Geochemistry and speciation of metals in sediments of the Maharlu Saline Lake,Shiraz, SW Iran

In this study, the total concentration and speciation of trace elements (As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ni), in sediments of the Maharlu saline Lake, SW Iran are investigated. Comparison with sediment quality guidelines, calculation of the enrichment factors, and trace metal profiles in the Khoshk River inflow point indicate that Maharlu Lake is in the threat of contamination, especially with respect to Ni and Cd. Sequential extraction analysis reveals that elemental speciation in this lake is strongly affected by oxidizing condition of the lake water. The studied elements (except Cr) are mainly associated with oxide phases, as a result of prevailing oxidizing conditions of the lake and also probably due to the source of elements. The ratio of metals in mobile fractions to sum of fractions in lake sediments is very low. However, metal ratios (except for Cr) in mobile fractions are much higher in surface sediments, indicating the impact of anthropogenic loading of trace metals in the recent years.     

环境温度对盐湖卤水化学组成及储卤层渗透性变化的制约

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖浅部储卤层是一个多场耦合的动态平衡系统,受到水动力、气候、化学等多种因素控制。本文对昆特依盐湖浅部储卤层不同季节(夏季和冬季)卤水组成和储卤层渗透性特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:卤水中的主要离子含量从夏季到冬季发生了明显的变化,其中,K、Mg、Ca、Cl的含量都相应增加,增加幅度为:Cl、Mg、K、Ca;而SO_4~(2-)和Na的含量却均有下降,且SO_4~(2-)下降更显著;抽水试验计算结果发现,从夏季到冬季,钻孔ZK08渗透系数K由178m/d降至97m/d。本文研究表明,随着环境温度的降低,芒硝(Na_2SO_4)从卤水中结晶析出,是以上现象发生的主要原因,随着芒硝的析出,促进了含K、Mg、Ca等硫酸盐矿物(杂卤石)的溶解,使得卤水中K、Mg、Ca浓度增加;另一方面,析出的芒硝一定程度上堵塞了储卤层的孔隙,卤水的粘度也因温度降低而增加,这两个因素共同作用降低了储卤层渗透性。     

柴达木盆地西部构造裂隙孔隙卤水地球化学组成及来源示踪

柴达木盆地西部构造裂隙孔隙卤水是我国重要的深层卤水资源之一,关于其成因争论较大.对柴达木盆地西部碱石山、红三旱四号、鸭湖和俄博梁II号四个地区构造裂隙孔隙卤水样品的常量、微量元素以及He、Ne、Ar同位素进行了研究.结果表明,柴达木盆地西部构造裂隙孔隙卤水钠氯系数介于0.84～0.91,钾系数介于3.19～12.35,...     

Physical Controls on Spatial Variability in Decomposition of Organic Matter in Lake Kinneret,Israel

High resolution chemical data collected during summer 2003 indicate that the lower water mass (LWM) of the thermally stratified Lake Kinneret (LK) can be subdivided into three layers: a benthic boundary layer (BBL), overlain by the hypolimnion (HYP), and on top, the lower part of the metalimnion (ME-L). After onset of thermal stratification, the BBL is the first layer that turns anoxic, followed shortly afterward by the ME-L, while the HYP remains oxic and has relatively higher pH until later in summer. Thus, during the early summer, the HYP forms an oxygen-containing layer in-between two DO-deficient layers. Somewhat later, the HYP is characterized by still having significant levels of nitrate NO₃, while in both adjacent layers nitrate is already removed through denitrification. The mechanisms controlling the gradual decline of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the HYP during the summer were studied. The seasonal mean lake-wide vertical eddy diffusion coefficient in this layer, evaluated from heat flux measurements, is approximately 4 × 10⁻⁶ m² s⁻¹. The vertical oxygen flux due to diffusion from within the HYP toward its oxygen-deficient upper and lower boundaries accounts for most of the slow summer decline in DO in this layer. A smaller portion of this decline can be attributed to in-layer respiratory processes. The low turbidity, relatively high pH, and slow accumulation rate of NH₄ in the HYP support the notion that the slower mineralization processes occurring in this layer result from relatively low ambient concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, most probably due to the short residence time of the particles settling through this layer.     

