations of different resolutions, temporal lengths and time variant basic states, optimizing its value as a tool for model validation. Special attention has been paid on the devise of an objective scheme easily applicable to General Circulation Models where observational thresholds may be unsuitable due to the presence of model bias. Part II of this study deals with a specific implementation of this novel method to simulations of the ECHO-G global climate model.     

Statistical Downscaling Based on Dynamically DownscaledPredictors： Application to Monthly Precipitation in Sweden

A prerequisite of a successful statistical downscaling is that large-scale predictors simulated by the General Circulation Model (GCM) must be realistic. It is assumed here that features smaller than the GCM resolution are important in determining the realism of the large-scale predictors. It is tested whether a three-step method can improve conventional one-step statistical downscaling. The method uses predictors that are upscaled from a dynamical downscaling instead of predictors taken directly from a GCM simulation. The method is applied to downscaling of monthly precipitation in Sweden. The statistical model used is a multiple regression model that uses indices of large-scale atmospheric circulation and 850-hPa specific humidity as predictors. Data from two GCMs (HadCM2 and ECHAM4) and two RCM experiments of the Rossby Centre model (RCA1) driven by the GCMs are used. It is found that upscaled RCA1 predictors capture the seasonal cycle better than those from the GCMs, and hence increase the reliability of the downscaled precipitation. However, there are only slight improvements in the simulation of the seasonal cycle of downscaled precipitation. Due to the cost of the method and the limited improvements in the downscaling results, the three-step method is not justified to replace the one-step method for downscaling of Swedish precipitation.