Correction to: Using Causal Inference in Field Development Optimization: Application to Unconventional Plays

Mathematical Geosciences - Unfortunately, in the original version of the article the first and second name of the fourth author were wrong.     

Modeled Nitrogen Loading to Narragansett Bay: 1850 to 2015

Nutrient loading to estuaries with heavily populated watersheds can have profound ecological consequences. In evaluating policy options for managing nitrogen (N), it is helpful to understand current and historic spatial loading patterns to the system. We modeled N inputs to Narragansett Bay from 1850 to 2000, using data on population, human waste disposal, livestock, fertilizer, and atmospheric deposition. We found that total N loading to the bay increased 250% from 1850 to 2000, and 80% from 1900 to 2000. Loading to the upper bay increased far more than that to the lower bay, and the most important source shifted from non-point animal waste to human waste concentrated at sewage treatment facilities. We also modeled future N loads in 2015 under four management scenarios. Planned improvements in sewage treatment would reduce N loads 9% below business-as-usual, to the 1990 loading rate. Greater reductions, to circa 1900 rates of loading, may be possible.     

Shale fissility: relation to bioturbation

Fissility in shales appears directly related to the parallel orientation of mineral grains in the rock fabric. In two shale sequences examined, fissility increases along a gradient of decreasing bioturbation. Normal marine mudrocks should be characterized by lack of fissility due to the randomized fabric produced by bioturbation, while azoic marine mudrocks should exhibit good fissility due to the lack of biogenic reworking and the preservation of an originally horizontal particle arrangement.     

A global approach to reactive transport: application to the MoMas benchmark

Water resource management involves numerical simulations in order to study contamination of groundwater by chemical species. Not only do the aqueous components move due to physical advection and dispersion processes, but they also react together and with fixed components. Therefore, the mass balance couples transport and chemistry, and reactive transport models are partial differential equations coupled with nonlinear algebraic equations. In this paper, we present a global method based on the method of lines and differential algebraic system (DAE) solvers. At each time step, nonlinear systems are solved by a Newton-LU method. We use this method to carry out numerical simulations for the reactive transport benchmark proposed by the MoMas research group. Although we study only 1D computations with a specific geochemical system, several difficulties arise. Numerical experiments show that our method can solve quite difficult problems, get accurate results and capture sharp fronts.     

Aid to refugees — shortcomings: with special reference to eastern Sudan

An attempt is made to review shortcomings in refugee and displaced people aid and rehabilitation in eastern Sudan. Shortcomings are discussed as related to the recipients, the local inhabitants and the environment. Contributing factors are evaluated and an alternative approach is recommended. Environmental conservation being the focus, trust and coordination are the means.     

Petroleum Accumulation: from Continuous to Discontinuous

<正>1 Introduction Petroleum accumulations from the Earth’s crust can be grouped into conventional and unconventional ones.The history of the world’s petroleum exploration is a history from the exploration of conventional accumulations to that of unconventional ones.Nevertheless,petroleum accumulation is actually a contrary process starting from     

成矿预测:从二维到三维

随着矿产资源勘探方法以及计算机科学技术的不断发展,成矿预测的理论和方法已从定性发展至定量,从二维拓展到三维。近十年来,随着深部矿产资源勘探工作的推进,三维成矿预测研究得到了迅猛发展,相关理论与方法也已逐步走向成熟。本文总结了国内外二维成矿预测研究的现状,同时对近十年来国内外学者在三维地质建模技术、三维成矿预测方法等方面的主要成果和进展做了系统总结和分析。目前,国内外多个地区已相继开展了三维成矿预测工作,并成功圈定多个深部找矿靶区,相关成果为深部找矿勘探工作提供了新的方法和方向。在此基础上,本文对未来三维成矿预测的发展趋势进行展望,相较于传统的二维成矿预测,三维成矿预测往往受限于三维预测信息的缺乏。如何更好的挖掘二维数据在深度方向的指示能力,将二维数据推演至三维环境,利用数值模拟、机器学习等方法开展数据挖掘、充分发挥已有数据的内蕴信息将在未来推动三维成矿预测理论的深入发展,提高三维成矿预测的理论方法及应用实践水平。