Metasomatic Stages and Scapolitization Effects on Chemical Composition of Pasveh Pluton,NW Iran

Pasveh gabbros are mafic component of a plutonic complex in the northwest Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone.These cumulative rocks are composed of plagioclase and calcic clinopyroxene(Cpx) ,which yield unusually high CaO(>19 wt.%) in whole-rock chemistry.Petrographical and geochemical data suggest that Pasveh gabbros can be divided into two groups:free scapolite and scapolite-bearing gabbros.The second group has higher Na2O,K2O,and P2O5 relative to free scapolite ones and is enriched in LIL(large ion lithophile) and HFS...     

A Brine Evolution Model and Mineralogy of Chemical Sediments in a Volcanic Crater,Lake Kitagata,Uganda

Lake Kitagata, Uganda, is a hypersaline crater lake with Na–SO₄–Cl–HCO₃–CO₃ chemistry, high pH and relatively small amounts of SiO₂. EQL/EVP, a brine evaporation equilibrium model (Risacher and Clement 2001), was used to model the major ion chemistry of the evolving brine and the order and masses of chemically precipitated sediments. Chemical sediments in a 1.6-m-long sediment core from Lake Kitagata occur as primary chemical mud (calcite, magadiite [NaSi₇O₁₃(OH)₃·3H₂O], burkeite [Na₆(CO₃)(SO₄)₂]) and as diagenetic intrasediment growths (mirabilite (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)). Predicted mineral assemblages formed by evaporative concentration were compared with those observed in salt crusts along the shoreline and in the core from the lake center. Most simulations match closely with observed natural assemblages. The dominant inflow water, groundwater, plays a significant role in driving the chemical evolution of Lake Kitagata water and mineral precipitation sequences. Simulated evaporation of Lake Kitagata waters cannot, however, explain the large masses of magadiite found in cores and the formation of burkeite earlier in the evaporation sequence than predicted. The masses and timing of formation of magadiite and burkeite may be explained by past groundwater inflow with higher alkalinity and SiO₂ concentrations than exist today.     

Advances in Seasonal Variations and Controls of the Air-sea CO2 Flux in the South China Sea

Marine carbon cycle of the South China Sea is an important part of global carbon cycle. Researches on the air-sea CO₂ flux in the South China Sea will help us understand the global carbon cycle and improve the global carbon system parameter database. This paper concisely summarized the changes of partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), air-sea CO₂ fluxes (FCO₂), and related environmental factors in four regions in domains in the South China Sea. The low-salinity area of the upper reaches of the Pearl River estuary in the northern of South China Sea shelf area acted as a strong source of atmospheric CO₂, with high pCO₂（405.3~810.6 Pa）all year round. The lower area of the Pearl River estuary (salinity > 33.7) acted as a weak sink of CO₂ in winter, with relatively low pCO₂ （35.2~37.0 Pa). The northern slope/basin in the South China Sea acted as a source of CO₂ in warm seasons with a relatively high pCO₂ (45.0 Pa), and acted as a sink of CO₂ in cold seasons with a relatively low pCO₂ (34.7 Pa). The west of the Luzon Strait acted as a sink of CO₂ in spring, while it acted as a source of CO₂ in other seasons, with relative high pCO₂ (38.4~47.5 Pa) in winter. The central/southern basin in the South China Sea acted as sources of CO₂, with relative high pCO₂ (41.0 Pa) all the year. Generally, the estimation of annual sea-air CO₂ fluxes showed that most domains in the South China Sea served as weak sources of atmospheric CO₂. In the future, more researches should be focused on the time-series of sea surface pCO₂ and the remote sensing of the sea-air CO₂ fluxes.     

