层状岩体地下洞室的Cosserat理论有限元分析

采用一般有限元对互层岩体进行数值分析研究时,要求的单元数量多、建模工作量大;并且难以反映层状岩体的弯曲变形特性。针对这种岩体Cosserat介质模型是一种很有用的有限元等效模型。首先对基于平面应变问题的Cosserat介质理论及扩展模型简略介绍,然后导出了模型的Mohr-Coulomb塑性屈服条件。再利用Matlab平台编制有限元程序,并对地下洞室工程进行数值模拟。将所得结果与传统连续介质法的结果进行对比。结果表明,基于Matlab的Cosserat有限元程序的有效性及解决互层岩体这类问题的适用性与优越性。     

层状盐岩体的三维Cosserat介质扩展本构模

考虑到深部地下岩土工程一般是较复杂的三维问题,在层状盐岩体二维Cosserat介质扩展本构模型基础上,针对不同岩层交替而成的互层盐岩体,建立了宏观平均意义下考虑细观弯曲效应的三维Cosserat介质扩展本构模型,并给出了模型的初步试验验证。该模型既能分析硬（软）夹层对层状盐岩体刚度的强化（弱化）作用,又能考虑由于夹层的存在而导致的层状盐岩构造体宏观意义下力学特性的各向异性,为层状盐岩体及其他层状介质变形和破损分析提供了一种新的思路和方法。该模型可直接推广到非线性问题。结合数值分析软件可进行层状介质体内复杂洞室稳定性分析。     

层状岩体巷道弯曲变形的有限元模拟

在缓倾斜或水平层状岩体中开挖巷道时巷道顶底板弯曲变形和破坏的问题十分突出,巷道往往因这些部位发生过大变形而率先破坏,导致结构的整体失稳。根据层状岩体的特点,分析了其弯曲变形破坏的机理和条件,利用考虑偶应力的Cosserat介质理论,基于Matlab平台编制了相应的计算程序,对水平层状岩体巷道的变形特征及影响因素进行了模拟研究,结果表明Cosserat理论对层状岩体巷道的开挖模拟是适用的,而且简便。     

加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究

加锚节理岩体有着复杂的细部结构和力学行为,常规的数值模型很难满足模拟这种力学行为的要求。进一步发展了笔者建立的加锚岩体的复合单元法,提出加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究。在不考虑锚杆、节理等细部结构的情况下划分网格,分别定义了加锚岩体复合单元、不连续岩体复合单元和加锚节理岩体复合单元,并建立了其数值模型。同时,在复合单元中还定义了不同材料介质的子单元用来模拟加锚节理岩体内复杂的细部构造。对加锚节理复合单元法进行了理论推导和算例研究,通过与常规有限单元法计算结果的比较,表明了加锚节理岩体复合单元法的合理性,同时也突出体现了其前处理简便的优势。     

节理岩体地基极限承载力研究

由于节理岩体具有复杂的力学特性,节理岩体地基的极限承载力问题一直都没有很好解决。利用非线性统一强度准则考虑中间主应力影响和岩性、岩体结构特性可以通过参数m,s和σc 来反映的优点,将非连续介质特性的节理岩体等效为连续介质,在确定即时摩擦角后,结合滑移线场理论获得了节理岩体地基极限承载力的封闭形式的理论解,其解考虑了边界条件和基础的几何形状,举例说明了计算裂隙岩体极限承载力的过程和所需的参数。结果表明：节理岩体的材料特性和中间主应力对极限承载力具有重要影响。     

岩土破损力学:结构块破损机制与二元介质模型

沈珠江等在总结岩土材料的基本特性、分析理论和研究方法的基础上,提出了岩土破损力学理论框架和二元介质模型概念。基于岩土二元介质模型思想,近年来在试验、理论和数值模拟方面对结构性岩土材料进行了详细研究。通过对棒状和棱柱状结构块试件的平面试验,探讨了结构性岩土材料的破损机制,并发现了在受荷过程中结构块逐渐破损并转化为软弱带二者共同抵抗外部作用,即验证了二元介质模型对结构性岩土材料力学抽象的正确性;扩展了岩土二元介质模型对岩土材料的脆性变化进行了模拟,并与结构性土和砂岩的三轴试验结果进行了验证;基于二元介质模型概念,发展了一种模拟岩土材料破损过程的细观数值方法,同时提出了适用于结构性岩土材料的强度准则。     