程海表层沉积物粒度空间分布特征及其影响因素

由于受湖泊动力条件和物质来源的影响,湖泊表层沉积物的各粒度组分表现出不同的空间分布特征。选择滇西北程海作为研究对象,通过测试程海表层沉积物的粒度,分析了其不同粒度组分的空间分布特征,对影响程海表层沉积物粒度空间分布的因素进行探讨。研究结果表明:程海表层沉积物的优势粒级为粉砂,各样品沉积类型为黏土质粉砂。粒度组分及其参数的空间分布特征变化差异明显,黏土组分含量呈现出由南向北逐渐增加的趋势,而粉砂、中值粒级则呈现出相反的变化趋势,表明程海沉积物粒径受盛行南风的控制与影响,表现为湖泊水动力由南向北逐渐减弱。程海表层沉积物的粒度空间分布特征表明,其表层沉积物易受盛行风的影响向北扩散,因此,应加强该地区沿岸,特别是南岸人类活动的管理,有效控制人为物质的输入,减少污染物的扩散。     

Variations on Petroleum Geology among Major Basins and Their Formative Mechanisms,Central and Southern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS), one of the largest marginal seas in West Pacific, has experienced two marginal sea tectonic cycles, the pro‐SCS and Neo‐SCS, forming a tectonic trend of “compression in the south, extension in the north, subduction in the east and strike in the west”, with various kinds of sedimentary basins developed. The Central and Southern South China Sea (CSSCS) mainly has Zengmu, Brunei‐Sabah, Wanan, Zhongjiannan, Nanwei, Beikang, Reed, Palawan and Nansha Trough basins (Fig. 1). Since the exploration in the early 20th century, hundreds of oil and gas fields have been discovered in the CSSCS, making it one of giant oil and gas provinces in the world. However, the oil and gas potential of the CSSCS varied a lot, even among adjacent basins. Oil and gas resources in the southern Zengmu and Brunei‐Sabah basins are huge in scale, with recoverable reserves of nearly 5.3 billion tons of oil equivalent, which is ten times of that the Wanan basin in the west. The oil and gas discoveries in the Beikang basin on the Nansha block are only one three‐hundredth of Zengmu basin. No commercial discoveries have been made in the Reed and Nanwei basins. Although several studies have focused on the petroleum geology of separate basins, no systematical comparison has been made among various basins to reveal their differences and gain an overall perspective, largely due to limited datasets. The present study aims to investigate these aspects, using 90,000‐km 2D seismic profiles, 34 well logs, three cores, 36 outcrops, as well as paleontology, gravity and magnetic data.     

湖北清江和尚洞滴水微生物群落随空间和季节的变化

为了考察现代微生物群落对环境因子的响应关系及其在古气候重建中的应用潜力, 利用微生物学传统的培养计数、荧光染色总菌计数和BIOLOG的ECO微平板等技术对湖北省清江和尚洞内不同地点的滴水由内至外进行了空间和季节性的动态监测, 4个滴水点由内向外编号依次为1D、3D、4D和5D.结果证实湖北清江和尚洞洞穴滴水中存在一定数量的微生物.不同样点微生物的代谢活性不同, 1D样品中的微生物群落代谢活性最高, 3D表现出与1D相似的代谢特征, 但平均颜色变化率(AWCD: 微生物对碳源的利用程度, 颜色变化率越高, 表明微生物代谢越旺盛)较1D小, 4D和5D样品在接种24h后平均颜色变化率(AWCD)基本保持不变.对微生物代谢较为旺盛的1D、3D两个样品中不同时间内微生物群落的多样性指数进行分析, 表明洞穴滴水中微生物多样性相对稳定, 随采样季节的变化不大.相对于3D、1D的4个不同季节(采样时间)微生物群落对碳源种类的利用上存在一定差异.1D水样在2006秋季(2006年11月份)、2007春季(2007年5月)和2009年夏季(2009年7月份)微生物群落利用碳源种类上比较接近, 而在2008年初秋(2008年9月)碳源利用种类与前三者的差异明显.与1D相比, 3D的4个不同采样时间的滴水微生物群落在主成分1和主成分2的得分系数比较接近, 群落碳源代谢功能多样性差别不大.这种变化可能反映了不同季节滴水中可溶有机质成分(DOC)的变化及微生物群落成分的变化, 暗示了微生物群落结构变化在指示气候变化应用中的巨大潜力.但微生物群落多样性与代谢功能多样性与气候因子之间的关系尚需深入研究.      