节理岩体三维偶应力弹性理论

节理的存在使得岩体的力学特性十分复杂。偶应力理论考虑了介质内颗粒尺度的影响，它以具有一定尺度的微元体为研究对象，引进了偶应力及弯曲曲率的概念，从而考虑了弯曲效应对介质变形特性的影响，可以用来解决岩土工程中的地下洞室底鼓、顶板开裂及反倾向层状岩体的弯曲倾倒等弯曲变形及弯曲破坏问题。本文考虑了节理间距的影响，对节理岩体的空间间题提出了弹性偶应力理论并建立了有限元计算模式，最后通过算例说明用偶应力理论解决上述问题的有效性。     

层状盐岩体三维Cosserat介质扩展本构模型的程序实现

对层状盐岩体内的油（气）储存硐室进行稳定性计算时,如何选用恰当的本构模型来反映层状盐岩体的特点是至关重要的。针对我国大多数盐矿为多层盐岩的地质构造特征,基于宏观平均意义下的考虑细观弯曲效应的三维Cosserat介质扩展本构模型,结合FLAC3D软件的主要计算思路,使用VC++平台开发了该模型的FLAC3D接口程序,并编译成动态链接库DLL文件。经算例验证,该程序的计算结果可靠,不仅可以考虑不同力学特性的岩层先后破坏引起复合体单元的渐进损伤破坏,而且引入了夹层体积含量等统计参数后可大大节省单元网格数量,为大型层状岩体内的地下硐室稳定性数值模拟计算奠定了基础。     

基于Cosserat理论的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

重力坝深层滑动主要表现为沿缓倾角的软弱结构面形成滑移通道,滑移通道内应变积聚且应变梯度急剧不连续,是典型的应变局部化现象,采用经典连续介质理论进行数值模拟时存在病态的有限元网格依赖性。引入Cosserat连续体理论作为正则化机制,提出了基于Cosserat理论的Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型,考虑非关联的流动法则,在经典塑性理论框架下采用向后Euler隐式积分算法进行应力更新。采用ABAQUS的自定义单元接口（UEL）进行二次开发,进行了平面应变条件下单轴受压的数值验证。数值模拟结果表明,该模型能保证应变局部化问题的正定性。基于Cosserat理论的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析结果表明,采用超载法进行重力坝渐进破坏过程模拟时,基于经典连续体理论的模拟结果有较大的网格依赖性,而且结果偏于安全,而采用Cosserat连续体理论的结果对网格密度不敏感。     

层状岩体单轴压缩力学特性的非均质层面影响效应研究

层状岩体的非均质性主要体现在基岩非均质性和层面节理非均质性所表征对象的差异,如何描述基岩和层面节理具有不同的均质性是一项重要工作。为此,将基于Weibull分布的二维非均质线性平行黏结模型(简称WLPB模型)和基于Weibull分布的非均质光滑节理模型(简称WSJ模型)相结合,分别表征基岩和层面节理的非均质性,提出了一种新的层状岩体细观非均质接触力学模型理论和计算分析方法,分析了单轴压缩条件下层状岩样的变形特征、破坏模式及其细观演化规律。结果表明:层状岩样的弹性模量和峰值强度以及破坏模式均表现出明显的各向异性特征,与所开展的室内试验规律基本一致,表明所开发的层状岩体非均质细观力学计算模型的合理性和适应性;当层面对层状岩体力学行为起控制作用时,层面的非均质性是影响层状岩体宏观力学特性的一个重要因素;当层面起控制性作用时,层面间距对岩样的峰值强度影响不明显,但对岩样的变形特性影响明显;解译了在单轴压缩情况下非均质层面不同倾角时层状岩体细观破裂机制及其控制作用的转化规律。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861