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Major,Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Sediments of the Hypersaline Urmia Salt Lake,Iran

Urmia Salt Lake(USL) is a hypersaline lake located at the NW corner of the Iran platform. The lake area is estimated to have been over 5000 km~2 at one point, but has now decreased to 1000 km~2 in the last two decades. It contains 4.6×10~9 tons of halite and other detrital and evaporative minerals such as calcite, aragonite, dolomite, quartz, feldspars, augite and sylvite. This study examined the mineralogy and geochemistry of bed sediments along the mid-east toward NE bank sediments collected from 1.5 meters depth and nearby augite placer. Due to the diverse lithology of the surrounding geology, bed sediments vary from felsic in the mid-east to mafic in the northeast. Weathering of tephrite and adakite rocks of the Islamic Island at the immediate boundary has produced a large volume of augite placer over a 40 km length, parallel to the shoreline. Based on the study result, weathering increases from south to north and the geochemistry of the sediments shows enrichment of Mg O, Ca O, Sr and Ba associated with Sr deployment in all samples. Rare earth elements(REE) patterns normalized to the upper continental crust(UCC) indicated LREEs enrichment compared to HREEs with an elevated anomaly of Eu, possibly due to surface absorbance of Mn and Fe minerals, associated with Sr elevation originating from adakites in the lake basin vicinity.     

Spatial Variations in Particle Size and Magnetite Concentration on Cedar Beach: Implications for Grain-Sorting Processes, Western Lake Erie, Canada

<正>This study examined spatial variations in the concentration,grain size and heavy mineral assemblages on Cedar Beach(Lake Erie,Canada).Magnetic studies of heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands present on the beach showed that magnetite(～150μm) is the dominant magnetic mineral.Surficial magnetic susceptibility values defined three zones:a lakeward region close to the water line(Zone 1),the upper swash zone(Zone 2) and the region landwards of the upper swash zone (Zone 3).Zone 2 showed the highest bulk and mass susceptibility(κ,χ) and the highest mass percentage of smaller grain-size(250μm) fractions in the bulk sand sample.Susceptibility(i.e.κandχ) values decreased and grain size coarsened from Zone 2 lakewards(into Zone 1) and landwards (into Zone 3),and correlated with the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblage,most probably reflecting preferential separation of large,less dense particles by waves and currents both along and across the beach.The eroded western section of Cedar Beach showed much higher concentrations of heavy minerals including magnetite,and finer sand grain sizes than the accreting eastern section, suggesting that magnetic techniques could be used as a rapid,cost-effective way of examining erosion along sensitive coastline areas.     

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Fish and Macroinvertebrate Communities of Oyster and Adjacent Habitats in a Mississippi Estuary

In Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (Grand Bay NERR), Mississippi, we used quantitative drop sampling in three common shallow estuarine habitats—low profile oyster reef (oyster), vegetated marsh edge (VME), and nonvegetated bottom (NVB)—to address the dearth in research comparing nekton utilization of oyster relative to adjacent habitats. The three habitats were sampled at two distinct marsh complexes within Grand Bay NERR. We collected a total of 633 individual fishes representing 41 taxa in 22 families. The most diverse fish family was Gobiidae (seven species) followed by Blennidae and Poeciliidae (three species each). We collected a total of 2,734 invertebrates representing 24 taxa in 11 families. The most diverse invertebrate family was Xanthidae (six species) followed by Palaemonidae (five species). We used ordination techniques to examine variation in species relative abundance among habitats, seasons, and sampling areas, and to identify environmental gradients correlated with species relative abundances. Our resulted indicated that oyster provided a similarly complex and important function as the adjacent VME. We documented three basic trends related to the importance of oyster and VME habitats: 1) Oyster and VME provide habitat for significantly more species relative to NVB, 2) Oyster and VME provide habitat for rare species, and 3) Several species collected across multiple habitats occurred at higher abundances in oyster or VME habitat. We also found that salinity, temperature, and depth were associated with seasonal and spatial shifts in nekton communities. Lastly, we found that the relative location of the two marsh complexes we studied within the context of the whole estuary may also explain some of the temporal and spatial differences in communities. We conclude that oyster habitat supported a temporally diverse and spatially distinct nekton community and deserves further attention in research and estuarine conservation efforts.     

新疆阿勒泰地区地表水体氢氧同位素组成及空间分布特征

氢氧同位素可以识别水体来源,示踪水循环,自20世纪50年代以来已被广泛应用于水文地球化学领域。已有学者开展了新疆大气降水及部分河流湖泊的稳定同位素研究,而关于阿勒泰地区大气降水之外的地表水体稳定同位素研究尚需加强。本文采用液体水激光同位素分析法开展了新疆阿勒泰地区地表河水、湖泊、山泉水、雪水、锂矿坑裂隙水五类水体的氢氧同位素组成研究。结果表明：阿勒泰地区各种类型水体氢氧同位素组成差异明显,地表河流的δ18O及δD值变化范围分别为-15.4‰~-11.5‰及-114‰~-100‰,氘过量参数（d值）变化范围为-12.4‰~12.4‰;乌伦古湖湖水的δ18O及δD值均远高于地表河流,平均值分别为-5.95‰及-78.5‰,氘过量参数远低于地表河流,均值为-30.9‰。地表河流与全球及乌鲁木齐大气降水线相比差异很大,河水除了大气降水外还受到冰川融水的补给,且在水循环过程中经历了蒸发分馏作用,地表河流之间的氢氧同位素组成差异主要受水体补给来源及蒸发程度强弱的控制。由于氢氧同位素温度效应、纬度效应等的存在,阿勒泰地区水体δD及δ18O与水温（T）、总溶解性固体（TDS）及主要离子Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO42-摩尔浓度呈显著正相关关系,而与采样点纬度及溶解氧含量（DO）呈显著负相关关系（P < 0.05,n=32）。本研究获得的氢氧同位素组成特征为阿勒泰地区各类型水体稳定同位素研究提供了基础数据。     

Spatial and Seasonal Dynamics of Dissolved and Suspended Nutrients in the Water Column of Meromictic Lake Shira

正1 Introduction The vertical stratification of the water column has a significant impact on the spatial distribution of aquatic organisms,the dynamics and structure of the food web in     

Spatial, Temporal, and Human-Induced Variations in Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Surface Waters of the Yangtze Estuary and Adjacent Coastal Areas

To delineate temporal and spatial variations in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Yangtze (Changjiang) Estuary and adjacent coastal waters, surface-water samples were taken twice daily from 10 stations over periods ranging from 2 to 12?years (total number of samples >28,000). Synoptic measurements in 2009 showed an increase in surface SSC from 0.058?g/l in the upper sections of the estuary to ??0.6?g/l at the Yangtze River turbidity maximum at the river mouth, decreasing seaward to 0.057?g/l. Annual periodicities reflect variations in the Yangtze discharge, which affect the horizontal distribution and transport of SSC, and seasonal winds, which result in vertical resuspension and mixing. Over the past 10?C20?years, annual surface SSC in the lower Yangtze River and the upper estuary has decreased by 55%, due mainly to dam construction in the upper and middle reaches of the river. The 20?C30% decrease in mean surface SSC in the lower estuary and adjacent coastal waters over the same period presumably reflects sediment resuspension, in part due to erosion of the subaqueous Yangtze Delta. SSCs in the estuary and adjacent coastal waters are expected to continue to decline as new dams are constructed in the Yangtze basin and as erosion of the subaqueous delta slows in coming decades.     

酒东坳陷营尔凹陷下白垩统储层孔隙特征及其影响因素研究

酒东坳陷营尔凹陷油气储层以低孔、低渗和特低孔、特低渗为特征,储层物性差严重制约着该区油气的勘探和开发。本文通过岩石薄片、铸体薄片、荧光薄片、X衍射、扫描电镜和压汞分析等手段对该区孔隙特征及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,该区储层孔隙类型主要以长石、硅质岩屑、石英和碳酸盐胶结物的粒间溶蚀孔隙和粒内溶蚀孔隙为主,纵向上在下沟组下段和赤金堡组顶发育有两个次生孔隙带。近物源快速堆积的沉积环境导致储层分选磨和圆差,矿物成分成熟度低,这是储层物性较差的根本原因。从成岩作用角度看,压实作用是导致储层物性变差的主要因素;粘土矿物和碳酸盐胶结物充填了大部分孔隙。胶结作用一方面充填于孔隙中使储层物性变差,另一方面又为后期溶蚀溶解奠定了物质基础。有机质热演化以及粘土矿物在成岩转化过程中释放的酸性水溶蚀及溶解作用产生大量次生孔隙,这是深部储层得以改善的主要原因。